Experimental and numerical investigation of heat transfer in a miniature heat sink utilizing silica nanofluid

In this paper, heat transfer characteristics of a miniature heat sink cooled by SiO₂–water nanofluids were investigated both experimentally and numerically. The heat sink was fabricated from aluminum and insulated by plexiglass cover plates. The heat sink consisted of an array of 4 mm diameter circular channels with a length of 40 mm. Tests were performed while inserting a 180 W/cm² heat flux to the bottom of heat sink and Reynolds numbers ranged from 400 to 2000. The three-dimensional heat transfer characteristics of the heat sink were analyzed numerically by solving conjugate heat transfer problem of thermally and hydrodynamically developing fluid flow. Experimental results showed that dispersing SiO₂ nanoparticles in water significantly increased the overall heat transfer coefficient while thermal resistance of heat sink was decreased up to 10%. Numerical results revealed that channel diameter, as well as heat sink height and number of channels in a heat sink have significant effects on the maximum temperature of heat sink. Finally, an artificial neural network (ANN) was used to simulate the heat sink performance based on these parameters. It was found that the results of ANN are in excellent agreement with the mathematical simulation and cover a wider range for evaluation of heat sink performance.     

Experimental study of transient heat transfer characteristics of single-phase natural convection in multidimensional porous bed with volumetric heat generation

Natural convection in an internally heated porous bed of height and diameter of 450 mm and 500 mm, respectively, and superposed with the fluid layer has been experimentally investigated. The onset of natural convection in the bed is indicated by change in the rate of temperature rise within the bed. An empirical model based on local Nusselt number and local Rayleigh number has been developed. A comparison of the present model with the models in literature is made to draw out the differences between the local heat transfer of large multidimensional beds and the average heat transfer of small beds.     

Stability of cylindrical conducting fluids with heat and mass transfer in longitudinal periodic electric field

A novel system to study the effect of an axial periodic electric field on the stability of a system of cylinders of conducting fluids in the presence of heat and mass transfer is investigated. The stability of a cylindrical interface between the vapor and liquid phases of a fluid is studied when the vapor is hotter than the liquid and the two phases are enclosed between two cylindrical surfaces coaxial with the interface. The linear dispersion relation is found to be of damped Mathieu-type equation with real coefficients. The method of multiple time scales is used to obtain approximate solution and analyze the stability criteria for both the nonresonant and resonant cases. The stability of the system is also discussed analytically and numerically for such cases. It is found that both the heat and mass transfer coefficient and the dimensions of the system have destabilizing influences on the considered system, while azimuthal wavenumber is found to have a stabilizing effect. The dual role of the electric field frequency is also observed on the stability of the system depending on the electrical conductivities values. Finally the behaviour of the resonance points corresponding to the effects of each of the above physical parameters are determined, and a comparison between the obtained results with the corresponding results in the case of a constant applied electric field is achieved.     

补偿腔支路对环路热管传热性能影响的实验研究

在环路热管系统工作中,存在因补偿腔温度过高而造成的蒸发器烧干现象。在常规环路热管系统中设计了补偿腔支路,以带走热源向补偿腔传递的径向热量,并对设计的环路热管系统进行实验测试,分析补偿腔支路对环路热管传热特性的影响。实验结果表明:补偿腔支路开启后,在热流密度14 W/cm²时,系统稳定启动所需时间从4 min减少到3 min,表明系统稳定启动所需时间减小,有利于快速启动;在热流密度18 W/cm²下,对应的壁面温度从88.2℃降至85.4℃,系统热阻从0.56 K/W减小到了0.49 K/W,表明系统所能承受的最大热流密度更大,系统热阻也更低,因此系统的传热性能更好。     

Hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer at chemical conversions in slot reactors

In this paper, experimental and numerical investigations of the hydrodynamics and heat transfer in a disk slot heat exchanger-reactor for a radial flow of a gas mixture reacting on the channel walls are described. Data for the coefficients of heat transfer from the wall being heated to the gas flowing inside the reactor are presented. The temperature field of a catalytically active reactor plate at heat release on it has been investigated experimentally. Calculations of the flow and heat transfer in a slot reactor element for a catalytic reaction with heat release have been performed. Partial oxidation of methane in an oxygen medium with the formation of a hydrogen-containing synthesis gas in a two-dimensional microchannel has been investigated numerically. Data for the extent of the chemical conversion of methane versus the initial mixture consumption and reaction temperature are presented.     

