Design of armor for protection against blast and impact

The features of blast and impact that can damage a delicate target supported by a structure include both the peak pressure and the impulse delivered to the structure. This study examines how layers of elastic and visco-elastic materials may be assembled to mitigate these features. The impedance mismatch between two elastic layers is known to reduce the pressure, but dissipation is required to mitigate the transmitted impulse in light-weight armor. A novel design concept called impact or blast tuning is introduced in which a multi-layered armor is used to tune the stress waves resulting from an impact or blast to specific frequencies that match the damping frequencies of visco-elastic layers. The material and geometrical parameters controlling the viscous dissipation of the energy within the armor are identified for a simplified one-dimensional system, to provide insight into how the optimal design of multi-use armor might be based on this concept.     

抵御小口径火炮弹道侵彻装甲防护模拟实验研究

为研究舰艇结构在小口径火炮弹道冲击下的响应以及各种舰用装甲结构抵御小口径火炮弹道冲击的有效性,以典型的小口径火炮战斗部为模拟对象,根据弹道冲击的相似理论,分别设计了模拟实验的弹体和6种靶板结构,并进行了弹道冲击实验研究。模拟实验结果表明,普通舰艇结构不能抵御小口径火炮弹道侵彻,必须设置专门的防护装甲;采用陶瓷/钢/纤维增强复合材料组合装甲结构抵御小口径火炮时,装甲防护结构比均质钢装甲减轻约60%;陶瓷材料能改变背板的破坏形式和破坏程度,大大增加背板的吸能量,此外,陶瓷对弹体的侵蚀、钝化及碎裂能大大降低弹体的侵彻能力。     

A new approach for improving ballistic performance of composite armor

An experimental investigation of the ballistic performance of composite armor with geometric modifications was carried out. The armor was simulated using polymeric materials. Four different geometric modifications were incorporated into the front plate of the armor, and two different adhesives were considered in this study. High-speed photography was employed to observe the real-time evolution of impact damage and to obtain the projectile penetration history. The nature and extent of damage for each modification and adhesive was estimated by postmortem inspection of the impacted armor and was compared to that obtained in unmodified armor of equal weight. The results of the study indicate that the geometric modifications after the nature and extent of damage significantly compared to conventional composite armor. The strong adhesive causes tearing of the back plate, whereas the compliant adhesive results in extensive delamination without any back plate damage. The modifications assist in spreading the damage laterally away from the impact site, thus distributing the load onto a larger area of the back plate. Calculations using a one-dimensional theoretical model also conclude that geometrical modifications improve the ballistic performance of the armor.     

Effect of air gap and order of plates on ballistic resistance of two layered armor

The high velocity normal impact of a three-dimensional rigid conical impactor penetrating into a two-layered ductile armor with an air gap is studied using a simplified model for an impactor–armor interaction. The goal of the study is to investigate analytically the dependence of the ballistic resistance of the armor on the order of the plates in the armor and on the width of an air gap between the plates. It is found that the ratio between the values of a single parameter depending on the material properties of the plates determines this dependence in both cases. This parameter characterizes the properties of the material of the plate; for the most widely used models of impactor–armor interaction, it is the ratio of the distortion pressure to the density of the plate.     

空爆冲击波与破片群联合作用下聚脲涂覆陶瓷复合装甲结构毁伤特性

基于均质钢板、聚脲涂层材料、SiC陶瓷材料设计了4种聚脲涂覆复合装甲结构,采用装药驱动预制破片试验方法开展了近炸下复合装甲结构毁伤特性实验研究,提出了各组分的毁伤破坏模式,对比分析了4种防护装甲结构的防护性能,探讨了复合装甲结构的防护机理。结果表明:作用于目标结构的破片动能远大于冲击波能,聚脲涂覆复合装甲结构的防护效能明显优于多层均质钢装甲,增加陶瓷厚度较增加背板、前面板厚度对提高整体防护效能更有效,破片撞击将引起陶瓷块大面积损伤,严重影响了其对后续着靶破片的防护性能。     

动能杆斜撞击靶板后效破片描述研究

针对动能杆式弹大倾角斜撞击靶板产生的靶后破片,建立了其初始破片云数学描述模型,并在此基础上对斜撞击靶后破片特征分布进行了建模。仿真结果与工程试验结果的比较表明,该模型具有较高的可信度。     

