Temperature dependence of complex formation constants in aqueous solutions of metal acetates

The equilibrium constants of formation of inner- and outer-sphere cation-anion complexes (ion pairs) in aqueous solutions of different metal acetates in a wide temperature range have been calculated by integrating the density function of distribution of ligands around the cation. The standard Gibbs energies, enthalpies, and entropies of formation of 1: 1 complexes have been calculated. It has been shown that, in all solutions under consideration, contact and solvent-separated ion pairs coexist. A conclusion has been drawn that the temperature dependence of ion association constants is mainly determined by the temperature dependence of the water dielectric constant.     

Electrochemical studies of ion pairs and triplets formed by alkali metal cations with 1,2-naphthosemiquinone and 1,2-naphthoquinone dianion

The properties of ion associates formed by alkali metal cations with 1,2-naphthosemiquinone radical anions and 1,2-naphthoquinone dianions have been polarographically studied in dimethylsulfoxide solutions. It was established that these radicals and dianions coexist in equilibria with corresponding ion pairs and triple ions. The values of association constants were calculated on the basis of the slightly modified method of De Ford and Hume. Some structural aspects of ion association in the systems investigated are discussed.     

高温及超临界条件下 MgCl2与CaCl2水溶液中离子水化与缔合的量子化学计算

对NaCl等碱金属水溶液的研究表明,室温条件下,离子在溶液中以水合形式存在,而在高温及超临界时,阴阳离子将结合成为离子对．采用量子化学计算,研究了MgCl2与CaCl2水溶液中水化与缔合的情况．通过Gaussian98软件包计算了阳离子的水化自由能以及离子对的生成能,从而获得水合离子与离子对的热力学稳定性及其随温度、压力的变化情况．通过比较热力学稳定性,考察了两种溶液中水化与缔合的变化情况．研究结果表明,MgCl2与CaCl2水溶液中离子水化与缔合的变化趋势与碱金属溶液基本一致,但是存在一个过渡区域,该区域内离子对与水合离子共存,因此需要采用不同于碱金属溶液的方法处理MgCl2与CaCl2水溶液．     

Doubly charged ion mass spectra. 2—aromatic hydrocarbons

Doubly charged ion mass spectra for 15 aromatic hydrocarbons have been obtained using a Nier-Johnson geometry, Hitachi RMU-7L mass spectrometer operating at 1.6 kV accelerating voltage. The doubly charged ion spectra have features that are characteristic of the individual compounds. Unsaturated aromatic molecules show intense molecular ions in contrast to saturated, substituted or heteroatom compounds which undergo extensive fragmentation. Ionization energies for forming doubly charged molecular ions and appearance energies for the prominent doubly charged fragment ions have been measured. Calculations of the SCF energies and structures of various doubly charged ions have been carried out. Measured and calculated ionization/appearance energies are in reasonable accord and lend support to the suggested ion structures.     

Dissociation of polyether-transition metal ion dimer complexes in a quadrupole ion trap

The formation and dissociation of dimer complexes consisting of a transition metal ion and two polyether ligands is examined in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Reactions of three transition metals (Ni, Cu, Co) with three crown ethers and four acyclic ethers (glymes) are studied. Singly charged species are created from ion-molecule reactions between laser-desorbed monopositive metal ions and the neutral polyethers. Doubly charged complexes are generated from electrospray ionization of solutions containing metal salts and polyethers. For the singly charged complexes, the capability for dimer formation by the ethers is dependent on the number of available coordination sites on the ligand and its ability to fully coordinate the metal ion. For example, 18-crown-6 never forms dimer complexes, but 12-crown-4 readily forms dimers. For the more flexible acyclic ethers, the ligands that have four or more oxygen atoms do not form dimer complexes because the acyclic ligands have sufficient flexibility to wrap around the metal ion and prevent attachment of a second ligand. For the doubly charged complexes, dimers are observed for all of the crown ethers and glymes, thus showing no dependence on the flexibility or number of coordination sites of the polyether. The nonselectivity of dimer formation is attributed to the higher charge density of the doubly charged metal center, resulting in stronger coordination abilities. Collisionally activated dissociation is used to evaluate the structures of the metal-polyether dimer complexes. Radical fragmentation processes are observed for some of the singly charged dimer complexes because these pathways allow the monopositive metal ion to attain a more favorable 2 + oxidation state. These radical losses are observed for the dimer complexes but not for the monomer complexes because the dimer structures have two independent ligands, a feature that enhances the coordination geometry of the complex and allows more flexibility for the rearrangements necessary for loss of radical species. Dissociation of the doubly charged complexes generated by electrospray ionization does not result in losses of radical neutrals because the metal ions already exist in favorable 2+ oxidation states.     

