改进的霍普金森压杆技术在聚氨脂泡沫塑料动态力学性能研究中的应用

用改进的霍普金森杆技术得到了聚氨脂泡沫塑料在动态应力均匀和恒应变率条件下的实验结果。     

应变片技术在动态力学测量中的应用

本文详细讨论了应变片技术,特别是半导体应变片技术在动态力学测量中的若干技术问题,主要有应变片及起动态应变仪的频率响应问题,应变片灵敏系数的动态标定问题。文章指出,随着数据处理微机化的日益普及,半导体材料所存在的非线性特性及拉压不对称性将不再影响到半导体应变片技术的推广使用。相反地,灵敏系数极高这一优良特性将使该项技术获得日益广泛的应用。     

水泥砂浆在主动围压下的动态力学性能

水泥砂浆等脆性材料的力学性能与所受围压的大小密切相关。为了研究水泥砂浆在围压下的动态力学性能,研制了适于分立式Hopkinson压杆加载的主动围压装置,最大预加载主动围压大于30 MPa。实验得到了水泥砂浆在不同围压、不同应变率下的轴向应力应变曲线,发现材料在围压作用下抗压强度和韧性大大提高并且整体进入了伪塑性,而材料的应变率效应也是显著的。     

基于十四面体模型的闭孔泡沫材料动态力学性能的有限元分析

应用有限元方法分析了基于十四面体模型的三维闭孔泡沫材料的动态力学性能。计算中所有十四面体具有相同的尺寸,主要研究了不同初始冲击速度、不同相对密度以及组成泡沫的机体材料的应变强化对泡沫材料的变形模态、平台力及密实化应变能的影响,尽可能全面地描述了泡沫材料的能量吸收特性。数值结果表明:冲击速度对泡沫模型的模态影响较大,特别受到高速冲击时,冲击端泡沫形成I形然后向支撑端传播;相对密度对能量吸收能力的贡献较大,密实化应变能随相对密度呈二次曲线变化;冲击速度、相对密度及机体材料的应变强化分别与坪应力呈线性关系。     

两点应变测量法在SHPB测量技术上的运用

介绍了两点应变测量法在分离式Hopkinson压杆 (SHPB)测量技术上的运用。该方法通过测量一根压杆两个不同地方的应变 ,利用一个简单的反复过程将压杆中相对传播并叠加在一起的右行波与左行波分离 ,从而利用输入杆对试件的多次加载来研究软材料的动态力学性能。利用该方法计算所得的最大应变比利用传统SHPB测量技术得到的最大应变增大了 2～ 3倍。     

杨木的动态力学性能

应用分离式Hopkinson压杆（SHPB）研究了干、湿速生杨木在高应变率加载条件下的动态力学性能,并同准静态压缩实验的结果进行了比较,论述了干、湿杨木在高应变率载荷条件下破坏的机制。结果表明:杨木的应力应变曲线与多孔固体相似,经历弹性、屈服以及致密3个阶段;冲击后,干杨木试样纤维因胞壁坍塌而压实,湿杨木试样由于胞管内水的作用而产生垂直于纤维轴向的拉应力,使纤维沿轴向相互分离,并且应变率对杨木的力学性能的影响明显。     

侧限压缩下干燥砂的动态力学性能

通过添加波形整形器的分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB),研究了侧限条件下干燥砂在不同应变率和 不同预压时的动态压缩力学性能,并利用MTS810材料实验系统,研究了干燥砂的准静态压缩应力应变曲 线。实验采用的材料为硅基细颗粒干燥砂,粒径分布范围为150~245m,自然堆积状态的密度为 1.40g/cm3。研究发现,应变率对干燥砂压缩过程影响不大,而不同的预压对实验结果影响显著。     

Taylor撞击实验在泡沫铝合金力学特性研究中的应用

由于泡沫铝合金具有可压缩性,经典的Taylor理论模型已不适用于描述该类材料。在适当假设的基础上建立了泡沫铝合金Taylor撞击实验分析的理论模型,并利用Taylor撞击实验数据验证了该模型的有效性,研究了泡沫铝合金的动态力学特性。实验结果表明,所考察的泡沫铝合金的应变率敏感性不强。     