氨水降膜吸收传热传质强化的研究进展

综述了近年来应用于氨水降膜吸收性能强化的研究成果,总结了氨水降膜吸收的强化方法,分析了氨水降膜吸收过程中的影响因素,指出研究中的一些不足,并对该领域未来的研究方向进行了讨论,指出采用物理处理、化学处理和纳米技术三种强化手段相结合的方法是未来强化吸收可能的发展趋势。     

竖直恒温面自然对流边界层不稳定性研究

在无扰动、随机式扰动以及正弦式扰动下,通过对竖直恒温面处状态Ra为1.328×10^9、Pr为6.24的自然对流进行模拟,探索了热边界层的不稳定性和共振强化自然对流换热。结果表明:(1)竖直自然对流边界层上游位置的随机式扰动对热边界层的影响主要体现在稳定阶段;(2)该状态下的竖直自然对流边界层的特征频率为15 067,且相比于无扰动状态,频率为15 067的正弦式扰动能在竖直恒温面处提高5.15%的换热量;(3)在竖直自然对流边界层上游位置加入特征频率的正弦式扰动,竖直恒温面处的局部努塞尔数Nu均出现明显波动,且波动随着边界层高度的增加而增大。     

A molecular dynamics simulation of nanoscale convective heat transfer with the effect of axial heat conduction

Effective heat dissipation from nano-fluidic devices is sometimes necessary to ensure their performance and lifespan. In the molecular dynamics simulation of nanoscale convective heat transfer, thermostats cannot be directly applied to the fluid because of the non-uniform temperature distribution. Periodic boundary is typically utilised, but unrealistic axial heat conduction exists when there is a temperature difference between the outlet and images of inlet atoms. In this paper, the effect of axial conduction caused by periodic boundary is investigated through the Péclet number (Pe). Taking viscous dissipation into consideration, the magnitude of outlet thermal diffusion is observed to decrease with increasing Pe. The local average temperature of fluid changes in an exponential form except in the region close to the outlet. Results show that the contribution of outlet axial conduction to the local average temperature is less than 2.0% when Pe > 10. The main reason is that the magnitude of fluid velocity and viscous heat dissipation in nanochannels is much larger than that in macro-channels at the same Péclet number.     

含CO_2的蒸汽凝结换热实验研究

钙基吸收剂锻烧碳酸化循环法能够有效地控制CO2的排放,其中CaCO3的煅烧过程中加入适量水蒸气能够降低煅烧温度,节约成本,对尾气进行冷凝处理能够得到相对浓度较高的CO2,研究了含CO2的蒸汽在水平圆管上的凝结换热特性,从气相边界层与液膜变化的角度对实验结果做出了解释,并总结了凝结换热经验公式。     

Integral relations for the heat and mass transfer resistivities of the liquid–vapor interface

We derived integral relations for the heat and mass transfer resistivities of the liquid–vapor interface in a one-component system. These relations were obtained assuming the validity of the standard expression for the local entropy production rate as the product of the measurable heat flux times the gradient of the inverse temperature through the surface. The integral relations will be useful to interpret results from nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. We verified in this paper that earlier results obtained using the nonequilibrium van der Waals square gradient model are reproduced. For this case, we calculated the Kapitza length along the coexistence curve.     

Experimental analysis of conical baffles with rifts on heat transfer and pressure drop

In the present study, convective heat transfer to the air from a heating tube attached to conical baffles with rift was experimentally examined. The air entering the test section first contacts the large surface of the conical baffle. Therefore, the conical baffle both directs the air toward the heating surface and increases the heat transfer surface area. In the experiments, baffles with inclination angles of 45°, 60°, and 80° were used. The baffles were placed on the heating tube at the pitch of 15 mm. The temperature of the heating fluid (water) was kept fixed at 65°C. In addition to the riftless baffles, the experiments were carried out by using baffles with a rift spacing of 1.5 and 3.5 mm so that the boundary layer separation mechanism could be accelerated. Experimental results for eight different velocities of airflow (2–20 m/s) were presented. For the inclination angle of 60°, the increase in the heat transfer of the baffle with rift was 13% at a rift spacing of 1.5 mm and 4% at a rift spacing of 3.5 mm according to the riftless baffle. In addition, for the inclination angle of 60°, the pressure drop values of the riftless and the rift spacing of 1.5 and 3.5 mm were almost the same.     

Optimal configuration for a finite high-temperature source heat engine cycle with the complex heat transfer law

The optimal configuration of a heat engine operating between a finite high-temperature source and an infinite low-temperature reservoir is derived by using finite time thermodynamics based on a complex heat transfer law, including Newtonian heat transfer law, linear phenomenological heat transfer law, radiative heat transfer law, Dulong-Petit heat transfer law, generalized convective heat transfer law and generalized radiative heat transfer law, q ∝ (ΔT ⁿ ). In the engine model the only irreversibility of finite rate heat transfer is considered. The optimal relation between the power output and efficiency of the heat engine is also derived by using an equivalent temperature of the hot reservoir. The obtained results include those obtained in recent literature and can provide some theoretical guidance for the designs of practical engines. Supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of China (Grant No. 20041006) and the Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China (Grant No. 200136)     

