鱼明胶介质中AgBr/I纳米粒子的生长与感光性能

本文以鱼明胶为分散介质,采用双注法制备AgBr/I纳米粒子乳剂,控制银盐与卤溶液的注入速率(R),以TEM观测了粒子的生长,据此探讨了该乳剂中AgBr/I纳米粒子平均粒径(d)及分布(±σ)与反应条件的关系.发现在R为1.3 mmol/min^-8 mmol/min范围内,随R增大,d减小,R-d间呈良好的线性关系.除个别外,±σ值变化不明显.对于该纳米粒子乳剂采用二氧化硫脲进行化学敏化,结果表明:适当增加二氧化硫脲的加入量和延长敏化时间,均可有效提高乳剂的感光度,并有助于改善其低照度互易律失效,此外还揭示了曝光光源色温对该乳剂感光性能的影响.     

明胶与AgBr晶体颗粒相互作用的研究

It was found that IR absorption band at 1383 cm - 1 was stronger for AgBr crystal particles . This band was not observed but there was an amide I band at 1630 cm - 1 or 1640 cm - 1 for gelatin-AgBr emulsion after ensymolysis. This variation meant that gelatin was adsorbed on the AgBr crystal particles. The IR analysis was performed for gelatin with added Br- to show the possible interaction between gelatin and AgBr particles. The frequence of NH3+ absorption band for gelatins with added Br- was lower than that for gelatins without added Br-. The frequence shift of NH3+ band around 3300 cm-1 in the spectrum of gelatins indicated that gelatin could be adsorbed by AgBr with NH3+ and Br- in addition to chemical interaction between Ag+ and N atom or/and between Ag+ and S atom. Moreover,there was probably a kind of force between the hydrophobic parts of AgBr crystal surface and the hydrophobic side-chain groups of gelatin. It may be the van der Walls force. It had influence on IR spectrum of emulsion from 1000 cm-1 to 1200 cm-1 . Because there was a difference in photographic characters or crystal particle size between fish gelatin emulsion and bovine gelatin emulsion,their interactions were compared. In general,IR study suggested that gelatin was adsorbed on AgBr crystal particles . This adsorption could be caused by coulombic and van der Walls forces apart from the chemical affinity between gelatin and AgBr crystal particles.     

Ag/AgBr复合体高能电子作用下的溅射现象

报道了Ag/AgBr复合体在透射电子显微镜(TEM)中观察到的一种有趣的溅射现象, 发现在高能电子的作用下, Ag/AgBr靶材飞溅出众多的纳米Ag粒子, 它们呈现很好的分散性, 其粒子的平均尺寸呈梯度变化, 初步探讨了此现象产生的机理.     

Ag/AgBr复合体在高能电子作用下的溅射现象

报道了Ag/AgBr复合体在透射电子显微镜(TEM)中观察到的一种有趣的溅射现象,发现在高能电子的作用下,Ag/AgBr靶材飞溅出众多的纳米Ag粒子,它们呈现很好的分散性,其粒子的平均尺寸呈梯度变化,初步探讨了此现象产生的机理.     

纳米尺度AgBr/I乳剂颗粒的光电子衰减行为

本文以鱼明胶为保护介质,在不同的鱼明胶 溴化银比值下,采用双注法制备AgBr/I纳米颗粒乳剂,以TEM观测颗粒形态,据此统计得出该乳剂中AgBr/I纳米颗粒平均粒径(d)及粒径分布系数(|±σ|/d).鱼明胶 溴化银比值在0.31g/mmol-0.62g/mmol范围内,颗粒平均粒径仅有微小变化,但粒径分布系数随该比值的增大而减小,表明颗粒均一性提高.采用微波光导法对该纳米尺度AgBr/I乳剂颗粒的光电子衰减过程进行测试,结果表明,纳米尺度Ag-Br/I乳剂颗粒的光电子衰减过程为双组分,即初始快衰减和随后慢衰减,其衰减过程皆符合一级动力学规律.该纳米尺度乳剂颗粒光电子寿命较常规乳剂颗粒明显缩短.     

