Turbulence statistics in rotating channel flows with rough walls

We performed direct simulations of channel flow subjected to rotation about a spanwise axis, comparing cases with smooth and rough walls. The destabilizing effect of roughness counteracts the stabilizing effect of rotation on the cyclonic (stable) side. When the surface is rough the Reynolds stresses remain significant at all rotation rates considered, even those that results in a quasi-laminar state when the wall is smooth. The wake fluctuations result in significant dispersive stresses, which give an important contribution to the generation of turbulence on the stable side, mainly through added production of shear stresses. The dispersive stresses are mostly associated with the channeling of the flow between roughness elements.     

Experimental stress analysis in the design of a liquid-hydrogen pump rotor

A design optimization of the cross section of a high-speed rotor to pump liquid hydrogen was accomplished by means of photoelastic evaluations and model tests. The photoelastic models were rotated in the field of a polariscope with stroboscopic light synchronized to this rotation to evaluate the stresses. Differential radial growths were measured from model tests.     

Relationships of the Timoshenko-type theory of thin shells with arbitrary displacements and strains

A new modified version of the Timoshenko theory of thin shells is proposed to describe the process of deformation of thin shells with arbitrary displacements and strains. The new version is based on introducing an unknown function in the form of a rotation vector whose components in the basis fitted to the deformed mid-surface of the shell are the components of the transverse shear vector and the extensibility in the transverse direction according to Chernykh. For the case with the shell mid-surface fitted to an arbitrary non-orthogonal system of curvilinear coordinates, relationships based on the use of true stresses and true strains in accordance with Novozhilov are obtained for internal forces and moments. Based on these relationships, a problem of static instability of an isotropic spherical shell experiencing internal pressure is solved. The shell is considered to be made either of a linear elastic material or of an elastomer (rubber), which is described by Chernykh’s relationships.     

Stress Analysis of Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Shells of Revolution Subjected to Centrifugal Forces

An approach is proposed to analyze the stress state of thin shells of revolution under centrifugal loads with regard for anisotropy, the meridional variability of geometrical and mechanical parameters, and the eccentricity of the axis of revolution relative to the axis of geometric symmetry. Allowance is also made for the change in the dimensions of the shell due to deformation, which results in a nonaxisymmetric distribution of stresses and strains and their nonlinear dependence on the squared frequency of rotation. By separating variables, the problem is made one-dimensional and then solved numerically. The stress state of an ellipsoidal filament-winded composite shell is analyzed     

Super element approach to cable passing through multiple pulleys

A parametric super element model for cable passing through multiple pulleys is presented in this study for the static analysis of structures. The amounts of cable passages over pulleys are introduced as additional degrees-of-freedoms in the finite element model and the relationship between cable tensions at the two sides of each pulley is imposed based on the friction law or empirical data. The proposed finite element model is firstly verified by a simple pulley cable system and then applied to the analysis of real complex engineering structures. The verification results satisfy the static equilibrium and deformation compatibility conditions of the structural system and basic engineering principles. With the application of the proposed super element model, the global deformation and stress distribution for structures with multiple-pulley cable systems can be effectively and accurately computed. Numerical results for structural analysis show that the effect of friction of pulleys on the cable tensions is significant and the friction-free and fixed models both give unrealistic and incorrect results in cable tensions in some cases.     

Magneto-thermoelastic problem in rotating non-homogeneous orthotropic hollow cylinder under the hyperbolic heat conduction model

In this paper, we proposed a model of generalized magneto-thermoelastic for orthotropic hollow cylinder whose surfaces are subjected to a thermal relaxation under the effect of rotation with one relaxation time. The system of fundamental equations is solved by using an implicit finite-difference scheme. A numerical method is used to calculate the temperature, displacement and the components of stresses with time and through the radial of the cylinder. Numerical results are given and illustrated graphically for each case considered. The results indicate that the effect of rotation, inhomogeneity and magnetic field are very pronounced. Comparison made with the results predicted by the theory of generalized magneto-thermoelasticity with one relaxation time in the absence of rotation.     

The buckling behavior of uniformly heated thin circular cylindrical shells

The results of buckling tests on uniformly heated, clamped, thin circular cylindrical shells are presented and discussed. Particular attention is paid to both the actual buckling process and the ensuing post-buckling behavior. Load vs. end-shortening curves are included. The possibility of “snap-through” buckling which occurs at a value of end shortening greater than that corresponding to the maximum supported load is experimentally verified. A comparison of the present experimental results with available theory is made. It is observed that the experimental values of the buckling temperature can be substantially greater than the temperatures calculated by linear theory from the experimental buckling loads; however, the buckling stresses are the same whether the loading is thermal or mechanical.     

Stresses due to an adhesion crack in T-shaped junction of two orthotropic plates

The general solution of stresses is derived for a T-shaped junction of two thin plates with an adhesion crack.The plates are orthotropic.A shear force is applied on the crack surface.The analysis is based on the supposition that the stresses in each plate can be approximated by a plane stress condition.The results obtained are verified by numerical calculation of FEM.     