弹靶尺寸对陶瓷/金属复合装甲防护性能的影响

利用Autodyn软件开展数值模拟工作,对陶瓷/金属复合装甲的防护性能与弹靶尺寸的关系进行研究。首先,建立二维轴对称SPH-Lagrange模型,并利用实验数据验证模型有效性;在此基础上对不同几何参数的弹靶撞击进行数值模拟,分析靶板厚度、靶板平面尺寸、子弹长度等对氧化铝陶瓷/铝合金复合装甲弹道极限速度的影响规律。然后,通过量纲分析,提出装甲弹道极限速度与弹靶几何参数的量纲一关系式,并在数值模拟结果的基础上建立一个装甲弹道极限速度的经验公式。     

含装甲钢和陶瓷板的钢纤维砼复合靶的抗侵彻实验研究

为考察装甲钢板和陶瓷板的抗侵彻特性,在钢纤维混凝土靶中分别加入两种不同厚度的装甲钢板和陶瓷板振动成型。在57mm轻气炮上进行了小尺寸射弹侵彻钢纤维砼复合靶试验,测量了不同速度的射弹在不同靶中的侵彻深度。研究表明,当装甲钢板的厚度在5mm范围内,射弹速度超过400m/s时,装甲钢板的厚度对侵彻深度的影响不明显。对含陶瓷板的钢纤维砼,当射弹超过一定速度时,射弹弯曲断裂。通过分析给出了射弹残余弹长与射弹的密度、射弹的动态屈服强度和垂直撞击陶瓷板的速度的函数关系,理论结果与实验数据基本一致。     

Kinetic Dissipation in Ballistic Tests of Soft Body Armors

The objective of this study was to assess the amount of energy transferred to the backing material of oil-based clay (i.e. kinetic dissipation) in ballistic tests of soft body armor panels. To determine the relationship between penetration depth (or dent volume) and impact velocity (or energy), weight dropping test with a series of steel spheres was carried out at low impact velocities, and direct shooting with a 5.56 mm NATO fragment simulating projectile (FSP) was carried out at high impact velocities. At high and low impact velocities, the volume of the dent made in the oil-based clay was proportional to the velocity of the impactor. The change in dent volume per the change in impact velocity was found to be proportional to the 1.5th power of the mass of the impactor, while the energy absorption per unit dent volume increased linearly with the impact velocity. The relationship between trauma depth (or dent volume) and kinetic dissipation of a soft body armor panel subjected to a 9 mm bullet at 436 m/s is presented, where the trauma diameter approached that of a 1.043 kg steel ball.     

高速3D-DIC测试技术在装甲钢贯穿试验中的应用

数字图像相关（digital image correlation, DIC）技术作为一种非接触、非干涉的全场无损光学量测技术,可获取材料表面的动态变形信息和破坏过程。为了评估装甲钢的抗弹性能并探索高速三维数字图像相关（3D-DIC）技术在钢板贯穿试验测试中的应用,基于氢氧爆轰驱动弹道枪开展了7发15 mm口径可变形弹体以不同速度（255～568 m/s）冲击不同厚度（5、8和10 mm）高强高硬装甲钢板的试验,并结合帧率为144 000 s?1的高速3D-DIC测试技术获取了靶板的离面位移和应变时程。随后,基于前期标定并验证的装甲钢本构模型参数,对上述试验进行了数值模拟。通过对比弹体残余速度和长度验证了有限元分析方法的可靠性。进一步通过对比试验与数值模拟得到的靶背离面位移时程曲线和不同时刻靶背的应变云图,验证了高速3D-DIC测试结果的准确性。最后,对比分析了靶板最大离面位移与弹体冲击速度和装甲钢板厚度的关系。高速3D-DIC测试技术的应用可为相关试验测试提供参考,靶板最大离面位移分析结果可为屏障类防护结构的分析验证和优化设计提供试验依据。     

ANALYTICAL MODEL OF CERAMIC/METAL ARMOR IMPACTED BY DEFORMABLE PROJECTILE

A new analytical model was established to describe the complex behavior of ceramic/metal armor under impact of deformable projectile by assuming some hypotheses. Three aspects were taken into account: the mushrooming deformation of the projectile, the fragment of ceramic tile and the formation and change of ceramic conoid and the deformation of the metal backup plate. Solving the set of equations, all the variables were obtained for the different impact velocities: the extent and particle velocity in rigid zone; the extent, cross-section area and particle velocity in plastic zone; the velocity and depth of penetration of projectile to the target; the reduction in volume and compressive strength of the fractured ceramic conoid; the displacement and movement velocity of the effective zone of backup plate. Agreement observed among analytical result, numerical simulation and experimental result confirms the validity of the model, suggesting the model developed can be a useful tool for ceramic/metal armor design.     