明胶中α组分含量对明胶/羟基磷灰石复合材料力学性能的影响

选用α组分含量分别为20.5%,41%和50%的A、B、C 3种明胶作为原料,采用同时加入法制备了明胶/羟基磷灰石(HAP)复合材料.通过对干态复合物膜拉伸性能的测试和对比,发现,明胶α组分含量的变化对复合材料的弹性模量影响较大,而对拉伸强度和断裂伸长率的影响则相对较小,但总的来说,三者均随α组分含量的增加而增大.其中,α组分含量最高的复合物C的拉伸强度为86.40 MPa,弹性模量为2682.35 MPa,断裂伸长率为8.65%.另外,对复合物C基本性质的表征结果表明,该材料具有类似于自然骨的组成和结构性质,因此有望成为一种具有优异力学性能的骨替代材料.     

明胶/羟基磷灰石复合物微球中明胶对无机相影响的研究

在油包水的乳液体系中,通过原位合成的方法使羟基磷灰石(HAP)在明胶链上化学沉积,改变明胶溶液的浓度,制得了一系列的明胶/HAP复合物微球.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和热失重分析仪(TGA)等对产物的组成、形貌以及热失重情况进行了表征.结果表明,明胶用量对复合物微球中HAP的形成具有重要影响.在明胶溶液浓度为0.025 g/mL时,明胶分子链提供的结合位点恰好与溶液中游离的Ca²⁺、PO₄^3-等离子达到平衡状态,复合物微球中无机相含量达40%,这是明胶与HAP以化学键合的形式结合所能得到的最大值.     

氧化海藻酸钠的氧化度对其交联海藻酸钠/明胶(半)互穿网络膜性能的影响

以海藻酸钠(SA)为原料、高碘酸钠(SP)为氧化剂,通过调整SA与SP物质的量之比以及氧化时间,制备了不同氧化度的氧化海藻酸钠(OSA);以OSA为交联剂,制备了海藻酸钠/明胶(半)互穿网络膜(SA/Ge(semi)IPN)。通过红外光谱研究了(半)互穿网络膜的结构,推测了其交联机理;通过力学性能、交联度等测试方法研究了OSA的氧化度对(半)互穿网络膜力学性能的影响。结果表明:通过控制SA与SP物质的量之比可以制备特定氧化度的OSA;(半)互穿网络膜的力学性能随着OSA氧化度的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,而交联度随着OSA氧化度的增加而增加。     

鱼肉类罐头中双酚-二环氧甘油醚的固相萃取/HPLC-MS/MS法检测

建立了鱼肉类罐头中内分泌干扰物质双酚A二缩水甘油醚(BADGE)及其衍生物BADGE·H2O、BADGE·2H2O、BADGE·2HCl、BADGE·HCl·H2O和双酚F二缩水甘油醚(BFDGE)及其衍生物BFDGE·2H2O、BFDGE·2HCl 8种双酚-二环氧甘油醚的固相萃取/液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱分析方法.以叔丁基甲醚为提取溶剂,采用超声波辅助溶剂萃取法萃取,萃取液用Waters Oasis HLB固相萃取柱进行净化浓缩.以Thermo Hypersil Gold C18色谱柱为分离柱,在正离子模式下以电喷雾电离串联质谱仪进行测定.考察了流动相组分和流动相添加剂对质谱离子化效率的影响,8种双酚-二环氧甘油醚在1.0 ～100.0 μg/L范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.99).在2.0、10.0和50.0 μg/kg的添加水平下,8种目标化合物的回收率为83% ～99%,相对标准偏差小于9.0%,方法的检出限为0.13 ～0.30 μg/kg.方法具有较高的灵敏度和准确度,能够满足鱼肉类罐头食品中双酚-二环氧甘油醚残留量的快速检测.     

固体超强酸催化的异丁烷/丁烯烷基化反应中结焦前身物的作用

在以BrØnsted-Lewis共轭固体超强酸为催化剂的异丁烷与丁烯的烷基化反应中, 发现一些烃类聚集在催化剂的表面. 这些烃类, 也称为结焦前身物, 是导致催化剂失活的原因, 但在其导致催化剂失活之前, 即在反应的初始阶段, 这些烃类却起着反应中间体的作用. 这种反应中间体的存在是有利于异丁烷与烯烃之间的烷基化反应的, 增加产品中的TMP含量和TMP/DMH的比, 并讨论上述现象.     

