A new oxamido-bridged dinuclear copper(II) complex with large antiferromagnetic exchange interactions

A new oxamido-bridged dinuclear compound [Cu₂(µ-pmox)(DMF)₄]?·?2ClO₄ (1) (H₂pmox?=?N,N′-bis-(2-methylpyridyl)oxalamide, DMF?=?dimethylformamide) was synthesized and structurally characterized. The five-coordinate Cu(II) is bridged by oxamido groups and further cross-linked by C–H···O hydrogen bonds between the uncoordinated oxygen of perchlorate and methyl of DMF. The complex was also characterized by infrared spectroscopy and magnetic measurement. The copper complex exhibits strong antiferromagnetic interactions via the trans oxamido bridge with J of ?414?cm^?1, where J is the exchange parameter in the isotropic Hamiltonian H?=??JS₁S₂.     

Interanionic (-)O-H...O(-) interactions: a solid-state and computational study of the ring and chain motifs

The (-)O-H...O(-) interaction formed by the anions HCO3-, HCO4, HC4O4 and HC5O5- (HA-), obtained upon monodeprotonation of the corresponding carbonic, oxalic, squaric and croconic acids (H2A), has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. The ring (RING) and chain (CHAIN) hydrogen bond motifs established between these anions have been analysed in terms of geometry and energy and their occurrence in crystalline salts investigated by searching the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and the Inorganic Chemistry Structural Database (ICSD). It has been shown that hydrogen carbonates form RINGs, with the notable exception of NaHCO3, while only CHAINs are known for hydrogen oxalates. Hydrogen squarates and hydrogen croconates can form both RINGs and CHAINs. The structures of Rb- and Cs- hydrogen croconates, which present the two alternative motifs, have been discussed together with that of the hydrated salt NaHC5O5.H2O. The relationship between RING and CHAIN has been examined in the light of ab initio calculations. A rigorous quantum chemical study of the nature of the interanionic (-)O-H...O(-) interaction in both vacuum and condensed phase has shown that the interaction energy is dominated by the electrostatic component which becomes attractive at short O...O distances (less than 2.5 A) if the net ionic charge on the anion is delocalised away from the -OH group. It has been demonstrated that the RING motif is slightly metastable with respect to dissociation in the gas phase, but becomes stable in the crystal owing to the influence of the Madelung field. However, the CHAIN motif is unstable both in the gas phase and in the crystal. It is argued that interanionic (-)O-H...O(-) interactions ought to be regarded as stabilising bonding interactions rather than proper intermolecular hydrogen bonds because the RING and CHAIN aggregates are not energetically stable on an absolute scale of bonding energy (i.e., in the absence of counterions). The presence of very short non-hydrogen-bridged O...O contacts resulting from charge compression of polyatomic anions bridged by alkali cations is also discussed.     

A copper(II) complex of a pentadentate ligand featuring large ferro- and antiferromagnetic interactions

A novel pentadentate ligand based on a 2,2'-bipyridine template and functionalized with two methylene bridged nitroxide arms provides mononuclear Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes displaying a facial and meridional conformation, respectively; for Cu large intramolecular ferromagnetic (J/kB = +173 K) and antiferromagnetic (J'/kB = -170 K) exchange interactions are evidenced from magnetic measurements.     

A dinuclear Ni(II) complex with two types of intramolecular magnetic couplings: Ni(II)-Ni(II) and Ni(II)-TTF*+

A dinuclear Ni(II) complex involving tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) radicals as ligands has been prepared and characterized, [Ni2(mu-Cl)2(L*+)2(I3)4(I2)3.(H2O)2.(C4H8O)3 (1), L = 4,5-bis(2-pyridylmethylsulfanyl)-4',5'-ethylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene. There are two types of intramolecular magnetic exchange interactions, namely one ferromagnetic Ni(II)-Ni(II) and one antiferromagnetic Ni(II)-TTF*+. This study is new in the respect of revealing a magnetic exchange interaction between a TTF*+ radical and a paramagnetic transition metal ion. This is due to the fact of a direct binding of the transition metal ion to the skeleton of the TTF*+ radical.     

Alternating ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions in the azido-bridged copper(II) chain compound [Cu(phen)(N3)2]n

Single crystals of a copper(II) chain compound^**, [Cu(phen)(N₃)₂] _n (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), were obtained and its crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The complex crystallizes in the space group P1¯ and is made up of neutral chains of copper(II) ions bridged by two azide groups exhibiting an asymmetrical tri-dentate (1,1,3) coordination mode. The copper atoms have a distorted CuN₆ octahedral environment: the basal plane is built of two nitrogen atoms from a chelating phen molecule and two azide nitrogens from one bridging and one terminal azide, whereas two nitrogens from two bridging azides fill the axial positions. The intrachain copper(II)–copper(II) separation is 3.396(1) and 5.700(1) Å. The magnetic behavior was investigated in the 5–300 K range. Weak intrachain alternating antiferromagnetic (J = –6.56 cm^–1) and ferromagnetic (J = 12.76 cm^–1) interactions were observed.     