装甲钢/UHPC复合靶体抗侵彻性能试验与数值模拟研究

装甲钢/超高性能混凝土（UHPC）复合防护结构在重点工程中抵抗弹体的高速侵彻作用具有广泛的应用前景。为评估该复合结构的抗侵彻性能,对两种复合靶体开展侵彻试验与数值模拟研究。首先,开展了12发30 mm口径30CrMnSiNi2A弹体372~646 m/s速度侵彻复合靶试验。随后通过一系列静动态力学性能试验标定装甲钢材料的本构模型参数,并建立三维有限元模型对上述试验开展数值模拟分析。通过对比试验和数值模拟得到的弹体侵彻深度、残余弹体长度和装甲钢板的失效模式,验证了装甲钢本构模型参数的可靠性。进一步基于弹道效益系数对复合靶抗侵彻性能进行了定量评估。最后,确定了不同装甲钢板厚度复合靶体的临界贯穿速度,并对弹体侵彻复合靶的弹、靶失效模式进行了讨论。     

铝质舰体轻型复合装甲试验研究

以纤维增强复合材料（FRP）层合板前置铝板模拟铝质舰体轻型复合装甲结构,对采用不同增强纤维FRP层合板有间隙复合装甲结构进行7.62 mm制式尖头弹打靶试验。基于FRP抗弹机理的分析,着重讨论了入射角度和增强纤维种类对组合装甲结构抗弹性能的影响,对铝质舰体设置轻型复合装甲以抵御小口径武器攻击的可行性进行评估。     

变截面爆炸成型弹丸垂直侵彻装甲钢板靶后破片质量模型

考虑爆炸成型弹丸(explosively-formed projectile,EFP)变截面的特性,基于流体力学Bernoulli方程和绝热剪切理论,改进了EFP垂直侵彻装甲钢板靶后破片质量模型,结合已有的试验数据和数值仿真方法检验了改进后模型的准确性。在此基础上,分析了靶板厚度和EFP着靶速度对靶板和EFP产生的靶后破片质量的影响规律。结果表明:相比于改进前的模型,改进后的模型能够更准确地解释靶板和EFP产生的靶后破片质量随靶板厚度和EFP着靶速度的变化规律;当EFP着靶速度为1 650 m/s时,随着靶板厚度从30 mm增大到70 mm,EFP变截面的特性对靶板和EFP产生靶后破片质量的影响不断增强;当靶板厚度为40 mm时,随着EFP着靶速度从1 650 m/s升高到1 860 m/s,EFP变截面的特性对靶板和EFP产生靶后破片质量的影响不断减弱。     

结构间隙对夹芯式复合装甲结构抗侵彻性能的影响

采用由厚度为8 mm的前置钛合金板、面密度为60 kg/m2的高强聚乙烯纤维增强复合材料层合板抗弹芯层、厚度为8 mm的后置钢板构成的夹芯式复合装甲,模拟舰船舷侧复合夹芯舱壁结构。根据面板与芯层间是否设置20 mm的间隙,将复合装甲结构定义为无间隙式、后间隙式及前后间隙式。为研究以上3种结构在55 g圆柱体弹高速冲击下的抗弹性能及破坏机理,开展了系列弹道实验,分析了钛合金板、高强聚乙烯纤维增强复合材料层合板芯层及钢质面板的破坏模式,探讨了结构间隙对复合装甲结构抗弹性能的影响。结果表明:前置钛合金板的破坏模式为剪切冲塞,靶板背弹面产生脆性断裂并伴随碎块崩落现象;聚乙烯纤维增强复合材料板的破坏模式及钢质背板的变形范围受间隙的影响较大,前置钛合金板受间隙影响较小;相同载荷侵彻下,间隙的存在有利于提高复合装甲结构的抗弹性能。     

A new membrane model for the ballistic impact response and V50 performance of multi-ply fibrous systems