高温SHPB实验技术及其应用

介绍了高温分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)实验方法,建立了一套高温SHPB实验系统,利用该系统研究了温度对某种抗氢钢动态压缩力学性能的影响,实验温度最高达到1000 ℃,应变率为500～1000 s-1。仅对试件进行加温,并利用一套气动装置在加载前快速完成系统的组装,以尽量减小试件中温度分布的不均匀性。研究结果表明：该气动装置可以将加载前杆端与试件的完全接触时间控制在500 ms内;该抗氢钢的温度软化效应很明显,且温度敏感性随温度升高而下降。     

混凝土高温动态压缩力学性能实验

利用一种新的快速加热混凝土的方法和SHPB实验系统对自制混凝土进行了不同温度下的动态 压缩初步实验,发现了混凝土在高温下的动态压缩力学性能的规律性:在高温动态压缩条件下,温度变化是影 响混凝土力学性能的主要因素,应变率的影响是次要因素。另外,该混凝土高温动态压缩破坏可以分为2种 模式(裂纹模式和破碎模式)     

Application of split Hopkinson tension bar technique to the study of dynamic fracture properties of materials

A novel approach is proposed in determining dynamic fracture toughness(DFT) of high strength steel,using the split Hopkinson tension bar(SHTB) apparatus,combined with a hybrid experimental-numerical method.The center-cracked tension specimen is connected between the bars with a specially designed fixture device.The fracture initiation time is measured by the strain gage method,and dynamic stress intensity factors(DSIF) are obtained with the aid of 3D finite element analysis(FEA).In this approach,the dimensions of the specimen are not restricted by the connection strength or the stress-state equilibrium conditions,and hence plane strain state can be attained conveniently at the crack tip.Through comparison between the obtained results and those in open publication,it is concluded that the experimental data are valid,and the method proposed here is reliable.The validity of the obtained DFT is checked with the ASTM criteria,and fracture surfaces are examined at the end of paper.     

An experimental technique to investigate the dynamic indentation hardness of materials

Experimental Techniques -     

Elements of study on dynamic materials

As a preliminary study to more complex situations of interest in small-scale technology, this paper envisages the elementary propagation properties of elastic waves in one-spatial dimension when some of the properties (mass density, elasticity) may vary suddenly in space or in time, the second case being of course more original. Combination of the two may be of even greater interest. Toward this goal, a critical examination of what happens to solutions at the crossing of pure space-like and time-like material discontinuities is given together with simple solutions for smooth transitions and numerical simulations in the discontinuous case. The effects on amplitude, speed of propagation, frequency changes and the appearance of a Doppler-like effect are demonstrated although the whole physical system remains linear.     

炮钢材料等离子淬火后动态力学性能研究

为提高炮钢材料在较高冲击作用下的动态力学性能,采用等离子淬火技术对炮钢材料进行表面处理,并使用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)系统对原始炮钢材料与等离子淬火后的炮钢材料进行对比分析,方法为对两种试样在试验前后的长度压缩量以及二者在不同应变率下的动态应力-应变曲线进行比较。结果表明,随着应变率的增加两种试样的应力-应变关系、屈服强度都有不同程度的强化效应,都表现出一定的应变率敏感性;在相同气压下两种试样在长度方向上都产生了一定的塑性变形,但淬火试样的压缩量明显小于原始试样。并且气压相同时试样经过等离子淬火后其抗冲击性能有显著提升,具体表现为应变与应变率降低,屈服强度与极限强度升高。     

适用于自洽强度方法的冲击加载-再加载实验技术

针对自洽强度方法存在的冲击加载-再加载的难题,提出了一种采用较高硬度材料为支撑制作组合飞片的简便方法。利用该方法获得了铝、锡和锆基金属玻璃较理想的冲击加载-再加载粒子速度剖面,验证了该方法的有效性。由本文获得的冲击加载-再加载粒子速度剖面,并根据自洽方法,计算得到了铝、锡和锆基金属玻璃再加载过程剪应力变化数据。进一步分析表明,在本文涉及的压力范围内,仅由冲击加载-卸载实验得到的铝、锡和锆基金属玻璃屈服强度将比实际结果降低20%~50%。因此,在采用自洽方法计算高压强度时,冲击加载-再加载数据不可或缺。     

A comparison of static and dynamic properties of photoelastic materials

The dynamic values of the modulus of elasticity and photoelastic fringe constant of Homalite 100 and ten epoxy resins were determined. Of those tested, it was found that five exhibited desirable dynamic properties including two materials which exhibited no appreciable change in fringe constant. Included in this group of five materials were three materials which can be purchased in precast shapes; thus, enabling laboratories without casting facilities to obtain suitable materials for dynamic photoelastic experiments.     