Pyrazine-2-amidoxime Ni(II) complexes: from ferromagnetic cluster to antiferromagnetic layer

Tetranuclear [Ni(4)(Hpzaox)(2)(pzaox)(2)(py)(4)](ClO(4))(2)·2py (1), [Ni(4)(Hpzaox)(2)(pzaox)(2)(py)(4)](NO(3))(2)·4py (2), and two-dimensional (2D) [Ni(4)(Hpzaox)(2)(pzaox)(2)(H(2)O)(2)](NO(3))(2)·2H(2)O (3) are prepared via the reaction of NiX(2)·6H(2)O and pyrazine-2-amidoxime (H(2)pzaox). All compounds contain [Ni(4)(Hpzaox)(2)(pzaox)(2)](2+) fragments, which assemble to form a tetranuclear or polymeric network. Magnetic studies show that the tetranuclear compounds display usual ferromagnetic coupling via the oxime N-O bridges, and the 2D compound displays unusual antiferromagnetic behavior.     

Ferro- and antiferromagnetic interactions in face-sharing trioctahedral Ni(II)Mn(II)Ni(II) and Ni(II)Fe(III)Ni(II) complexes with the same 1-5/2-1 spin system

Two heterotrinuclear complexes, [Mn(II)(Ni(II)L)2].2CH3OH (where H3L = 1,1,1-tris(N-salicylideneaminomethyl)ethane) and [Fe(III)(Ni(II)L)2]NO3.C2H5OH, consisting of three face-sharing octahedra have been prepared; although these complexes have closely related structures and have the same 1-5/2-1 spin system, they show completely different magnetic interactions between the adjacent metal ions: ferromagnetic (Ni(II)-Mn(II)) and antiferromagnetic (Ni(II)-Fe(III)).     

Crystal structure,thermal and magnetic studies of a dinuclear Mn(II) complex with decadentate picolinate based ligand

The reaction of the decadentate ligand tpmen (H₄tpmen?=?N,N,N′N′-tetrakis[(6-carboxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]ethylenediamine) with MnCl₂·4H₂O in aqueous solution gives a homodinuclear complex [Mn₂(H₂O)₂(tpmen)]·16H₂O, which has been characterized by elemental analysis, thermal gravimetric and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The complex crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Cmca, a?=?28.786(5) Å, b?=?11.5033(19) Å, c?=?14.437(2) Å, Z?=?8, R ₁?=?0.0432, wR ₂?=?0.0786. The tpmen ligand contains four picolinate groups, two of which bind each Mn(II) to form a dinuclear complex. The geometry around the Mn(II) is distorted octahedral with two nitrogen and two oxygen atoms from the picolinate groups and two oxygen atoms from coordinated water. The variable-temperature (2–300?K) magnetic susceptibilities shows an antiferromagnetic interaction between Mn(II) ions.     

Coplanar recognition by a Rebek cleft is provided by cooperative structural effects involving a combination of O-H...O, O-H...N, and C-H...O forces

Reaction of 2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethyl-4,5-xanthenedicarboxylic acid (1), a Rebek cleft, with 1,2-trans-bis(2-pyridyl)ethylene (2) yields a three-component organic assembly, 2(1).2 (3), of nanoscale dimensions that is held together by 10 cooperative O-H.N, O-H.O, and C-H.O hydrogen bonds. The cleft adopts a planar conformation, by forming an intramolecular O-H.O hydrogen bond, which enables the host to recognize the guest in a coplanar orientation that facilitates the cooperativity displayed by the multiple forces.     

Ferromagnetic exchange in a dinuclear copper(II) complex mediated by a methanolate bridging ligand

The copper(II) complex Cu(2)L(OMe)(H(2)O)(3), [middle dot]3H(2)O [H(3)L = 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-bis[4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-azabut-3-enyl]-1,3-imidazolidine] was obtained and recrystallised in methanol to yield crystals of [[Cu(2)L(OMe)]](2).2.5MeOH.4H(2)O, 1.2.5MeOH.4H(2)O. Its single X-ray study shows that it contains two crystallographically different but chemically equivalent dinuclear [Cu(2)L(OMe)] 1 molecules in the asymmetric unit cell. The copper atoms of each dinuclear moiety are in distorted square-pyramidal environments, with both pyramids sharing an apical phenolate and a basal methanolate oxygen atom. Magnetic characterisation of 1.3H(2)O shows a quite strong intramolecular ferromagnetic coupling between both metal atoms. Extended Huckel calculations reveal that the intradinuclear magnetic interaction seems to be mediated by the exogenous methanolate bridging ligand.     