屈服准则及切线模量修正的弹塑性计算模型

为提高不同应力状态下金属弹塑性行为的模拟精度,采用含应力三轴度修正的von Mises屈服准则,材料弹塑性本构关系在等效应力$\!$-$\!$-$\!$等效应变曲线基础上,提出一个切线模量为主应力函数的理论修正项. 将这两个修正项结合,以子程序形式编程嵌入ABAQUS主程序,以此模拟几种不同形状试样的弹塑性行为,并将其他屈服准则在单一曲线假设下编程与之对比. 模拟结果与真实试验结果对比发现,对于屈服而言,含应力三轴度修正的vonMises屈服准则比其他屈服理论准确;对于弹塑性阶段计算而言,提出的切线模量为主应力函数这一假设比单一曲线假设更加接近真实试验.      

Ultrasonic Measurements of Residual Stresses Caused by Severe Thermomechanical Deformation during FSW

In engineering processes, residual stresses can be intense once high plastic deformation and temperature gradient are involved. This is exactly the case for friction stir welding (FSW) in which both rotational and translational movements of the tool induce extreme temperature gradient and plastic deformation. In this research, the extents of longitudinal and transverse residual stresses are measured within the AA7075-T6 plates welded through FSW process using ultrasonic method. According to the obtained results, it can be found that the residual stress is of the tensile type adjacent to the welding line whereas it is of the compressive type far from the welding line. Another observation is that the longitudinal residual stresses are considerably greater than the transverse residual stresses. Furthermore, with the aim of investigating the effects of rotation and traverse velocities of the tool on residual stress, experiments are carried out at three different rotation and traverse velocities. Based on the acquired results, it is observed that upon increasing the rotation and traverse velocities, the longitudinal and transverse residual stresses decrease and increase, respectively.     

Benefits of Low Modulus of Elasticity and of Fibre Reinforcement of Cement Based Mortars as Thin Bonded Overlay Materials

The paper, associating experiment and simulation approaches, deals with the debonding propagation between a thin bonded cement-based overlay and a substrate simulating a repair of old concrete structure. The material used for the overlay is a fibre reinforced and rubberised mortar. In the experimental investigations, three point static bending tests were carried out on composite specimens. The effects of shrinkage of the overlay, restrained by the substrate, and the role of fibre reinforcement are thus involved. Direct tensile tests on notched specimens were firstly conducted to obtain the tensile strength and the residual normal stress-crack opening relationship. The debonding opening-residual normal tensile stress relationship was investigated by static tensile tests. The propagation of the debonding interface was monitored using a video-microscope with an enlargement of 175x. On the basis of the parameters identified and quantified, the above mentioned static tests were modelled by the finite element method using CAST3M code developed in France by CEA (Commission for Atomic Energy). The model predictions showed good agreement with the experimental results. The shrinkage effect on the durability of the composite specimens was clarified. The results also proved the important role of fibre-reinforcement in restraining the crack opening by transferring stresses through the crack.     

Problem of interaction of thin rigid needle-shaped inclusions located between different elastic materials

We study a piecewise-homogeneous elastic plane composed of two half-planes with different elastic parameters and two thin rigid needle-shaped inclusions located between them. One inclusion is rigidly connected with the environment, and the other inclusion is not, while contacting with it like a smooth rigid punch. We consider the plane deformed state generated by stresses given at infinity. The problem is reduced to a combination of a matrix Riemann boundary-value problem from the theory of analytic functions and a matrix Hilbert problem, which can be solved in terms of integrals through the reduction to two separate scalar Riemann boundary-value problems on a twosheeted Riemann surface.We explicitly obtain the complex potentials of the composite elastic plane, the stress intensity factors near the tips of the inclusion, and the rotation angles of the inclusions. We also present numerical examples illustrating how the stresses near the inclusions depend on the elastic and geometric parameters of the problem.     

聚合物注射成型流动残余应力的数值分析

建立了可压缩黏弹性聚合物熔体在薄壁型腔中充模/保压过程中非等温、非稳态流动 的数学模型,用数值方法实现了注射成型过程中流动应力和取向建立及松弛过程的模拟,研 究了熔体温度、模具温度和注射速率等工艺条件对分子冻结取向的影响,取得了与实验相符 的结果.     

An investigation of the hole-drilling technique for measuring planar residual stress in rectangularly orthotropic materials

The applicability of the semidestructive holedrilling technique to the experimental determination of residual stresses in relatively thin rectangularly orthotropic materials was investigated. From the exploratory work, it was determined that the similitudes, for measurements at a particular ratio of hole depth to diameter, which exist for thick materials are not present in relatively thin materials. This implies that calibration tests must be made for each combination of strain-gage size and plate thickness. As a consolation, however, it was found that there is no need to drill to an optimum depth for thin materials. That is, one may simply drill a small hole completely through the material to obtain the desired strain change.     

