甲基丙烯酸丁酯在Nd-Al-α,α'-联吡啶催化剂体系中的聚合反应

 研究了Nd（naph）3－Al（i－Bu）3－α,α’－联吡啶（naph＝环烷酸）催化体系中甲基丙烯酸丁酯的聚合反应．用核磁共振和红外光谱表征了聚合物的结构．用凝胶色谱测定了聚合物的分子量和分子量的分布．结果表明,聚合物的结构以全同和无规为主,反应机理为配位聚合,聚合反应对单体浓度呈一级关系,表观活化能为30．2kJ／mol．     

Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization of Isobutyl Methacrylate

Abstract

The reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) bulk polymerization of isobutyl methacrylate (i‐BMA) has been studied using 2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl dithionaphthalate (CPDN) as RAFT agent in the presence of 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The results of polymerizations of i‐BMA show that i‐BMA can polymerize in a controlled way by RAFT polymerization using CPDN as RAFT agent; i.e., the polymerization rate is first order with respect to monomer concentration, molecular weight increases linearly with monomer conversion, and polydispersities are relatively low (PDI?<?1.2). The structure of the polymer was characterized by ¹H‐NMR. A chain‐extension experiment of the resulting polymer was successfully carried out. The influences of [i‐BMA]₀/[CPDN]₀/[AIBN]₀ molar ratio and reaction temperature were investigated.     

以双硫酯为链转移剂的活性自由基聚合

合成并研究了两种双硫酯链转移剂的纯化方法 ,进行了多种单体以双硫酯为链转移剂的活性自由基聚合及嵌段共聚 .发现以PhC(S)SC(CH3) 2 Ph为链转移剂的效果比PhC(S)SCH(CH3)Ph好 ,聚合产物的多分散性系数较小 .引发剂与链转移剂的摩尔数比为 1∶3 5～ 1∶4 2时 ,得到多分散性系数小 ,实测分子量与理论分子量相近的聚合产物 .聚合物的分子量随时间和转化率的增加而增加 ,加入第二单体形成嵌段共聚物 ,具有活性聚合特征 .聚甲基丙烯酸酯大分子引发剂引发丙烯酸酯单体聚合时 ,聚合速度最快 .     

Fe-Al络合催化苯乙烯-马来酸酐交替共聚

应用Ｆｅ（ａｃａｃ）３ Ａｌ（ｉ Ｂｕ）３（ａｃａｃ＝乙酰丙酮）催化苯乙烯 马来酸酐共聚,制得富于交替的白色粉末共聚物．共聚反应动力学研究表明,共聚反应与单体浓度呈一级关系,表观活化能为４８６ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ．     

Studies on preparation and properties of NIPAAm/hydrophobic monomer copolymeric hydrogels

A series of thermoreversible copolymeric hydrogels with various molar ratios of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and hydrophobic monomers such as 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl methacrylate (OFPMA) and n-butyl methacrylate (BMA) were prepared by emulsion polymerization. The effect of hydrophobic monomer on the swelling behavior and mechanical properties of the present copolymeric hydrogels was investigated. Results showed that the equilibrium swelling ratio and critical gel transition temperature (CGTT) decreased with an increase of the content of hydrophobic monomer, but the gel strength of the gel increased with an increase of the content of hydrophobic monomer. Due to stronger hydrophobicity of OFPMA, the NIPAAm/OFPMA copolymeric hydrogels had lower swelling ratios and higher gel strengths than NIPAAm/BMA copolymeric gels.     

Low Concentration Limitations of Catalyst and Conventional Free Radical Polymerization in ICAR ATRP of Butyl Methacrylate With PMDETA as the Ligand

Low concentration limitations of the catalyst and conventional free radical polymerization are investigated in the system of initiators for continuous activator regeneration atom transfer radical polymerization (ICAR ATRP) of butyl methacrylate (BMA), in which 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) is used as a reducing agent, pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) as a ligand, copper bromide (CuBr₂) as a catalyst and ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (EBiB) as an initiator. Results show that conventional radical polymerization happens in the early stage of the ICAR ATRP of BMA when the amounts of AIBN are 3～25 times of the catalyst. And with the increase of the conversion, the BMA polymerization solely conducts the controlled radical polymerization (CRP). The low concentration limitations (based on monomer) of the catalyst required in ICAR ATRP of BMA with good controllability are found to be closely related to the molar ratio of initiator to catalyst, which is determined by the stability of the catalyst/ligand complex. The smaller molar ratio of initiator to catalyst allows lower concentration limitations of the catalyst.     