The role of antiferromagnetic exchange interactions in dinuclear Cr(III) dithiocarbamates and a stepwise behavior of magnetic moment

In this study the role of the antiferromagnetic interactions in recently synthesized dinuclear Cr(III) complex has been investigated. Since there was not enough structural information for the characterization of the synthesis, we claim that there should be antiferromagnetic interactions between the dinuclear Fe(III) ions, if the proposed structure is the real structure. A new experiment is proposed to test the predictions of this theoretical investigation.     

O-H...O interactions involving doubly charged anions: charge compression in carbonate-bicarbonate crystals

The O-H...O interaction formed by the anions HCO(3)(-) and CO(3)(2-) has been investigated on the basis of data retrieved from the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) and by means of ab initio computations. It has been shown that the O-H...O separations associated with HCO(3)(-)...(3)(2-) interactions are shorter than those found in crystals containing hydrogen carbonate monoanions such as HCO(3)(-)...HCO(3)(-). Ab initio MP2/6-311G++(2d,2p) computations on the crystal Na(3)(HCO(3))(CO(3)).2H(2)O have shown that the interaction between the monoanion donor and the dianion acceptor, for example HCO(3)(-)...CO(3)(2-), is more repulsive than that between singly charged ions, for example HCO(3)(-)...HCO(3)(-), but is largely overcompensated for by anion-cation electrostatic attractions. The shortening of the (-)O-H...O(2-) interaction relative to the (-)O-H...O(-) interaction has been explained as a consequence of the increased charge compression, that is of the stronger cation-anion interactions established by the CO(3)(2-) dianions with respect to those established by monoanions, and does not reflect an increase in the strength of the (-)O-H ...O(-) interaction. To expand the structural sample in the crystal packing analysis, the structure of the novel mixed salt K(2)Na(HCO(3))(CO(3)).2H(2)O has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and compared with the structure of the salt Na(3)(HCO(3))(CO(3)).2H(2)O used in the computations.     

Solid-state spin crossover of Ni(II) in a bioinspired N3S2 ligand field

The complex Tp(Ph,Me)NiS(2)CNMe(2) [Tp(Ph,Me) = hydrotris(3-phenyl-5-methyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate] features a bioinspired N(3)S(2) ligand set supporting a five-coordinate, trigonally distorted square-pyramidal geometry in the solid state. Spin crossover of Ni(II) was demonstrated by temperature-dependent X-ray crystallography and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The crystal lattice contains two independent molecules (i.e., Ni1 and Ni2). At 293 K, the observed bond lengths and susceptibility are consistent with high-spin (S = 1) Ni(II), and both molecules exhibit relatively short axial Ni-N bonds and long Ni-N and Ni-S equatorial bonds. At 123 K, the Ni1 complex remains high-spin, but the Ni2 molecule substantially crosses to a structurally distinct diamagnetic (S = 0) state with significant elongation of the axial Ni-N bond and offsetting contraction of the equatorial bonds. The temperature-dependent susceptibility data were fit to a spin equilibrium at Ni2 [ΔH° = 1.13(2) kcal/mol and ΔS° = +7.3(1) cal mol(-1) K(-1)] consistent with weak coupling to lattice effects. Cooling below 100 K results in crossover of the Ni1 complex.     

Tetra- and dinuclear nickel(II)-vanadium(IV/V) heterometal complexes of a phenol-based N2O2 ligand: synthesis, structures, and magnetic and redox properties

The tetra- and binuclear heterometallic complexes of nickel(II)-vanadium(IV/V) combinations involving a phenol-based primary ligand, viz., N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-bis(2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl)ethylenediamine (H2L1), are reported in this work. Carboxylates and beta-diketonates have been used as ancillary ligands to obtain the tetranuclear complexes [Ni(II)(2)V(V)(2)(RCOO)(2)(L(1))(2)O(4)] (R = Ph, 1; R = Me(3)C, 2) and the binuclear types [(beta-diket)Ni(II)L(1)V(IV)O(beta-diket)] (3 and 4), respectively. X-ray crystallography shows that the tetranuclear complexes are constructed about an unprecedented heterometallic eight-membered Ni(2)V(2)O(4) core in which the (L(1))(2)- ligands are bound to the Ni center in a N(2)O(2) mode and simultaneously bridge a V atom via the phenoxide O atoms. The cis-N(2)O(4) coordination geometry for Ni is completed by an O atom derived from the bridging carboxylate ligand and an oxo O atom. The latter two atoms, along with a terminal oxide group, complete the O5 square-pyramidal coordination geometry for V. Each of the dinuclear compounds, [(acac)Ni(II)L(1)V(IV)O(acac)] (3) and [(dbm)Ni(II)L(1)V(IV)O(dbm)] (4) [Hdbm = dibenzoylmethane], also features a tetradentate (L(1))(2)- ligand, Ni in an octahedral cis-N(2)O(4) coordination geometry, and V in an O(5) square-pyramidal geometry. In 3 and 4, the bridges between the Ni and V atoms are provided by the (L(1))(2)- ligand. The Ni...V separations in the structures lie in the narrow range of 2.9222(4) A (3) to 2.9637(5) A (4). The paramagnetic Ni centers (S = 1) in 1 and 2 are widely separated (Ni...Ni separations are 5.423 and 5.403 A) by the double V(V)O(4) bridge that leads to weak antiferromagnetic interactions (J = -3.6 and -3.9 cm-1) and thus an ST = 0 ground state for these systems. In 3 and 4, the interactions between paramagnetic centers (Ni(II) and V(IV)) are also antiferromagnetic (J = -8.9 and -10.0 cm-1), leading to an S(T) = 1/2 ground state. Compound 4 undergoes two one-electron redox processes at E(1/2) = +0.66 and -1.34 V vs Ag/AgCl reference due to a V(IV/V) oxidation and a Ni(II)/I reduction, respectively, as indicated by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry.     

Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) dinuclear metal complexes with an aza-phenolic ligand: crystal structures,magnetic properties,and solution studies

The basicity behavior and ligational properties of the ligand 2-((bis(aminoethyl)amino)methyl)phenol (L) toward Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) ions were studied by means of potentiometric measurements in aqueous solution (298.1 +/- 0.1 K, l = 0.15 mol dm-3). The anionic L-H- species can be obtained in strong alkaline solution; this species behaves as tetraprotic base (log K1 = 11.06, log K2 = 9.85, log K3 = 8.46, log K4 = 2.38). L forms mono- and dinuclear complexes in aqueous solution with all the transition metal ions examined; the dinuclear species show a [M2(L-H)2]2+ stoichiometry in which the ligand/metal ratio is 2:2. The studies revealed that two mononuclear [ML-H]+ species self-assemble, giving the dinuclear complexes, which can be easily isolated from the aqueous solution due to their low solubility. This behavior is ascribed to the fact that L does not fulfill the coordination requirement of the ion in the mononuclear species and to the capacity of the phenolic oxygen, as phenolate, to bridge two metal ions. All three dinuclear species were characterized by determining their crystal structures, which showed similar coordination patterns, where all the single metal ions are substantially coordinated by three amine functions and two oxygen atoms of the phenolate moieties. The two metals in the dinuclear complexes are at short distance interacting together as shown by magnetic measurements performed with Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes, which revealed an antiferromagnetic coupling between the two metal ions. The [Cu2(L-H)2]2+ cation shows a phase transition occurring by the temperature between 100 and 90 K; the characterization of the compounds existing at different temperatures was investigated using X-ray single-crystal diffraction, EPR, and magnetic measurements.     

Crystal structure and magnetic properties of dinuclear iron(III) complex with ONNO-donor ligand

A new dinuclear Fe(III) complex, [Fe(5-MeOL1)(OH)_0.86(CH₃O)_0.14]₂?2(CH₃OH), [H₂-5-MeOL1 = N,N′-bis(5-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine], 1 has been synthesized and characterized by single crystal structure analysis. The structure of 1 consists of two Fe(III) centers with one tetradentate schiff base ligand (N₂O₂) which are bridged by dihydroxo/dimethoxo groups to yield a Fe₂O₂ core. Complex 1 exhibits weak antiferromagnetic exchange interaction between Fe(III) ions with J = ?0.21 cm^–1.     

High-pressure spin-crossover in a dinuclear Fe(II) complex

The effect of pressure on the dinuclear spin crossover material [{Fe(bpp)(NCS)(2)}(2)(4,4'-bipy)]·2MeOH (where bpp = 2,6-bis(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine and 4,4'-bipy = 4,4'-bipyridine, 1) has been investigated with single crystal X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy using diamond anvil cell techniques. The very gradual pressure-induced spin crossover occurs between 7 and 25 kbar, and shows no evidence of crystallographic phase transitions. The pressure-induced spin transition leads to a complete LS state which is not thermally accessible. This structural evolution under pressure is in stark contrast to the previously reported thermal spin crossover behaviour, in which a symmetry-breaking, purely structural phase transition results in only partial conversion to the low spin state. This observation is attributed to the symmetry-breaking phase transition becoming unfavourable under pressure.     

Touching the upper limit for ferromagnetic interactions in hetero-bridged dinuclear [Cu2(II)] complexes using a novel N5-dinucleating ligand bearing an endogenous monoatomic amido(R-NH(-))-bridging group

A novel N(5)-dinucleating ligand 4-amino-3,5-bis(bipyridine-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole allows the preparation for the first time, and under mild conditions, of single and mixed amido(R-NH(-))-bridged copper(II) complexes, the latter exhibiting very strong ferromagnetic coupling.