This paper develops an analytical model for the ballistic impact response of fibrous materials of interest in body armor applications. It focuses on an un-tensioned 2D membrane impacted transversely by a blunt-nosed projectile, a problem that has remained unsolved for a half a century. Membrane properties are assumed characteristic of the best current body armor materials (Kevlar^®, Spectra^®, Zylon^®, S2 glass), which have very high stiffness and strength per unit weight, and low strain-to-failure. Successful comparisons will be made with extensive experimental data on such material systems as reported by Cunniff [Decoupled response of textile body armor. Proc. 18th Int. Symp. of Ballistics, San Antonio, Texas, 1999a, pp. 814–821; V_s–V_r relationships in textile system impact. Proc. 18th Int. Symp. of Ballistics, San Antonio, Texas, 1999b; Dimensional parameters for optimization of textile-based body armor systems, Proc. 18th Int. Symp. of Ballistics, San Antonio, Texas, 1999c, pp. 1303–1310]. Our mathematical formulation draws on the seminal work of Rakhmatulin and Dem’yanov [Strength Under High Transient Loads, 1961, pp. 94–152]. Under constant projectile velocity we first develop self-similar solution forms for the tensile ‘implosion’ wave and the curved cone wave that develops in its wake. Through matching boundary conditions at the cone wave front, we obtain an accurate approximate solution for the membrane response including cone wave speed and strain distribution. We then consider projectile deceleration due to membrane reactive forces, and obtain results on cone velocity, displacement and strain concentration versus time. Other results obtained are the membrane ballistic limit, or V₅₀ velocity, and the residual velocity when penetrated above this limit. We then derive an exact functional representation of a V₅₀ ‘master curve’ found empirically by Cunniff [ibid] to reduce data for a wide variety of fabric systems impacted by blunt cylindrical projectiles. This curve is given in terms two dimensionless parameters based only on fiber mechanical properties and the ratio of the fabric areal density to the projectile mass divided by its area of fabric contact. Our functional representation has no fitting parameters beyond one reflecting uncertainty in the effective diameter of the impact zone relative to the projectile diameter, and even then the values are consistent across several experimental systems. The extremely successful comparison of our analytical model to experimental results in the literature raises fundamental questions about many long-held views on fabric system impact behavior and parameters thought to be important.     

被动电磁装甲非线性力承载分析的力学、数学模型

电磁装甲技术是一项崭新的军用技术，目前，世界上许多军事强国的研究机构已经在积极地开展理论研究和缩比实验，并取得了很多的研究成果。在本文中，作者首次明确地提出了应用电磁力理论原理分析电磁装甲的问题。利用电磁学的理论建立了被动电磁装甲(PEMA)数学计算模型；以穿甲弹的穿甲杆为例，借助功能强大的有限元分析法，推导了采用能量法将分布力转化为集中力的求解过程。这一推导过程经过变形后同样适用于对金属射流作用原理的分析。     

双层楔形爆炸反应装甲飞板的运动规律

根据单层爆炸反应装甲(explosive reactive armor, ERA)飞板运动规律,建立了双层楔形ERA飞板的运动模型。利用该模型对双层楔形ERA各飞板的运动规律进行分析,由此计算出飞板之间相互作用的时间。采用X光脉冲闪光测试系统对相应的实验进行记录,结果表明:根据理论模型计算结的相互作用时间与实验测得数据吻合较好,且双层平行ERA较单层ERA的飞板相互作用时间提高了5倍,双层楔形ERA的飞板相互作用时间又较双层平行ERA的提升38%。     

装甲陶瓷的界面击溃效应

界面击溃效应(interface defeat)是射弹撞击陶瓷材料过程中,陶瓷表面产生的特有现象.国内外学者在近30年来对陶瓷界面击溃效应开展的大量研究工作表明界面击溃效应中射弹界面驻留(dwell)时间的增加以及界面击溃/侵彻转变速度的升高能够大量消耗弹体动能、有效提高装甲陶瓷的抗弹性能.本文主要从实验、理论和数值模拟三方面介绍国内外学者开展的工作,包括陶瓷界面击溃效应的宏观与微观力学机制及其研究方法等.针对现今对界面击溃效应研究的不足, 提出了关于未来研究方向的建议.      

基于复合面/背板的平板装药防护性能

采用实验和数值模拟方法研究了橡胶复合板作为爆炸反应装甲面、背板时的防护性能,分析了两种反应装甲结构的防护机理,并与面密度相同的钢反应装甲进行了对比。实验结果表明:爆炸反应装甲面板或背板为橡胶复合板时的防护性能优于钢反应装甲,其中橡胶复合板作为背板时效果最优。数值模拟结果表明:橡胶复合板在爆炸驱动下外层钢板速度相比于钢反应装甲飞板提高16%,橡胶复合板的界面效应及其飞板间隙可以有效减小逃逸射流的长度。