Determination of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr) in sedimentary reference materials with IDMS: total concentration and aqua regia soluble portion

Summary The total concentration and the aqua regia soluble portion of traces of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Cr are determined with isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) in three different types of sediments using a thermal quadrupole instrument (THQ). The results are compared with those obtained by other methods during a certification project to establish these sediments (BCR 277, BCR 280, BCR 320) as standard reference materials. The IDMS (THQ) results are in good agreement with the preliminary certification values and the results of two other laboratories, which applied IDMS using magnetic sector field mass spectrometers. Significant differences between the different analytical methods were found for the total Pb concentration, which could be explained by adsorption and coprecipitation effects during the chemical pretreatment of samples. Using aqua regia instead of HF/HNO₃ for the decomposition of sediments, only 65%–95% of the total Pb and 60%–90% of the total Cr could be dissolved. On the other hand, only a small or negligible portion of Zn, Cd, and Cu could not be dissolved by aqua regia. The IDMS values for the aqua regia soluble Cr portion are significantly higher compared to the results of other methods. This can be explained by adsorption effects.

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Bestimmung von Schwermetallen (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr) in sedimentären Standard-Referenzmaterialien mit massenspektrometrischer Isotopenverdünnungsanalyse: Totalgehalt sowie in Königswasser löslicher Anteil

     

Determination of heavy metals at the pg/g level in Antarctic snow with DPASV and IDMS

Summary Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) and isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) were used to analyse heavy metals in Antarctic snow samples. It was possible to determine Pb and Cd with DPASV at the German Antarctic station Georg-von-Neumayer whereas the analyses of Pb, Cd, Tl, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Fe with IDMS were carried out at the University of Regensburg. 80% of the elemental concentrations in surface snow samples analysed with IDMS lay in the following ranges: Pb=3–40 pg/g, Cd<0.2–3 pg/g, Tl<0.2 pg/g, Cr<0.8–15 pg/g, Ni<4.8–40 pg/g, Cu<11–30 pg/g, Zn=30–500 pg/g, and Fe=(0.5–1.5)×10³ pg/g. In most cases an acceptable agreement between the DPASV and IDMS results was obtained for Pb and Cd. More than 50% of all Pb analyses agreed within a deviation of 0–10 pg/g. The Cd results between both methods usually deviated by less than 1 pg/g. Slightly higher Pb concentrations were analysed in the average with IDMS compared with DPASV. This effect was not observed for the Cd data. A possible explanation for this fact are non-ionic Pb species in the melted snow samples, which cannot be analysed by DPASV. One particular investigation of Pb concentrations showed that the analysed data with DPASV decreased with the increasing length of sun-shine after a snowfall when samples of the same origin were determined. Blank control is the major requirement for accurate analysis results of heavy metals in this low concentration range. On the other hand, accuracy must always be tested by independent analytical methods. In this work it is shown that Pb and Cd can be analysed directly in the Antarctica with DPASV and that the result of this method is in acceptable agreement with the definitive method IDMS.

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Bestimmung von Schwermetallen im pg/g Bereich in antarktischen Schneeproben durch differentielle Pulsinversvoltammetrie und massenspektrometrische Isotopenverdünnungsanalyse

     

Application of a method for matrix correction using compton-scattering for the quantitative determination of metals in silica by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (WDXRF)

Summary A correction method to diminish errors caused by different mass absorption coefficients of the samples is described. Also errors caused by differing device parameters are diminished. The method is used for the determination of Fe, Cr, Ni, Co, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cu, Hg and Pb on chemically modified silica in the g/g-range.

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Anwendung einer Methode zur Matrixkorrektur durch Compton-Streupeaks für die quantitative Bestimmung von Metallen in Kieselgelen mit Hilfe der wellenlängendispersiven Röntgenfluorescenzanalyse (WDXRF)

Zusammenfassung Ein Korrekturverfahren zur Verminderung von Meßfehlern, die durch unterschiedliche Massenabsorptionskoeffizienten der Proben verursacht werden, wird beschrieben. Ebenso werden Fehler durch Schwankungen von Geräteparametern verringert. Die Methode wird benutzt zur Bestimmung von Fe, Cr, Ni, Cd, Co, Mn, Zn, Cu, Hg und Pb auf chemisch modifizierten Kieselgelen im g/g-Bereich.

     

The certification of the contents of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Sb, Se, Tl and Cr in a city waste incineration ash

Summary The analysis of ashes being of increasing importance, a reference material was prepared from fly ash of a city waste incinerator. The procedures of preparation, homogeneity and stability testing are described as well as the way of certification of elements of major importance: Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Sb, Se and Tl.