Analysis of oxidizer salt mixtures by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Binary aqueous mixtures of NaNO3, KNO3 and NaClO4 oxidizers were analyzed using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Sodium nitrate solutions were observed to form doubly charged clusters of the type [(NaNO3)n2Na]2+ and [(NaNO3)n2NO3]2-, where n = 11, 13, 15, etc., in addition to singly charged cluster ions that have been reported previously. The identity of the doubly charged clusters was determined by tandem mass spectrometry. Two-component NaNO3-KNO3 salt solutions were observed to form cluster ions of the type [(NaNO3)i(KNO3)jNO3]- in the negative ion mode and [(NaNO3)i(KNO3)jNa]+ and [(NaNO3)i(KNO3)jK]+ in the positive ion mode, where i + j = 1, 2, 3 ... 10. Two-component solutions of KNO3-NaClO4 formed ions of the type [(KNO3)i(NaClO4)j(KClO4)k(NaNO3)lK](+) and [(KNO3)i(NaClO4)j(KClO4)k(NaNO3)lNa]+ in the positive ion mode, where i + j + k + l = 1, 2, 3 ... 10. Similar clusters containing excess nitrate and perchlorate to provide the charge are formed in the negative ion mode. In each case, the maximum number of spectral lines for a cluster of size n can be calculated as the number of combinations of n(th) order (where n = i + j) of N different cation-anion pairs taken with replication and without regard for the ordering of the N cation-anion pairs. The actual number of lines observed may be reduced due to degeneracy of nominal m/z values for some ions.     

Lanthanide salts solutions: representation of osmotic coefficients within the binding mean spherical approximation

Osmotic coefficients of aqueous solutions of lanthanide salts are described using the binding mean spherical approximation (BIMSA) model based on the Wertheim formalism for association. The lanthanide(III) cation and the co-ion are allowed to form a 1-1 ion pair. Hydration is taken into account by introducing concentration-dependent cation size and solution permittivity. An expression for the osmotic coefficient, derived within the BIMSA, is used to fit data for a wide variety of lanthanide pure salt aqueous solutions at 25 degrees C. A total of 38 lanthanide salts have been treated, including perchlorates, nitrates, and chlorides. For most solutions, good fits could be obtained up to high ionic strengths. The relevance of the fitted parameters has been discussed, and a comparison with literature values has been made (especially the association constants) when available.     

Investigation of fundamental transport properties and thermodynamics in diglyme-salt solutions

Ionic mobility, the thermodynamics of ionic association, and the structure of associated species are studied in solutions of diglyme containing either lithium triflate or tetrabutylammonium triflate. Infrared spectroscopic, PFG NMR, thermodynamic, and crystallographic data suggest that the solute species existing in diglyme-lithium triflate are "free" ions, contact ion pairs, and dimers. Equilibrium constants, S(o), deltaH(o), and deltaG(o) are calculated for processes occurring between these species. In particular, the equilibrium constant, corrected for nonideality using a modified Debye-Hückel expression, is calculated for the dissociation of contact ion pairs into "free" cations and anions. A second equilibrium constant for the formation of dimers from contact ion pairs is also calculated; these constants do not significantly vary with salt concentration up to about 1.3 x 10(-3) mol cm(-3). The measured temperature dependence of equilibrium constants was used to calculate deltaH(o) and deltaS(o) for the two processes. The value of deltaS(o) = -102 J mol(-1) K(-1) for the dissociation of contact ion pairs shows that the large entropy decrease due to cation solvation outweighs the entropy increase due to dissociation of a contact ion pair. Ionic mobilities are calculated in lithium triflate-diglyme solutions using conductivity data in conjunction with information about the nature and concentrations of solute species obtained from IR spectroscopy. Mobilities in tetrabutlyammonium triflate-diglyme solutions are calculated directly from conductivity data. It was concluded that the concentration dependence of the molar conductivity is due in large part to the variation of the ion mobilities with concentration.     

Effect of varying counterions on the sensitivity of electrohydrodynamic and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry

The abundance of ion pairs (CA⁺) relative to that of doubly charged ions (C²⁺) in electrohydrodynamic (EH) mass spectra of a series of anions with a common dication in glycerol was found to increase in the order acetate < nitrite < chloride < bromide ≈ nitrate < iodide < perchlorate. Correlation with enthalpies of hydration for the anions suggests that this trend reflects the solution chemistry of ion association. These spectra also reveal that solvation rather than interactions with the extracting field is more important in determining the overall EH mass spectrometric sensitivity to doubly charged ions. Therefore, the use of anions that promote more extensive ion pairing enhances the overall sensitivity to multiply charged ions that otherwise interact strongly with the solvent, but reduces sensitivity to singly charged ions. These observations hold in fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, surviving the invasive effects of the primary beam.     