Effects of rotation and gravity on an electro-magneto-thermoelastic medium with diffusion and voids by using the Lord-Shulman and dual-phase-lag models

The effects of rotation and gravity on an electro-magneto-thermoelastic medium with diffusion and voids in a generalized thermoplastic half-space are studied by using the Lord-Shulman(L-S) model and the dual-phase-lag(DPL) model. The analytical solutions for the displacements, stresses, temperature, diffusion concentration, and volume fraction field with different values of the magnetic field, the rotation, the gravity, and the initial stress are obtained and portrayed graphically. The results indicate that the effects of gravity, rotation, voids, diffusion, initial stress, and electromagnetic field are very pronounced on the physical properties of the material.     

Effect of rotation on plane waves in generalized thermo-microstretch elastic solid with a relaxation time

The present paper is aimed at studying the effect of rotation on the general model of the equations of generalized thermo-microstretch for a homogeneous isotropic elastic half-space solid whose surface is subjected to a Mode-I Crack problem considered. The problem is in the context of the generalized thermoelasticity Lord-?hulman??s (L-S) theory with one relaxation time, as well as the classical dynamical coupled theory (CD) The normal mode analysis is used to obtain the exact expressions for the displacement components, force stresses, temperature, couple stresses and microstress distribution. The variations of the considered variables through the horizontal distance are illustrated graphically. Comparisons are made with the results in the presence and absence of rotation and in the presence and absence of microstretch constants between the two theories.     

Measurements of Deflection and Residual Stress in Thin Films Utilizing Coherent Light Reflection/Projection Moiré Interferometry

Thin film technology is an area of great importance in current applications of opto-electronics, electronics, MEMS and computer technology. A critical issue in thin film technology is residual stresses that arise when the coating is deposited onto a substrate. Residual stresses can be very large in magnitude and have detrimental effects on the role that the thin film must play. To save development time on coating deposition processes it is important to perform accurate residual stresses measurements in situ in real time where the deposition is made. A novel optical set up is developed in this study to measure deflections and residual stresses generated in coated specimens that can be applied directly in the reactor utilized in the deposition process. Experimental results are in good agreement with other measurements carried out independently and other data reported in literature for thin films like those tested in the experiments.     

中心刚体-旋转悬臂板耦合系统碰摩动力特性解析法研究

针对大型旋转机械叶片与机壳间发生的碰摩故障,建立了中心刚体-旋转悬臂板耦合系统碰摩动力学模型,考虑了离心刚化效应,利用Hamilton原理推导出运动微分方程。基于实验和有限元分析碰摩力的结果,给出了碰摩力的近似数学表达式,得到了系统振动响应解析解,通过与文献中实验结果的对比,验证了模型及方法的准确性,讨论了叶片梁模型和薄板模型在不同点碰摩及线碰摩情况下各自的适用范围,分析了转速对碰摩动力响应的影响。结果表明：论文解析解具有较高精度;薄板模型能够更全面地反映叶片各种不同碰摩情况下的动力特性,比梁模型更准确、可靠;随着转速的增大,碰摩力导致薄板自由端幅值突变,这是引发工程中叶片掉角,甚至折断的重要原因。     

Nonlinear stress and deformation analysis of thin current-carrying strip-shells

The problems of nonlinear deformation of a thin current-carrying shell under the coupled action of an unsteady electromagnetic field and a mechanical field are studied. The nonlinear magneto-elastic kinetic equations, the physical equations, the geometric equations, the electrodynamics equations, and the expressions of Lorentz force of a thin current-carrying shell under the action of a coupled field are given. Normal Cauchy form nonlinear differential equations, which include ten basic unknown functions in all, are obtained by the variable replacement method. Using the difference and quasilinearization methods, the nonlinear magneto-elastic equations are reduced to a sequence of quasilinear differential equations, which can be solved by the method of discrete orthogonalization. Numerical solutions for the stresses and deformations in the thin current-carrying strip-shell with two simply supported edges are obtained by considering a specific example. The results that the stresses and deformations in a thin current-carrying strip-shell with two simply supported edges change with variation of the electromagnetic parameters are discussed, through a special case. It is shown that the deformations of the shell can be controlled by changing the electromagnetic parameters Published in Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 43, No. 9, pp. 130–144, September 2007.     

Spherical indentation of freestanding circular thin films in the membrane regime

We present theoretical and experimental results to describe the mechanics of indentation of a clamped circular membrane with a frictionless spherical indenter. Analytical expressions and numerical simulations are presented for the relationships between contact radius, finite indentation strains (and stresses), pre-stretch, loads and deflection. These closed-form solutions are contrasted with point-load models that neglect the contact size (i.e. classical Schwerin-type solutions), and lead to important differences in the indentation strain and load-deflection response. The accuracy of these closed form expressions is illustrated by comparisons with detailed numerical results and experiments on thin elastomer films. We show that the closed-form solutions can be used to extract mechanical properties from indentation testing of freestanding films, with important implications for developing new tests on nanoscale films and/or compliant materials such as polymers and biological substances.