Anonymous quantum network voting scheme

We propose a quantum network voting scheme with anonymity and secrecy in this letter. Using two uncoupled quantum chains, an agent prepares a traveling entangled ballot state and transfers it to each voter for voting. After the completion of voting, the ballot state is sent to another authority called the tallyman to count the number of votes for each. The present scheme may be applied to leadership elections and realized experimentally in a quantum network.     

A quantum computer in the scheme of an atomic quantum transistor with logical encoding of qubits

A scheme of a multiqubit quantum computer on atomic ensembles using a quantum transistor implementing two qubit gates is proposed. We demonstrate how multiatomic ensembles permit one to work with a large number of qubits that are represented in a logical encoding in which each qubit is recorded on a superposition of single-particle states of two atomic ensembles. The access to qubits is implemented by appropriate phasing of quantum states of each of atomic ensembles. An atomic quantum transistor is proposed for use when executing two qubit operations. The quantum transistor effect appears when an excitation quantum is exchanged between two multiatomic ensembles located in two closely positioned QED cavities connected with each other by a gate atom. The dynamics of quantum transfer between atomic ensembles can be different depending on one of two states of the gate atom. Using the possibilities of control for of state of the gate atom, we show the possibility of quantum control for the state of atomic ensembles and, based on this, implementation of basic single and two qubit gates. Possible implementation schemes for a quantum computer on an atomic quantum transistor and their advantages in practical implementation are discussed.     

Quantification of macroscopic quantum superpositions within phase space

Based on phase-space structures of quantum states, we propose a novel measure to quantify macroscopic quantum superpositions. Our measure simultaneously quantifies two different kinds of essential information for a given quantum state in a harmonious manner: the degree of quantum coherence and the effective size of the physical system that involves the superposition. It enjoys remarkably good analytical and algebraic properties. It turns out to be the most general and inclusive measure ever proposed that it can be applied to any types of multipartite states and mixed states represented in phase space.     

Superposition of Coherent States in a Mesoscopic Josephson Junction with Dissipation

A mesoscopic Josephson junction with dissipation is considered. Usually the dissipation in the system is described as a consequence of its coupling to a reservoir. By solving the master equation we show that the state of the junction can evolve in a quantum superposition of two coherent states even when the dissipation is present.     

Superposition of Coherent States in a Mesoscopic Josephson Junction with Dissipation

A mesoscopic Josephson junction with dissipation is considered. Usually the dissipation in the system is described as a consequence of its coupling to a reservoir. By solving the master equation we show that the state of the junction can evolve in a quantum superposition of two coherent states even when the dissipation is present.``     

Two-tone ion-acoustic waves in degenerate quantum plasma

Ion-acoustic waves (IAWs) in a quantum electron-ion plasma with degenerate components are theoretically investigated using a system of quantum equations of gas dynamics that allow for the quantum-size character of the object (Bohm’s quantum force is included in the equation of motion) and the Pauli exclusion principle (equations of state for degenerate Fermi gases of electrons and ions are used). Linear analysis and numerical solution of equations yielded an identical qualitative result: periodic IAWs in a quantum electron-ion plasma are always a superposition of two waves with equal phase velocities but different wavelengths. The high-frequency component of the IAW is identified with free quantum oscillations of ions. A solution in the form of an ion-sound soliton with free quantum oscillations of ions superposed on its profile is also found.     

Bringing quantum mechanics to life: from Schrödinger’s cat to Schrödinger’s microbe

The question whether quantum mechanics is complete and the nature of the transition between quantum mechanics and classical mechanics have intrigued physicists for decades. There have been many experimental breakthroughs in creating larger and larger quantum superposition and entangled states since Erwin Schrödinger proposed his famous thought experiment of putting a cat in a superposition of both alive and dead states in 1935. Remarkably, recent developments in quantum optomechanics and electromechanics may lead to the realisation of quantum superposition of living microbes soon. Recent evidence also suggests that quantum coherence may play an important role in several biological processes. In this review, we first give a brief introduction to basic concepts in quantum mechanics and the Schrödinger’s cat thought experiment. We then review developments in creating quantum superposition and entangled states and the realisation of quantum teleportation. Non-trivial quantum effects in photosynthetic light harvesting and avian magnetoreception are also discussed. At last, we review recent proposals to realise quantum superposition, entanglement and state teleportation of micro-organisms, such as viruses and bacteria.     