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Zertifizierung der Gehalte an Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Sb, Se, Tl und Cr in einer Stadtmüll-Verbrennungsasche

Zusammenfassung Da die Analyse von Aschen zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnt, wurde von der Flugasche einer Stadtmüll-Verbrennungsanlage ein Referenzmaterial hergestellt. Die Methoden der Herstellung sowie der Homogenitätsund Stabilitätsprüfung werden beschrieben und die Art der Zertifizierung der Elemente von hauptsächlicher Bedeutung aufgezeigt (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Sb, Se, Tl).

     

Determination of detection limits in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry by using ensemble summation of signals

Summary The detection limits of Ag, As, Au, Bi, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se and Te in the presence of 50 g of copper are determined by Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (Zeeman/GFAAS) using the method of ensemble summation. Processing of atomic absorption signals of masses close to the detection limits is illustrated.

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Bestimmung von Nachweisgrenzen in der Graphitofen-Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie durch Anwendung der Ensemblesummierung von Signalen

Zusammenfassung Die Nachweisgrenzen von Ag, As, Au, Bi, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se und Te in Anwesenheit von 50 g Kupfer wurden mit Hilfe der Zeeman Graphitofen-Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie (Zeeman/GAAS) unter Anwendung der Ensemblesummierung bestimmt. Diese ermöglicht die Bearbeitung der Atomabsorptions-Signale von Massen in der Nähe der entsprechenden Nachweisgrenzen.

     

Certification of the contents of some heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) in three types of sewage sludge

Summary The element contents of Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn of three different types of sewage sludge were certified. The preparation, the homogeneity and the stability are reported. The certified contents as well as values for Cr and Se and for the aqua regia soluble contents of Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn are given.

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Zertifizierung von Schwermetallspuren (Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb und Zn) in drei Klärschlammproben

Zusammenfassung In drei verschiedenen Klärschlammproben wurden die Elementgehalte an Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb und Zn zertifiziert. Es wird berichtet über die Herstellung, Homogenität und Stabilität. Die zertifizierten Gehalte sowie der Gehalt von Cr, Se und der Gehalt an königswasserlöslichem Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb und Zn werden angegeben.

     

Certification of the contents of some heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) in three types of soils

Summary The element contents of Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn of three types of soil were certified. The preparation, homogeneity and stability are reported. The certified contents as well as values for Co, Cr, Mn and Se and for the aqua regia soluble contents Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn are given.

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Zertifizierung von Schwermetallspuren (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb und Zn) in drei Bodenproben

Zusammenfassung In drei verschiedenen Bodenproben wurden die Elementgehalte an Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb und Zn zertifiziert. Es wird berichtet über die Bereitung, Homogenität und Stabilität. Die zertifizierten Gehalte sowie der Gehalt an Cr, Co, Mn und Se und der Gehalt an königswasserlöslichem Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb und Zn werden angegeben.

     

Kontroll- und Routinebestimmung von Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni und Co mit differentieller Pulsvoltammetrie in Materialien der Deutschen Umweltprobenbank

Zusammenfassung Für die voltammetrische Bestimmung der Schwermetalle Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni und Co in Materialien der Deutschen Umweltprobenbank wurde ein zuverlässiges Verfahren entwickelt. Die Probenvorbereitung besteht in einem Naßaufschluß mit HNO₃/HClO₄. Die Vorteile des beschriebenen Verfahrens liegen bei hoher Empfindlichkeit (besonders für Ni und Co), guter Präzision und relativ geringen Kosten für die Instrumentation. Die Richtigkeit der Ergebnisse wurde durch Vergleich mit IDMS und AAS bestätigt.

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Control and routine determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Co with differential pulse voltammetry in materials of the German Environmental Specimen Bank

Summary A reliable procedure for the determination of the trace metals Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Co in materials of the German Environmental Specimen Bank by an advanced voltammetric method has been evaluated. Sample pretreatment is performed by wet digestion with HNO₃/HClO₄. The particular advantages of the described method are high sensitivity (especially for Ni and Co), good precision and relatively low cost of instrumentation. The accuracy of the results could be confirmed by IDMS and AAS.

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Herrn Prof. Dr. W. Fresenius zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet     

Polarographic determination of cadmium, lead, nickel, thallium and uranium(VI) in isoquinoline formate

Summary The polarographic behaviour of Cd, Pb, Ni, Tl and U(VI) has been described in 0.1 M isoquinoline formate as base electrolyte. In all cases well defined reversible waves were obtained and determinations are possible in the presence of Mo, Co, Zn, Mn, Te, In, Se, Fe, Cr, V, Th, Zr, As, Sb, Ag, Hg and Cu.