Comparative review of structural parameters of the nearest surrounding of monoatomic cations in water and methanol media

Literature data on structure of coordination sphere of selected monoatomic cations in aqueous and methanol solutions have been reviewed and compared. The following structural parameters have been considered: coordination number, interparticle distances, the second coordination sphere features, and ionic association type. It has been revealed that for doubly charged ions the parameters of the first coordination sphere are similar in the both solvents. The second coordination sphere of the same cation consists of fewer solvating molecules located farther from the ion in the case of methanol as compared to water.     

Effect of multiply charged paramagnetic metal cations on J-aggregation of thiacyanine dyes

J-Aggregation of thiacyanine dyes with a different length of the polymethine chain has been studied in aqueous solutions in the presence of paramagnetic metal cations. The introduction of multiply charged metal cations stimulates J-aggregation. The number of molecules involved in the composition of J-aggregates has been calculated to be four on the basis of analysis of the absorption spectra. The equilibrium constants and the thermodynamic parameters of J-aggregation have been determined. The effect of the dye structure and the metal cation nature on J-aggregation has been revealed.     

Interactions between hydrophobic and ionic solutes in aqueous guanidinium chloride and urea solutions: lessons for protein denaturation mechanism

In order to clarify the mechanism of denaturant-induced unfolding of proteins we have calculated the interactions between hydrophobic and ionic species in aqueous guanidinium chloride and urea solutions using molecular dynamics simulations. Hydrophobic association is not significantly changed in urea or guanidinium chloride solutions. The strength of interaction between ion pairs is greatly diminished by the guanidinium ion. Although the changes in electrostatic interactions in urea are small, examination of structures, using appropriate pair functions, of urea and water around the solutes show strong hydrogen bonding between urea's carbonyl oxygen and the positively charged solute. Our results strongly suggest protein denaturation occurs by the direct interaction model according to which the most commonly used denaturants unfold proteins by altering electrostatic interactions either by solvating the charged residues or by engaging in hydrogen bonds with the protein backbone. To further validate the direct interaction model we show that, in urea and guanidinium chloride solutions, unfolding of an unusually stable helix (H1) from mouse PrPC (residues 144-153) occurs by hydrogen bonding of denaturants to charged side chains and backbone carbonyl groups.     

Solubilities of metal hydroxides

The solubilities of freshly precipitated and aged hydroxides of 21 metals have been calculated. The initial data set used for calculations comprised the stability constants and solubility products of hydroxides. The compositions and pHs of saturated solutions and the solubilities of hydroxides are dictated by the polarizing ability of charged metal atoms. The results of solubility calculations are in satisfactory agreement with experimental values.     

State of Polymethine (Styryl and Carbocyanine) Indolium Derivatives in Aqueous Solution and Their Analytical Properties

The state of new polymethine (styryl and carbocyanine) 1,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indolium derivatives in aqueous solutions have been studied by spectrophotometry. Depending on the acidity, the reagents can occur in the ionic (singly (R⁺) or doubly (HR²⁺) charged) or the hydrolyzed (ROH) state. The main spectrophotometric characteristics and protolysis constants of the reagents have been calculated. A possible mechanism of protolytic transformations in solutions of polymethine reagents is proposed based on quantum-chemical calculations of charge distributions in their molecules and on electron and ¹H NMR spectroscopy data. The results demonstrate the advisability of using polymethine compounds as efficient analytical reagents.     

Stability constants of tervalent actinide and lanthanide sulfate complexes in aqueous solutions

The stability constants of 1: 1 sulfate complexes (ion pairs) at 298 K are approximately calculated for all tervalent actinides and lanthanides, scandium, yttrium, and for alkali, earth-alkali, and some bivalent transition metals in aqueous solutions. The method used consists in integrating the function of the ligand distribution density with respect to a cation and allows either only solvent-separated ion pairs or all types of ion pairs to be taken into account in the calculation of constants. The dominance of solvent-separated ion pairs in infinitely dilute solutions is shown for lanthanides, actinides, and for the majority of the considered metals by comparison with experimental data.     