电磁处理对水溶液中碳酸钙微粒沉降及附着性能的影响

通过Zeta电位、表面自由能及其分量、粘附功等热力学参数的测定与分析, 研究了电磁处理对等物质的量Na₂CO₃与CaCl₂溶液混合生成的碳酸钙微粒的沉积特性及阻垢机理. 结果显示电磁处理可以使碳酸钙微粒的Zeta电位绝对值减小约5 mV, 同时加快碳酸钙微粒的沉降速度. 经电磁处理生成的碳酸钙微粒的表面自由能为31.59 mJ•m^－2, 比未经处理时减小30%, 同时表面自由能Lifshitz-van der Waals分量从处理前的43.53 mJ•m^－2下降到25.50 mJ•m^－2, 说明成垢溶液的电磁处理可以提高碳酸钙微粒的热力学稳定性. 水溶液中碳酸钙微粒与316L不锈钢表面之间的理论粘附功计算显示, 电磁处理降低了该理论粘附功, 使碳酸钙微粒在不锈钢表面的附着能力下降.     

光谱法研究pH值对再生桑蚕丝素蛋白在水溶液中结构的影响

通过一系列光谱实验手段研究了再生桑蚕(Bombyx mori)丝素蛋白在水溶液中的构象转变情况. 由于丝素蛋白含有较多带电荷的氨基酸残基, 因此环境pH值对丝素蛋白的结构有着一定的影响: 酸性越强, 丝素蛋白越容易发生从无规线团到β-折叠结构转变; 相对而言, 碱性条件则更有利于丝素蛋白以无规线团结构稳定存在. 特别是当pH在4附近时, 丝素蛋白的无规结构最易发生改变; 而pH为6左右时, 丝素蛋白的结构则较为稳定. 这种变化趋势与沿着成熟蚕腺体中丝素蛋白所处的环境及其状态相当吻合, 由此表明pH值的调节是蚕在生物体中控制其丝素蛋白状态的一个相当重要的手段. 这一结果对人工纺制动物丝条件的调控有着极其重要的现实意义. 同时我们还发现, 在相当宽的pH范围内, 丝素蛋白的二级结构存在着中间体形态, 表明丝素蛋白的变性过程不符合简单的二态机制.     

应用QM与ABEEM/MM结合的方法研究NAMI-A的结构性质

应用量子力学(QM)与ABEEM浮动电荷力场(ABEEM/MM)相结合的方法研究了抗癌药物NAMI-A在水溶液中的结构性质. 所有的结构优化都是在DFT的B3LYP方法下采用6-31G(d,p)和LanL2DZ基组完成的, 没有加入任何限制性条件. 结果表明, 优化得到的NAMI-A构型受不同环境及方法的影响均有变化. 与气相中得到的构型相比, QM/MM迭代优化得到构型要比PCM的构型变化更明显. QM/MM (ABEEM/MM)迭代优化得到的NAMI-A构型比QM/MM (OPLS-AA)的变化要小. 总之, 溶剂通过极化效应对NAMI-A结构、电荷分布及径向分布函数等性质均有影响, 客观地处理极化效应才能正确地反映QM区的性质.     

Theoretical Study on Co^3＋ in Aqueous Solution in Terms of ABEEM/MM Model

A detailed theoretical investigation on Co^3＋ hydration in aqueous solution has been carded out by means of molecular dynamics （MD） simulations based on the atom-bond electronegativity equalization method fused into molecular mechanics （ABEEM/MM）. The effective Co^3＋ ion-water potential has been constructed by fitting to ab initio structures and binding energies for ionic clusters. And then the ion-water interaction potential was applied in combination with the ABEEM-7P water model to molecular dynamics simulations of single Co^3＋（aq.） solution, managing to reproduce many experimental structural and dynamical properties of the solution. Here, not only the common properties （radial distribution function, angular distribution function and solvation energy） obtained for Co^3＋ in ABEEM-7P water solution were in good agreement with those from the experimental methods and other molecular dynamics simulations but also very interesting properties of charge distributions, geometries of water molecules, hydrogen bond, diffusion coefficients, vibrational spectra are investigated by ABEEM/MM model.     

烧结工艺对Ti/IrO2电极在酸性溶液中的电催化活性的影响

采用循环伏安(CV)与极化曲线测试了几种不同烧结工艺制备所得Ti/IrO2电极在酸性Na2SO4溶液中的电催化活性. 对传统单一高温(500 ℃)烧结与改进的分段烧结及程序升温工艺进行了比较; 扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试表明, 传统工艺所得电极裂纹形貌不明显, 晶粒尺寸及电极的物理电阻均较大, 电化学活性较低; 改进工艺则可明显降低Ti基体的氧化, 提高电极的导电性, 其中程序升温还可使电极表面的裂纹增多, 但若该工艺的起始温度较高, 电极的表观活性下降.     

Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Reactivity of Compounds I and II in Horseradish Peroxidase Biomimetics

For the exploration of the intrinsic reactivity of two key active species in the catalytic cycle of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), Compound I (HRP‐I) and Compound II (HRP‐II), we generated in situ [Fe^IV?O(TMP^+.)(2‐MeIm)]⁺ and [Fe^IV?O(TMP)(2‐MeIm)]⁰ (TMP=5,10,15,20‐tetramesitylporphyrin; 2‐MeIm=2‐methylimidazole) as biomimetics for HRP‐I and HRP‐II, respectively. Their catalytic activities in epoxidation, hydrogen abstraction, and heteroatom oxidation reactions were studied in acetonitrile at ?15 °C by utilizing rapid‐scan UV/Vis spectroscopy. Comparison of the second‐order rate constants measured for the direct reactions of the HRP‐I and HRP‐II mimics with the selected substrates clearly confirmed the outstanding oxidizing capability of the HRP‐I mimic, which is significantly higher than that of HRP‐II. The experimental study was supported by computational modeling (DFT calculations) of the oxidation mechanism of the selected substrates with the involvement of quartet and doublet HRP‐I mimics (^2,4Cpd I) and the closed‐shell triplet spin HRP‐II model (³Cpd II) as oxidizing species. The significantly lower activation barriers calculated for the oxidation systems involving ^2,4Cpd I than those found for ³Cpd II are in line with the much higher oxidizing efficiency of the HRP‐I mimic proven in the experimental part of the study. In addition, the DFT calculations show that all three reaction types catalyzed by HRP‐I occur on the doublet spin surface in an effectively concerted manner, whereas these reactions may proceed in a stepwise mechanism with the HRP‐II mimic as oxidant. However, the high desaturation or oxygen rebound barriers during C?H bond activation processes by the HRP‐II mimic predict a sufficient lifetime for the substrate radical formed through hydrogen abstraction. Thus, the theoretical calculations suggest that the dissociation of the substrate radical may be a more favorable pathway than desaturation or oxygen rebound processes. Importantly, depending on the electronic nature of the oxidizing species, that is, ^2,4Cpd I or ³Cpd II, an interesting region‐selective conversion phenomenon between sulfoxidation and H‐atom abstraction was revealed in the course of the oxidation reaction of dimethylsulfide. The combined experimental and theoretical study on the elucidation of the intrinsic reactivity patterns of the HRP‐I and HRP‐II mimics provides a valuable tool for evaluating the particular role of the HRP active species in biological systems.     

Iron(III)‐Complexes Engaged in the Biochemical Processes in Seawater. I. Voltammetry of Fe(III)‐Succinate Complexes in Model Aqueous Solution

Fe³⁺ complexes with succinic acid, a ligand naturally present in seawater, were investigated in aqueous solutions by square‐wave and cyclic voltammetry. [Fe(suc)₂(OH)₂] and [Fe(suc)₃] were detected at potentials ?0.22 and ?0.37 V, depending on C_suc in the ranges from 0.01 to 0.07 and 0.1 to 0.5 mol L^?1, respectively. Redox processes were irreversible, first with reactant adsorption and second diffusion controlled, both accompanied by chemical step. By UV/Vis spectra formation of these complexes was confirmed and equilibrium constant Fe(suc)₂(OH)₂?Fe(suc)₃ calculated (logK_2?3=(1.14±0.15) mol^?1 L), as well as their perceptible stoichiometry. With NTA as competing ligand, conditional stability constant of [Fe(suc)₂(OH)₂] complex was calculated (β^cond=(3.1±1.3)×10²² mol^?1 L).     

锂离子电池正极材料LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2在LiNO3溶液中的电化学性能研究

由溶胶凝胶法合成的锂离子电池正极材料LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2在水溶液体系中具有优异的高倍率充放电性能,放电时能够输出极高功率密度.XRD表征证明合成的LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2材料具有层状α-NaFeO2结构,SEM形貌显示材料的粒径约为500nm,恒电流充放电测试表明LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2材料在pH12的2mol·L-1LiNO3溶液中,以2C(0.36A/g)倍率充放时,比容量达到了147mAh/g.如以80C(14.4A/g)、150C(27A/g)和220C(39.6A/g)的倍率充放,材料的比容量仍可达到64mAh/g、33mAh/g和16mAh/g,而全电池的功率密度分别达到2574W/kg、3925W/kg、4967W/kg.其中80C倍率充放,经1000周循环后,容量保持率为90.9%.