相变换热混合工质板翅式换热器流动与传热数值模拟

采用由SRK方程计算得出的混合工质物性参数,将具有相变两相流体物性分三部分处理,得出混合工质分段物性数据拟合曲线,并输入FLUENT软件的材料物性数据文件中,作为数值模拟物性参数数据。在上述物性数据处理的基础上,对混合工质天然气液化装置中换热器采用分段方式进行稳态数值模拟研究,得到沿长度方向一定温度下传热系数、压力梯度的变化曲线。通过与MUSE软件数据比较,计算结果有一定合理性,所得结论为有相变换热的混合工质低温板翅式换热器的设计和优化提供一定参考。     

微通道冷却器内流动和传热特性的数值模拟

为满足固体激光器用微通道冷却器的换热要求, 根据冷却器结构分别建立了二维和三维物理模型, 利用计算流体力学方法首先对比研究两者的流动特性, 然后考察雷诺数和玻片生热量对微通道流动和传热特性的影响。结果表明：对于类似大平板间的矩形微通道层流流动区域, 其流动及传热特性可直接采用二维简化模型进行模拟分析;对于重点关注的转捩区, 采用三维模型模拟分析更好;当雷诺数增大到转捩点, 流体的传热效果得到明显增强;随着雷诺数的增大, 玻片生热量对通道内最低压力需求的影响逐渐减小;不同玻片生热量对微通道流动影响不可忽略, 对努赛尔数和通道总压降基本无影响。     

Heat transfer in boundary layer stagnation-point flow towards a shrinking sheet with non-uniform heat flux

In this paper, the effect of non-uniform heat flux on heat transfer in boundary layer stagnation-point flow over a shrinking sheet is studied. The variable boundary heat fluxes are considered of two types: direct power-law variation with the distance along the sheet and inverse power-law variation with the distance. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into non linear self-similar ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by similarity transformations, and then those are solved using very efficient shooting method. The direct variation and inverse variation of heat flux along the sheet have completely different effects on the temperature distribution. Moreover, the heat transfer characteristics in the presence of non-uniform heat flux for several values of physical parameters are also found to be interesting.     

Flow and heat transfer characteristics over rectangular blocked surfaces

Heat transfer and flow measurements were recorded over blocked surfaces to investigate the effects of flow velocity and block shape on flow separation and heat transfer. The results indicated that the flow separation occurred particularly on the first block and after the last blocks. The flow separation and block thickness resulted in higher turbulence and heat transfer, particularly in laminar flow. The average Stanton number increased as high as 125% in laminar, 80% in transitional, and 50% in turbulent flows above those of flat plate values. A new empirical equation indicated a good agreement with the experimental and numerical results.     

非均匀热流边界条件下螺旋管内换热特性

对均匀和非均匀热流边界条件下螺旋管内湍流换热进行了数值模拟,结果表明:当螺旋管表面加热功率一定时,相同Re数下均匀热流边界条件时螺旋管截面周向局部Nu数高于非均匀热流边界条件;非均匀热流边界下充分发展段的平均Nu数小于均匀热流边界;相同的De数下,曲率较小的螺旋管换热系数大。     

Non-stationary radiative-conductive heat transfer in a layer with partially absorbing boundaries

Here we consider one-dimensional heating of a layer of gray semitransparent medium by an outer source of radiation and convection. The sample boundaries reflect, absorb (radiate), and transmit radiation. It is shown that heating dynamics and character of temperature fields depend significantly on optic parameters of the boundaries. The work was financially supported by the President of the Russian Federation (MK-601.2008.8) and Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No. 08-08-00527-a).     

喷淋蒸发翅管式冷凝器传热传质研究

采用蒸发式冷凝器可以降低制冷装置不可逆传热损失,提高机组效率。该文提出在制冷装置中采用喷淋蒸发翅管式冷凝器,分析了喷淋蒸发翅管式冷凝器的传热过程,建立其传热传质数学模型和设计计算方法,简要分析了环境温湿度、管翅结构、风速、淋水量等一些主要因素对传热传质性能的影响,为该种冷凝器的设计和应用提供理论参考。     

利用传递熵对Lorenz系统和Walker环流信息传输方向的分析

基于传递熵方法, 分析Lorenz系统x, y, z三个分量之间的信息传输方向, 并应用温差与垂直速度的再分析资料对Walker环流进行分析. 研究结果表明: 1) 对于Lorenz系统而言, x与y分量之间, y是信息源, x是信息汇; y与z之间, y是信息源, z是信息汇; x与z分量之间的信息传递方向依赖于控制参数r; 且净信息传输的方向不随初值不同而改变; 2)在西太平洋地区, 温差对垂直速度的净信息输送占主导地位, 而赤道东太平洋地区则为垂直速度对温差的净信息输送占主导地位, 这与Walker环流物理机制是一致的, 且海陆热力差异对温差与垂直速度之间的信息输送影响较大; 3)冬季是温差与垂直速度之间的信息输送最强季节, 夏季和秋季次之, 春季最弱, 这可能是存在春季预报障碍的原因之一. 以上结果表明, 传递熵在气象领域有广阔的应用前景, 是测量动力学系统信息传递方向的一种有效方法和工具. 关键词： 传递熵 信息传输 Lorenz系统 Walker环流