Study of diketone/metal ion complexes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: Influence of Keto-Enol tautomerism and chelation

The formation and collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) behavior of a series of complexes containing cyclic or linear diketone ligands and alkali, alkaline earth, or transition metal ions are investigated. Electrospray ionization (ESI) is utilized for introduction of the metal ion complexes into a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The proximity of the carbonyl groups is crucial for formation and detection of ion complexes by ESI. For example, no metal ion complexes are observed for 1,4-cyclohexanedione, but they are readily detected for the isomers, 1,2-and 1,3-cyclohexanedione. Although the diketones form stable doubly charged complexes, the formation of singly charged alkaline earth complexes of the type (nL + M²⁺ ? H⁺)⁺ where L = 1,3-cyclohexanedione or 2,4-pentanedione is the first evidence of charge reduction. CAD investigations provide further evidence of charge reduction processes occurring in the gas-phase complexes. The CAD studies indicate that an intramolecular proton transfer between two diketone ligands attached to a doubly charged metal ion, followed by elimination of the resulting protonated ligand, produces the charge reduced complex. For transition metal complexation, the preference for formation of doubly charged versus singly charged complexes correlates with the keto-enol distribution of the diketones in solution.     

Investigation of uranyl nitrate ion pairs complexed with amide ligands using electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry and density functional theory

Ion populations formed from electrospray of uranyl nitrate solutions containing different amides vary depending on ligand nucleophilicity and steric crowding at the metal center. The most abundant species were ion pair complexes having the general formula [UO(2)(NO(3))(amide)(n=2,3)](+); however, singly charged complexes containing the amide conjugate base and reduced uranyl UO(2)(+) were also formed as were several doubly charged species. The formamide experiment produced the greatest diversity of species resulting from weaker amide binding, leading to dissociation and subsequent solvent coordination or metal reduction. Experiments using methyl formamide, dimethyl formamide, acetamide, and methyl acetamide produced ion pair and doubly charged complexes that were more abundant and less abundant complexes containing solvent or reduced uranyl. This pattern is reversed in the dimethylacetamide experiment, which displayed lower abundance doubly charged complexes, but augmented reduced uranyl complexes. DFT investigations of the tris-amide ion pair complexes showed that interligand repulsion distorts the amide ligands out of the uranyl equatorial plane and that complex stabilities do not increase with increasing amide nucleophilicity. Elimination of an amide ligand largely relieves the interligand repulsion, and the remaining amide ligands become closely aligned with the equatorial plane in the structures of the bis-amide ligands. The studies show that the phenomenological distribution of coordination complexes in a metal-ligand electrospray experiment is a function of both ligand nucleophilicity and interligand repulsion and that the latter factor begins exerting influence even in the case of relatively small ligands like the substituted methyl-formamide and methyl-acetamide ligands.     

Conductance behavior of some tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) complexes and their ion association in aqueous solutions

The conductance behavior of some tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) complexes was studied in dilute aqueous solutions at 25°C to investigate the ion-pair formation. The thermodynamic formation constants of the ion pairs [Co(en)₃]³⁺·X^– are 28 (chloride), 28 (bromide), 19 (nitrate), and 15 (perchlorate). These values were compared with theoretical values calculated by using Bjerrum's theory of ion association. The formation constant of [Co(en)₃]³⁺·Cl^– was larger than that obtained from the spectrophotometric measurement in solutions containing perchlorate ion. This difference in the formation constants was explained by considering the contribution of ion association of the complex cation with perchlorate ion.     

Conductometric study of cationic and anionic complexes in propylene carbonate

Conductivity data are used to determine thermodynamic complex formation constants for cases in which both the initial electrolyte and the complexed electrolyte form ion pairs. Using the method described in the text, the complex formation constants of Li⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ with the crown ether 18-crown-6 and of Li⁺ with the ligand triphenylphosphine oxide in propylene carbonate have been evaluated from conductance data. The complexation of AgBr in propylene carbonate solutions of n-etrabutylammonium bromide has also been studied by the measurement of molar conductivities. The results of these studies indicate that ion pairing should not be neglected, even in high permittivity solvents such as propylene carbonate, and that the ion pair association constants correlate well with structural studies on cation-crown ether molecular conformations.     

Doubly charged porphyrin ion tandem mass spectrometry: Implications for structure elucidation

Under electron ionization (EI) conditions, porphyrins yield unusually high intensities of doubly charged molecular and fragment ions. These doubly charged ions offer unique opportunities for the structure elucidation of porphyrins by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). First, they fragment to a greater extent than the corresponding singly charged ions under both EI/MS and EI/MS/MS conditions. Second, doubly and singly charged porphyrin ions often fragment via different pathways, and can therefore yield different structural information. This paper describes several ways in which analyses of doubly charged porphyrin ions with a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer can be useful in structure elucidation of porphyrins. The effect of the metal atom on the fragmentation of metalloporphyrins in an EI source is demonstrated by correlating the extent of doubly charged fragment ion formation to a stability index. Doubly charged porphyrin ions are shown to yield predominantly doubly charged daughter ions upon collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), and are also shown to fragment to a greater extent than corresponding singly charged porphyrin ions. Advantages and disadvantages of doubly charged porphyrin ion MS/MS for structure elucidation are discussed.