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Polarographische Bestimmung von Cadmium, Blei, Nickel, Thallium und Uran(VI) in Isochinolinformiat

Zusammenfassung Das polarographische Verhalten von Cd, Pb, Ni, Th. und U(VI) in 0,1 M Isochinolinformiatlösung wird beschrieben, Bestimmungsmöglichkeiten werden aufgezeigt. In allen Fällen werden gut definierte reversible Stufen erhalten. Folgende Elemente stören nicht: Mo, Co, Zn, Mn, Te, In, Se, Fe, Cr, V, Th, Zr, As, Sb, Ag, Hg, Cu.

     

Determination of heavy metals in TiO2 with isotope dilution mass spectrometry

An isotope dilution mass spectrometric (IDMS) method has been developed for the determination of trace impurities (Fe, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb, Tl, and U) in TiO₂; this is of special interest for the quality control of this pigment substance. The measurement of the isotope ratios was carried out using a compact thermal ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer by producing positive thermal ions. For the dissolution of the sample, microwave digestion with HF was applied. Different separation techniques (ion exchange chromatography, extraction, electrolytic deposition) were used for the trace/matrix separation and the element specific isolation of the different trace elements to be determined. The detection limits obtained were (in ng/g): Fe=90, Cu=11, Ni=8, Cd=7, Pb=26, Tl=0.6, U=0.2. Because IDMS usually results in accurate analytical results, this method can best be used for calibration of other analytical methods, or for the certification of corresponding standard reference materials.     

Determination of heavy metals in TiO2 with isotope dilution mass spectrometry

An isotope dilution mass spectrometric (IDMS) method has been developed for the determination of trace impurities (Fe, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb, Tl, and U) in TiO₂; this is of special interest for the quality control of this pigment substance. The measurement of the isotope ratios was carried out using a compact thermal ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer by producing positive thermal ions. For the dissolution of the sample, microwave digestion with HF was applied. Different separation techniques (ion exchange chromatography, extraction, electrolytic deposition) were used for the trace/matrix separation and the element specific isolation of the different trace elements to be determined. The detection limits obtained were (in ng/g): Fe=90, Cu=11, Ni=8, Cd=7, Pb=26, Tl=0.6, U=0.2. Because IDMS usually results in accurate analytical results, this method can best be used for calibration of other analytical methods, or for the certification of corresponding standard reference materials.     

Certification of trace element contents (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Hg, Na, Pb and Zn) in a fly ash obtained from the combustion of pulverised coal

Summary The element contents of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Hg, Na, Pb und Zn of a fly ash from pulverised coal are certified. The procedures and their results for the homogenisation, the contamination and homogeneity checks and the analytical campaign are reported. The certified mass fractions and indicative values for Cr, Ni, Th, V and water soluble sulphate are given. The work was carried out within the framework of the activities of the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) of the Commission of the European Communities.

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Zertifizierung von Spurengehalten (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Hg, Na, Pb und Zn) in einer Flugasche aus Pulverkohle

Zusammenfassung In einer Flugasche aus Pulverkohle wurden die Elementgehalte an As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Hg, Na, Pb und Zn zertifiziert. Über die Homogenisierung, die Kontrolle der Kontaminierung und Homogenität und die analytischen Ringversuche wird berichtet. Die zertifizierten Gehalte sowie der Gehalt von Cr, Ni, Th, V und wasserlöslichem Sulfat werden gegeben. Die Arbeit wurde ausgeführt im Rahmen des Programms des Referenzbüros der Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften (BCR).

     

Estimation of trace metals in pure graphite by emission spectroscopy

Summary A direct emission spectrographic method for the estimation of Al, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Si, Sn, V and Zn in graphite at ppm concentrations has been developed. The effect of different carriers, was investigated and NaF at 1% concentration was found most suitable for the estimations. Ten milligram charge of standards and samples contained NaF as carrier and palladium as internal standard. The spectra were excited in d.c. arc carrying 13 amp current for 25s and photographed on 3.4 M Ebert Grating Spectrograph, on S.A.1 plates in the region 2200–3400 Å. The detection limits lie in the range of 0.25–10 ppm for different elements analysed with precision of 20% or better. The limits obtained here for Ca, Co, Fe and Zn are lower than those reported earlier in the literature.