Enhancement of feasibility of macroscopic quantum superposition state with the quantum Rabi-Stark model

We propose an efficient scheme to generate a macroscopical quantum superposition state with a cavity optomechanical system, which is composed of a quantum Rabi-Stark model coupling to a mechanical oscillator. In a low-energy subspace of the Rabi-Stark model, the dressed states and then the effective Hamiltonian of the system are given. Due to the coupling of the mechanical oscillator and the atom-cavity system, if the initial state of the atom-cavity system is one of the dressed states, the mechanical oscillator will evolve into a corresponding coherent state. Thus, if the initial state of the atom-cavity system is a superposition of two dressed states, a coherent state superposition of the mechanical oscillator can be generated. The quantum coherence and their distinguishable properties of the two coherent states are exhibited by Wigner distribution. We show that the Stark term can enhance significantly the feasibility and quantum coherence of the generated macroscopic quantum superposition state of the oscillator.     

Review and suggested resolution of the problem of Schrodinger’s cat

This paper reviews and suggests a resolution of the problem of definite outcomes of measurement. This problem, also known as ‘Schrodinger’s cat’, has long posed an apparent paradox because the state resulting from a measurement appears to be a quantum superposition in which the detector is in two macroscopically distinct states (alive and dead in the case of the cat) simultaneously. Many alternative interpretations of the quantum mathematical formalism, and several alternative modifications of the theory, have been proposed to resolve this problem, but no consensus has formed supporting any one of them. Applying standard quantum theory to the measurement state, together with the analysis and results of decades of nonlocality experiments with pairs of entangled systems, this paper shows the entangled measurement state is not a paradoxical macroscopic superposition of states. It is instead a phase-dependent superposition of correlations between states of the subsystems. Thus Schrodinger’s cat is a non-paradoxical ‘macroscopic correlation’ in which one of the two correlated systems happens to be a detector. This insight resolves the problem of definite outcomes but it does not entirely resolve the measurement problem because the entangled state is still reversible.     

The bound of entanglement of superpositions with more than two components

A bipartite quantum state (for two systems in any dimensions) can be decomposed as a superposition of many components. For a superposition of more than two components we prove that there is a bound of the entanglement of the superposition state which can be expressed according to entanglements of its component states. Especially, if the component states are mutually bi-orthogonal, the entanglement of the superposition state can be exactly given in terms of the entanglements of the states being superposed.     

A Voting Protocol Based on the Controlled Quantum Operation Teleportation

Based on the controlled quantum operation teleportation, a secure voting protocol is proposed in this paper. Genuine four-qubit entangled state functions as the quantum channel. The eligible voter’s quantum operation which represents his vote information can be transmitted to the tallyman Bob with the help of the scrutineer Charlie. Voter’s quantum identity authentication provides the anonymity of voters’ID, which is ensured by a zero-knowledge proof of the notary organization CA. Charlie’s supervision in the whole voting process can make the protocol satisfy verifiability and non-reusability so as to avoid Bob’s dishonest behaviour. The security analysis shows that the voting protocol satisfies unforgeability, and has great advantages over some relevant researches. Additionally, the quantum operation can be transmitted successfully with the probability 1, which can make the protocol reliable and practical.     

Quantum Fisher Information of Superpositions with 3-Qubit Ghz-Class State and W State

We investigate the quantum Fisher information in a general superposition of a GHZ-class state and a W state. It is shown that the mean spin direction is determined by the four coefficients of superposition and the relative phase between the GHZ-class state and the W state and it is independent of the relative phase between the GHZ-class state; while the length of mean spin is only determined by the four superposition coefficients. It is also shown that the quantum Fisher information of the superposition state is determined by the four superposition coefficients and the two relative phases.     

任意两个相干态的叠加态的相位分布和Wigner函数(英文)

从相位分布和Wigner函数两个方面研究了任意两个相干态|β〉and |mβeiδ〉的叠加态的量子统计性质.结果表明这种叠加态的非经典特性与β2,振幅系数m,相干态间的位相差δ以及叠加系数间的位相差都有关.当参量选择合适,这种叠加态存在着量子效应.计算了两个相干态等几率混合系综的相位分布和Wigner函数,经过与前者比较,结果表明由于相干项的存在,使得叠加态具有很好的量子力学行为.     