Block copolymers of dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate by RAFT miniemulsion polymerization

Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) miniemulsion polymerization of butyl methacrylate (BMA) and dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) was carried out with 2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl dithiobenzoate (CPDB) as chain transfer agent (CTA). Concentration effects of RAFT agent and initiator on kinetics and molecular weight were investigated. No obvious red oil layer (phase's separation) and coagulation was observed in the first stage of homopolymerization of BMA. The polymer molecular weights increased linearly with the monomer conversion with polydispersities lower than 1.2. At 75 °C, the monomer conversion could achieve above 96% in 3 h with [momomer]:[RAFT]:[KPS] = 620:4:1 (mole ratio). The results showed excellent controlled/living polymerization characteristics and a very fast polymerization rate. Furthermore, the synthesis of poly(BMA‐b‐DFMA) diblock copolymers with a regular structure (PDI < 1.30, PMMA calibration) was performed by adding the monomer of DFMA at the end of the RAFT miniemulsion polymerization of BMA. The success of diblock copolymerization was showed by the molecular weight curves shifting toward higher molar mass, recorded by gel permeation chromatography before and after block copolymerization. Compositions of block copolymers were further confirmed by ¹H NMR, FTIR, and DSC analysis. The copolymers exhibited a phase‐separated morphology and possessed distinct glass transition temperatures associated with fluoropolymer PDFMA and PBMA domains. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1585–1594, 2007     

Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic triblock copolymers by iron‐mediated atom transfer radical polymerization

The atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and n‐butyl methacrylate (n‐BMA) was initiated by a poly(ethylene oxide) chloro telechelic macroinitiator synthesized by esterification of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with 2‐chloro propionyl chloride. The polymerization, carried out in bulk at 90 °C and catalyzed by iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate in the presence of triphenylphosphine ligand (FeCl₂ · 4H₂O/PPh₃), led to A–B–A amphiphilic triblock copolymers with MMA or n‐BMA as the A block and PEO as the B block. A kinetic study showed that the polymerization was first‐order with respect to the monomer concentration. Moreover, the experimental molecular weights of the block copolymers increased linearly with the monomer conversion, and the molecular weight distribution was acceptably narrow at the end of the reaction. These block copolymers turned out to be water‐soluble through the adjustment of the content of PEO blocks (PEO content >90% by mass). When the PEO content was small [monomer/macroinitiator molar ratio (M/I) = 300], the block copolymers were water‐insoluble and showed only one glass‐transition temperature. With an increase in the concentration of PEO (M/I = 100 or 50) in the copolymer, two glass transitions were detected, indicating phase separation. The macroinitiator and the corresponding triblock copolymers were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, size exclusion chromatography analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5049–5061, 2005     

Ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone initiated by diphenylzinc

In the present work the polymerization of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) using Ph₂Zn as initiator is reported. The effects of reaction temperature, molar ratio of monomer/initiator and reaction time on the yield and the molecular weight are investigated. The temperature is varied between 20 and 120 °C and the molar ratio of monomer to initiator between 200 and 800 mol/mol. The results indicate that the Ph₂Zn induces the polymerization of ε-CL to high conversion and produces polymer with high molecular weight at temperatures around 40-60 °C.     

丙烯酸酯共聚物表面活性剂/多异氰酸酯乳液的制备及表面施胶性能

以低分子量甲氧基聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯(MPEG350MA)和甲基丙烯酸丁酯(BMA)为单体,通过自由基聚合反应制得具有两亲结构的共聚物P(MPEGMA-co-BMA)。测得最佳单体比例下,P(MPEGMA-co-BMA-3)的表面张力为0.77 g/L。以P(MPEGMA-co-BMA)分散1,6-己二异氰酸酯三聚体(HDIT),制得HDI三聚体分散液(LHAHT分散液)。考察了共聚物P(MPEGMA-co-BMA)中亲疏水单体质量比[m(MPEGMA)/m(BMA)]对LHAHT分散液粒径、稳定性和施胶性能的影响。结果表明:[m(MPEGMA)/m(BMA)]为3/1时,LHAHT-3分散液的平均粒径为147.70nm、PDI指数为0.143、TSI为0.58,适用期为6.5 h。以100 g质量分数为10%的LHAHT-3分散液与350 g浓度为10%的聚乙烯醇(PVA1799)复配成1000 g施胶液对木浆原纸进行表面施胶,测得纸张耐折度为128次,抗张指数为55.32 Nm/g,纸张施胶度为26 s,纸张与水接触角为110.49°。     

RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION OF 1,4-DIOXAN-2-ONE INITIATED BY LANTHANUM TRIS（ 2,6-DI-TERT-BUTYL-4-METHYLPHENOLATE）

The ring-opening polymerization of 1,4-dioxan-2-one （PDO） was carried out by lanthanum tris（2,6-di-tert-butyl-4- methylphenolate） （La（OAr）3） as novel single component initiaLor. The influences of polymerization reaction temperature and the molar ratio of monomer to initiator on the monomer conversion and molecular weight of poly（1,4-dioxan-2-one） （PPDO） were explored. PPDO with high viscosity average molecular weight of 1.95×10^5 can be prepared at 40℃ when [PDO]/ [La（OAr）3] molar ratio was 800. Mechanism investigation shows that the polymerization proceeds through a ＂coordination- insertion＂ mechanism with selective rupture of acyl-oxygen be,nd of PDO.     

SINGLE LANTHANUM TRIS(N-PHENYLETHYL-3,5-DI-t-BUTYLSALICYLALDIMINATO)S INITIATOR FOR RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION OF 1,4-DIOXAN-2-ONE IN BULK

A rare earth Schiff base complex:lanthanum tris(N-phenylethyl-3,5-di-t-butylsalicylaldiminato)s [La(OPEBS)_3] was successfully applied as single component initiator for the ring-opening polymerization of 1,4-dioxan-2-one (PDO) in bulk.The influence of reaction conditions,such as polymerization temperature,the molar ratio of the monomer to initiator (M/I) on the monomer conversion and molecular weight of the polymer has been investigated.Poly(1,4-dioxan-2-one) with a viscosity-average molecular weight (My...     

RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION OF 1,4-DIOXAN-2-ONE INITIATED BY LANTHANUM TRIS( 2,6-DI- TERT-B UTYL-4-METHYLPHENOLATE)

The ring-opening polymerization of 1,4-dioxan-2-one (PDO) was carried out by lanthanum tris(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenolate) (La(OAr)3) as novel single component initiator. The influences of polymerization reaction temperature and the molar ratio of monomer to initiator on the monomer conversion and molecular weight of poly(1,4-dioxan-2-one) (PPDO) were explored. PPDO with high viscosity average molecular weight of 1.95 × 105 can be prepared at 40℃ when [PDO]/ [La(OAr)3] molar ratio was 800. Mechanism investigation shows that the polymerization proceeds through a "coordinationinsertion" mechanism with selective rupture of acyl-oxygen bond of PDO.     

甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丁酯在钕盐催化体系中聚合动力学和机理研究

采用Ｎｄ（Ｐ５０７）３－Ａｌ（ｉ－ＢＵ）３聚合体系催化甲基丙烯酸甲酯（ＭＭＡ）和甲基丙烯酸丁酯（ＢＭＡ）聚合．发现介质对聚合反应速率影响甚大．在石油醚中聚合反应速率与单体（ＭＭＡ、ＢＭＡ）、钕盐的浓度分别呈一级关系．ＭＭＡ．ＢＭＡ聚合的表现活化能分别为３３ｋＪ．ｍｏｌ－１和２４ｋＪ．ｍｏｌ－１．ＰＭＭＡ的间同含量达７０％左右．聚合反应属配位自由基机理．     

Fe-Al-8-羟基喹啉催化体系催化甲基丙烯酸甲酯、乙酯聚合

研究了Fe(acac) 3 Al(i Bu) 3 8 羟基喹啉 (ACAC =乙酰丙酮 )催化体系催化甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA)、甲基丙烯酸乙酯 (EMA)聚合 ,用核磁共振、红外光谱研究了聚合物的结构 .结构以全同和间同为主 ,全同和间同含量达 6 7%、82 % .用凝胶渗透色谱研究了聚合物分子量和分子量分布 ,分子量分布较窄 .动力学研究表明聚合反应对单体浓度呈一级关系 ,表观活化能为 36 3kJ mol、4 6 4kJ mol.     