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Emissionsspektrographische Bestimmung von Metallspuren in reinem Graphit

Zusammenfassung Eine Methode zur direkten Bestimmung von Al, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Si, Sn, V und Zn im ppm-Bereich in Graphit wurde ausgearbeitet. Verschiedene Trägermaterialien wurden geprüft und 1% NaF wurde als optimal gefunden. Palladium diente als innerer Standard. Zur Anregung wurde der Gleichstrombogen benutzt (13A, 25s; 3,4M Ebert Gitta-Spektrograph, S.A. 1 Platten, 2200–3400 Å). Die Nachweisgrenzen liegen im Bereich von 0.25–10 ppm (Genauigkeit 20% oder besser). Die Nachweisgrenzen für Ca, Co, Fe und Zn sind niedriger als die bisher in der Literatur beschriebenen.

     

SI-traceable certification of the IMEP-12 water sample combining contributions from different reference laboratories

In the International Measurement Evaluation Programme (IMEP-12) comparison, a synthetically prepared water sample was offered to the analytical laboratories to perform measurements of As, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni and Pb. The choice of elements to be measured was based on EU legislation, which the comparison was aiming to support. As to the IMEP policy, the laboratories’ results were presented according to the certified/assigned reference values established by several reference laboratories all around the world. The performed certification campaign is described in detail in this paper. Isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) was applied as a primary method of measurement (PMM), whenever possible, to achieve SI-traceable results. Apart from IDMS for reference measurements of some elements, k _o-neutron activation analysis (k _o-NAA) and external calibration (Ext-Calib) using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were applied. The reference values were characterised as “certified” (for B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni and Pb) or “assigned” (for As and Mn) according to the IMEP policy. Measurement uncertainty of the certified/assigned reference values was calculated according to the ISO/BIPM guide using the specialised software GUM Workbench.     

SI-traceable certification of the IMEP-12 water sample combining contributions from different reference laboratories

In the International Measurement Evaluation Programme (IMEP-12) comparison, a synthetically prepared water sample was offered to the analytical laboratories to perform measurements of As, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni and Pb. The choice of elements to be measured was based on EU legislation, which the comparison was aiming to support. As to the IMEP policy, the laboratories’ results were presented according to the certified/assigned reference values established by several reference laboratories all around the world. The performed certification campaign is described in detail in this paper. Isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) was applied as a primary method of measurement (PMM), whenever possible, to achieve SI-traceable results. Apart from IDMS for reference measurements of some elements, k _o-neutron activation analysis (k _o-NAA) and external calibration (Ext-Calib) using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were applied. The reference values were characterised as “certified” (for B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni and Pb) or “assigned” (for As and Mn) according to the IMEP policy. Measurement uncertainty of the certified/assigned reference values was calculated according to the ISO/BIPM guide using the specialised software GUM Workbench.

     

Spectrographic estimation of impurities in selenium

Summary An emission spectrographic method for the estimation of impurities of Al, As, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Te, Ti, V, Zn and Zr in high purity selenium at concentrations less than 1 ppm has been developed. The impurities were separated from 1 g of selenium by volatilizing Se from its solution in nitric acid and sulphuric acid. The residue containing impurities was dissolved in small amounts of 6 M HCl and loaded along with the washing on 10 mg mixture containing graphite (90%) and sodium chloride carrier (10%), in the electrode crater. The spectra were excited in a d.c. arc carrying 13 A. The detection limits lie in the range 0.005–0.5 ppm for the different elements. The precision of the method ranges from 7–18% for these elements.

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Spektrographische Bestimmung von Verunreinigungen in Selen

Zusammenfassung Folgende Verunreinigungen werden in hochreinem Selen in Konzentrationen von <1 ppm bestimmt: Al, As, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Te, Ti, V, Zn und Zr. Das Selen wird von den Verunreinigungen durch Verdampfen abgetrennt (Lösen einer 1 g-Probe in HNO₃/H₂SO₄). Der Rückstand wird in 6 M HCl gelöst und zusammen mit einem Graphit/NaCl-Gemisch (9010) in die Elektrodenbohrung gefüllt. Die Anregung erfolgt in einem Gleichstrombogen von 13 A. Die Nachweisgrenzen liegen im Bereich von 0,005–0,5 ppm, die Genauigkeit beträgt 7–18%.

     

Verfahren zur Trennung und Anreicherung bei der Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie von Spurenverunreinigungen in schwerl?slichen Bleiverbindungen

Zusammenfassung Ein Trenn- und Anreicherungsverfahren zur AAS-Spurenanalyse in PbCl₂ und PbSO₄ wird beschrieben. Die Analysenproben werden im festen Zustand in einen Pb(DDTC)₂-Niederschlag umgewandelt. Die dabei gebildeten Dithiocarbamatkomplexe von Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Cd, Zn werden durch Dreiphasenextraktion in MIBK konzentriert und mittels Flammen-AAS analysiert. Die Methode erlaubt die Bestimmung von 0,3 g/g Fe, 0,2 g/g Co, Ni und 0,05 g/g Cu, Cd, Zn mit einer relativen Standardabweichung von 0,5 bis 5%.