Quantum Fisher Information and the Heisenberg Limit in Superpositions of Two W States and Symmetric State

We investigate the quantum Fisher information and the Heisenberg limit in superposition of a four-qubit symmetric state and two W states. Numerical and analytical calculations for quantum Fisher information and the Heisenberg limit of the four-qubit state are driven. It is shown that quantum Fisher information of the four-qubit state depends on the superposition coefficients and the relative phase. It is also shown that under certain conditions, the maximal quantum Fisher information occurred; which leads to the estimation sensitivity beats the Heisenberg limit.     

The quantum sling and the Schrödinger cat

The quantum sling is defined as a quantum harmonic oscillator with an abruptly vanishing frequency. It is shown in this article that a particle released by such a mechanism remains in acorrelated coherent state, i.e., a quantum state with the minimum dispersion in position and momentum allowed by the Schrödinger-Robertson uncertainty principle. This simple model permits to describe a Schrödinger-cat state (a quantum superposition of macroscopically distinguishable states) released by the sling. The result is a superposition of two correlated coherent states propagating in two opposite directions and with an interference term.     

第Ⅰ类两态叠加多模叠加态光场的N次方X压缩

利用多模辐射场广义非线性等幂次高次差压缩的一般理论,对第Ⅰ类两态叠加多模叠加态光场的等幂次N次方X压缩特性进行了详细研究,发现了其存在等幂次N次方X压缩效应的条件,还发现第Ⅰ、第Ⅱ两类两态叠加多模叠加态光场之间存在相似压缩和压缩简并现象,从而再次证明第Ⅰ类两态叠加多模叠加态光场是一种典型的多模非经典光场.     

相位型三头薛定谔猫态的量子统计属性

本文详细研究了一种相位型三头薛定谔猫态的一些量子统计属性,包括光子数分布、平均光子数、亚泊松分布、压缩效应以及Wigner函数等.我们发现,三头猫态的Wigner函数都可以出现负值,与二、四头猫态一样,说明它们都可以体现出非经典特性.与二头猫态不同,三头猫态在一定参数范围内可以呈现亚泊松分布,这点与四头猫态相类似,但弱于四头猫态.另外,三头猫态和四头猫态都没有压缩属性,但二头猫态具有压缩属性.     

Quantum toys for quantum computing: persistent currents controlled by the spin Josephson effect

Quantum devices and computers will need operational units in different architectural configurations for their functioning. The unit should be a simple "quantum toy," an easy to handle superposition state. Here such a novel unit of quantum mechanical flux state (or persistent current) in a conducting ring with three ferromagnetic quantum dots is presented. The state is labeled by the two directions of the persistent current, which is driven by the spin chirality of the dots, and is controlled by the spin (the spin Josephson effect). It is demonstrated that by the use of two connected rings, one can carry out unitary transformations on the input flux state by controlling one spin in one of the rings, enabling us to prepare superposition states. The flux is shown to be a quantum operation gate, and may be useful in quantum computing.     

任意两个相干态的叠加态的相位分布和Wigner函数

从相位分布和Wigner函数两个方面研究了任意两个相干态|β〉 and |mβeiδ〉的叠加态的量子统计性质.结果表明这种叠加态的非经典特性与β2,振幅系数m,相干态间的位相差δ以及叠加系数间的位相差都有关.当参量选择合适,这种叠加态存在着量子效应.计算了两个相干态等几率混合系综的相位分布和Wigner函数,经过与前者比较,结果表明由于相干项的存在,使得叠加态具有很好的量子力学行为.     

Superposition, Entropy and Schmidt Decomposition of States

Superposition and entropy are compared using the language of the logic of quantum mechanics. It is pointed out that a finite value of the relative quantum entropy of states implies a superposition relation between the states themselves. The superposition relation is then studied by comparing the pure state of the compound system with the product of the reduced states and an intermediate Schmidt state. All the corresponding relative quantum entropies are evaluated in terms of the Schmidt coefficients of the global pure state. Some of the results are extended in case the compound system is in a state represented by a general density operator.