A technique for measuring the dynamic behavior of materials at high temperatures

A new experimental technique has been developed for the performance of high temperature, high-strain-rate experiments in the compression Kolsky bar (split-Hopkinson pressure bar or SHPB). The new technique (referred to as the High-Temperature Compression Kolsky Bar or HTCKB) uses an infra-red spot-heater to rapidly heat the specimen to the desired temperature, a!nd an electropneumatic actuation system to minimize the development of temperature gradients in the sample. The technique is cheap and relatively easy to implement and yet provides accurate, repeatable results. As an illustration of the application of the technique, we have examined the high-temperature response of the BCC metal vanadium at high-strain rates. Stress–strain curves are obtained for the material at strain rates of 4 × 10³ s⁻¹ and at temperatures ranging from 300 to 1100 K (27–800°C). Quasistatic (10⁻³ s⁻¹) experiments have also been performed on vanadium over a slightly smaller range of temperatures, and the results are compared with the new high-temperature, high-strain-rate data. It is observed that the rate of thermal softening is a function of the strain rate. These results illustrate the importance of including the coupling between temperature and strain r!ate in thermoviscoplastic constitutive models.     

样品粗糙度对材料SHPB动态压缩性能的影响

有效消减样品端面摩擦力是保证分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB）实验结果有效性和准确性的必要条件。为了研究样品粗糙度和润滑效果对端面摩擦力和最终实验结果的影响,以应变率效应不敏感且性能稳定的紫铜为研究对象,通过机械加工配合酸蚀的方法制备了3种典型表面粗糙度的紫铜样品,分别在二硫化钼（MoS₂）充分润滑和完全不润滑的条件下各自开展高精度的SHPB重复动态压缩实验研究。结果表明,通常认为能够有效消减金属样品端面摩擦力的MoS₂仅能够在样品粗糙度不大于0.8 μm的情况下起到较好的润滑效果,随着紫铜样品粗糙度的增加,MoS₂的润滑效果不断降低,端面摩擦力不断增大,实验结果的分散性也显著增加。样品端面粗糙度为1.6 μm时,MoS₂已不能有效消减端面摩擦力;样品端面粗糙度达到3.2 μm时,MoS₂的润滑效果几乎为零。SHPB实验中使用MoS₂润滑金属样品时,压杆和样品实验端面的粗糙度需达到0.8 μm;腐蚀液处理后的金属样品外表面粗糙度难以达到0.8 μm,实验过程中需对样品端面进行比MoS₂润滑效果更好的润滑处理,或对实验结果进行扣除端面摩擦力的修正才能够保证实验结果的有效性和准确性。     

Dual-indentation technique for the assessment of strength properties of cohesive-frictional materials

We propose a dual indentation technique for the assessment of the cohesion and friction angle of cohesive-frictional materials of the Mohr–Coulomb type. The technique is based on a computational implementation of the yield design theorems applied to conical indentation tests with different apex angles. The upper bound solutions are found to be very close to flat indentation solutions available for cohesive-frictional materials. On this basis we derive fundamental hardness-to-cohesion solutions in function of the friction angle and the apex angle. By studying the property of these dimensionless relations, we show that the ratio of two hardness measurements obtained from indentation tests with different apex angles, allows one to determine the friction angle. This dual indentation method is applied to Berkovich and Corner Cube indenter assimilated to equivalent cones of different apex angle. The method is validated for a ‘model’ material, metallic glass, which has recently been identified as a cohesive-frictional materials. The only input to the method are two hardness values which we obtain by microindentation on metallic glass. The outcome are values of the cohesion and friction angle, which are found to be in excellent agreement with reported cohesion and friction angle values of metallic glass obtained by macroscopic triaxial testing and comprehensive finite-element backanalysis of indentation curves.