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Method for the separation and concentration of trace elements in the atomic absorption spectrometric analysis of insoluble lead compounds

Summary A method for the separation and concentration of trace elements in the analysis of PbCl₂ and PbSO₄ is described. The solid samples are transformed to Pb (DDTC)₂. The DDTC-complexes of Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Cd, Zn thus formed are concentrated using three-phase extraction with MIBK and determined by flame AAS. The detection limit amounts to 0.3 gmg/g Fe, 0.2 g/g Co, Ni and 0.05 g/g Cu, Cd, Zn with a relative standard deviation of 0.5–5%.

     

Certification of 22 elements in a pure copper (99.5%) sample for spark emission and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (CRM BAM-376)

 The element contents of Ag, Al, As, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Sn, Te, Ti, Zn and Zr in a pure copper (99.5%) sample (CRM BAM-376) for use in spark emission and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry were certified and the certified values are given. For Si, the certification has not yet been completed, the content of this element will be certified later. The sample was produced and certified in collaboration with the Committee of Chemists of the GDMB Gesellschaft für Bergbau, Metallurgie, Rohstoff- und Umwelttechnik. Data of the homogeneity testing and the certification campaign with 14 participating laboratories using different analytical methods are reported. Received: 3 February 1997/Revised: 21 February 1997/Accepted: 5 March 1997     

Establishment of SI-traceable reference values for the content of various elements in the IMEP-14 sediment sample

For the first time in the International Measurement Evaluation Programme (IMEP)-14, a sediment sample was offered to analytical laboratories to perform measurements of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Hg, Ni, U and Zn. In line with IMEP policy, the results were presented according to the certified / assigned reference values established by several reference laboratories around the world. The certification campaign is described in detail. Isotope dilution mass spectrometry was applied as a primary method of measurement, whenever possible, to achieve SI-traceable results. For reference measurements of As, Fe, Hg and Zn, k₀-neutron activation analysis and Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry were applied. The reference values (ranges) were characterised as ”certified” (for Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni and U) or ”assigned” (for As, Cu, Fe, Hg and Zn) according to IMEP policy. The measurement uncertainty of the certified / assured reference values was calculated according to the ISO/BIPM Guide. Received: 7 June 2001-10-27 Accepted: 19 August 2001     

Determination of Al,Bi, Cd,Cr, Cu,Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn,in the ng/g range in high purity gallium by electrothermal vaporization AAS after preconcentration

Summary A method has been developed for the analysis of trace impurities in high purity gallium at nanogram level. The gallium is separated from the trace elements by partial dissolution and by solvent extraction as HGaCl₄ complex from 7N HCl with di-isopropyl ether. The aqueous phase containing the impurities is evaporated almost to dryness after adding 1 ml of 0.1N H₂SO₄, made up to 1 ml with 0.1N HCl and then analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry using electrothermal atomization. The limits of detection for the impurities lie in the range of 0.5 ng/g to 10 ng/g and the coefficient of variation varies from 1 to 5% at 50 ng/g level. The percentage recoveries for all the impurities are in the range 95–100%.

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Bestimmung von Al, Bi, Cd, Cr, Cm, Mm, Ni, Pb und Zn im ng/g-Bereich in Reinstgallium durch AAS mit elektrothermischer Verdampfung nach Anreicherung

Zusammenfassung Ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung von ng-Mengen Verunreinigungen in Reinstgallium wurde entwickelt. Das Gallium wird von den Spurenelementen durch teilweise Auflösung und durch Extraktion als HGaCl₄ aus 7N HCl mit Diisopropyläther getrennt. Die wäßrige Phase mit den Verunreinigungen wird nach Zusatz von 1 ml 0,1 N H₂SO₄ fast bis zur Trockne abgedampft, mit 0,1N HCl auf 1 ml ergänzt und dann mittels Atomabsorptions-Spektrometrie unter Verwendung elektrothermischer Atomisierung analysiert. Die Nachweisgrenzen liegen zwischen 0,5 und 10 ng/g, der Variationskoeffizient zwischen 1 und 5% bei 50 ng/g. Die prozentuale Ausbeute für alle Verunreinigungen beträgt 95–100%.

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On leave from Nuclear Fuel Complex, Department of Atomic Energy, Hyderabad, India.