以季戊四醇为引发剂的星形聚对二氧环己酮的合成

本文以辛酸亚锡(SnOct2)为催化剂,以季戊四醇(PTOL)为引发剂,引发对二氧环己酮PDO单体开环聚合,合成了具有新颖结构的星形PPDO,研究了单体和引发剂的比例、单体和催化剂的比例、温度、时间等反应条件对聚合反应的影响,结果表明,通过调节PDO和PTOL的比例可以控制聚合产物的分子量。     

Highly active copper-based catalyst for atom transfer radical polymerization

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) generally requires a catalyst/initiator molar ratio of 0.1 to 1 and catalyst/monomer molar ratio of 0.001 to 0.01 (i.e., catalyst concentration: 1000-10,000 ppm versus monomer). Herein, we report a new copper-based complex CuBr/N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN) as a versatile and highly active catalyst for acrylic, methacrylic, and styrenic monomers. The catalyst mediated ATRP at a catalyst/initiator molar ratio of 0.005 and produced polymers with well-controlled molecular weights and low polydispersities. ATRP occurred even at a catalyst/initiator molar ratio as low as 0.001 with copper concentration in the produced polymers as low as 6-8 ppm (catalyst/monomer molar ratio = 10(-5)). The catalyst structures were studied by X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy. The activator CuIBr/TPEN existed in solution as binuclear and mononuclear complexes in equilibrium but as a binuclear complex in its single crystals. The deactivator CuIIBr2/TPEN complex was mononuclear. High stability and appropriate KATRP (ATRP equilibrium constant) were found crucial for the catalyst working under high dilution or in coordinating solvents/monomers. This provides guidance for further design of highly active ATRP catalysts.     

Polyethylene/Poly(Butyl Methacrylate-co-Styrene) Copolymers Interpenetrating-Like Networks. I. Influence of the Copolymer Composition on Interpenetrating Polymer Network Properties

Abstract

IPN-like systems, consisting of low-density polyethylene (PE) and poly[butyl methacrylate (BMA)-co-styrene (S)] copolymer networks, were prepared in situ by a procedure described in previous papers. The initial PE/copolymer molar ratio was kept equal to 1 for all samples. The initial molar BMA/S ratio of the copolymer was varied over a composition range from pure S to pure BMA in order to investigate its influence on IPN properties. The samples obtained were analyzed by DSC; WAXS; tensile mechanical, dynamic-mechanical, and impact tests; swelling in CCl₄; and by some optical and electronic observations. The materials, became more and more brittle after undergoing mechanical and impact tests, even in the rubbery state, with increasing copolymer BMA content. The morphology consisted of a two-phase system. Good optical properties were obtained for the transparent specimens at relatively high BMA molar contents in the copolymer (70–80% BMA). Reversible changes of the optical properties were induced by temperature variations. A matching/mismatching of the refractive indexes of PE and the copolymer was found to be the cause of the optical behavior of these materials. Work is in progress to improve the mechanical behavior of these systems.     

Gamma Radiation-Induced Template Polymerization of Acrylic Acid in the Presence of Polyactrylamide

Abstract

Poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid) resin p(AM-AA) was prepared by gamma radiation-induced polymerization of acrylic acid in the presence of polyacrylamide as a template polymer. The polymerization was studied by a free radical mechanism at different experimental conditions such as: absorbed dose, monomer concentration, polymer/monomer molar ratio and the weight-average molecular weight or the swelling degree of added polymer. The resin was obtained at dose > 10 KGy and there is no significant change in the swelling degree of the resin. The results showed that the capacity of the resin increases by increasing the monomer concentration, the weight-average molecular weight of the added polymer and decreases by increasing polymer/monomer molar ratio and the swelling degree of the added polymer. It was also found that the capacity of the resin depends on the radiation dose.     

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF IPN-LIKE NETWORKS. II. POLYETHYLENE/POLY-(BUTYLMETHACRYLATE-CO-METHYLMETH-ACRYLATE) COPOLYMER SYSTEMS

IPN-like systems, made of Poly[butylmethacrylate(BMA)-co-methylmethacrylate (MMA)] copolymers and Low Density Polyethylene (PE) networks, were synthesized by a procedure described in previous papers.

The initial PE/copolymer molar ratio was kept constantly equal to one for all the samples. Different molar BMA/MMA copolymer ratios (50/50, 60/40, 80/20, 90/10 100/0) and a molar percentage of 1.0% of the copolymer crosslinker, 1,4-Butandioldimethacrylate (BDDM), were used.

The samples obtained were analyzed by DSC, WAXS, swelling in CCl₄, and dynamic-mechanical tests. PE crystallinity was lowered by the network formation and slightly increased, whereas, the overall network density decreased, with enhancing the BMA content.

Optical investigations were performed in a temperature range between room temperature (R.T.) and 180°C, using MMA as comonomer of BMA, instead of Styrene (S), as well as a different crosslinker (BDDM instead of DVB).

All the IPN's showed the matching-mismatching optical transition of R.I., with temperatures corresponding to a transparency condition. The larger the BMA content, in the initial reactant MMA-BMA comonomeric mixture, the higher such temperatures. An analytical expression was found relating this temperature to the copolymer composition.