Influence of vacuum energy on scattering

We deal with photon-electron scattering which occurs between two uncharged conducting parallel plates moving away from each other at a constant velocity. The electromagnetic vacuum field between two plates is defined by the configuration of space and also interacts with the electrons. We show the relevant operators for both the electron and photon fields and the computation of the corresponding Feynman propagator,S-matrix, and scattering cross section, taking into account the influence of the changeable vacuum field. Correction terms in the computedS-matrix and scattering cross section manifest the influence of the changeable vacuum field. We analyze an example for low-energy scattering of the influence of the changeable vacuum field upon the scattering cross section.     

Photon-electron scattering taking vacuum energy into account

We deal with photon-electron scattering between the two uncharged conducting parallel plates. The electromagnetic vacuum field between the two plates is defined by the configuration of space and also interacts with the electrons. We first deal with the relevant operators for the electron and photon fields and with the Feynman propagator. We compute theS-matrix for photon-electron scattering, taking into account the influence of the vacuum field. The computed photon-electron scattering cross section also manifests the influence of the vacuum field. We give an example for low-energy scattering of the influence of the vacuum field upon the scattering cross section.     

Light scattering from colloids

This paper presents a review of light scattering results on static and dynamic properties of ordered colloidal suspensions of charged polystyrene particles and fractal colloidal aggregates. Our studies on static structure factor,S(Q), of ordered monodisperse colloidal suspensions and binary mixtures of particles with different particle diameters, measured by angle-resolved Rayleigh scattering will be discussed. This will include determination of bulk modulus using gravitational compression and observation of colloidal glass (inferred from splitting of the second peak inS(Q)). Dynamic light scattering, with real time analysis of scattered intensity fluctuations, is used to get information about Brownian dynamics of the particles. Recent advances in the field of light scattering from colloidal aggregates which show fractal geometry will also be discussed.     

Structure of electromagnetic fields near the surface of an ionic crystal

A NaCl ionic crystal whose (100) face is in contact with vacuum is used as an example to consider static and dynamic contributions to an electromagnetic field in close proximity to its surface. The expression for the potential of the electric field produced by a system of point charges in vacuum (derived by Lennard-Jones and Dent) is taken as the basis. The dynamic correction to the static field has been found. It appears as a result of thermal fluctuations of ions near equilibrium positions in the ionic lattice. Various contributions of the electrostatic field of the ionic lattice, the field of fluctuating ions of this lattice near their equilibrium positions, and of the dipole-type fluctuation field produced by spontaneous deformations of the crystal??s elementary cells to the energy density of the electromagnetic field near the surface of the ionic crystal have been calculated and compared. The periodic structuring of the electromagnetic field??s energy density caused by the presence of static and dynamic ionic lattices of the crystal at small distances from its surface is illustrated graphically. Fields generated by a film with a finite thickness containing an arbitrary number of ion monolayers have also been considered.     

Determination of Particle Size Distribution by the analysis of intensity-constrained multi-angle photon correlation spectroscopic data

Laser light scattering (LLS), especially dynamic laser light scattering (DLS), also known as photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), is a well established method for particle size distribution analysis. It usually involves a Laplace inversion of the field autocorrelation function. However, the resolution is limited because of the ill-conditioned nature of this Laplace inversion. No unique solution exists when noise is present on the data. In contrast with this ill-conditioned nature, the angular dependence of scattered (static) intensities is precisely not ill-conditioned, which allows the resolution of the ill-conditioned inversion of DLS data to be improved. In order to characterize samples with more complicated size distributions, an intensityconstrained multi-angle PCS data analysis program has been developed, which is an alternative way of normalizing the field correlation function to that reported by Cummins and Staples [12]. In this program, the field autocorrelation function is normalized to the scattering intensity by using a predetermined coherent factor at each angle, which provides an additional constraint on the Laplace inversion of multi-angle PCS data analysis. The alternative analysis improves the resolution of PCS and provides a more reliable particle size distribution than single-angle data analysis. Both simulated and measured LLS data are used to illustrate its application, resolution and limitations.     

Vacuum charge and the eta function

The vacuum charge of a second quantized spinor field in a static classical background field on a static spacetime is studied. Wheng ₀₀=1 the vacuum charge is shown to be essentially the eta function of the spinor Hamiltonian ats=0. This is computed for compact and noncompact spaces and a boundary dependence is derived in the latter case.     

The contribution of edge-dislocation dipoles to lattice thermal resistivity in deformed lithium fluoride

An estimate is made of the thermal resistivity arising from phonon scattering by the static strain fields of edge-dislocation dipoles in lithium flouride, the dynamic scattering from which was recently studied by Kneezel and Granato (1980). The strain field scattering is shown to be increasingly important as the temperature increases above 2 K. This is consistent with the results of Kneezel and Granato. The static and dynamic mechanisms are shown to complement each other so that the total scattering from dipoles is consistent with the experimental data of Roth and Anderson (1979) from 0.1 to 9 K.     

Stimuli-responsive poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymers and complexation with poly(acrylic acid) at low pH

The self-organization of the double hydrophilic triblock copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine)-b-poly(ethylene oxide), PEO-b-P2VP-b-PEO, was investigated in dilute aqueous solution under several experimental conditions using turbidimetry, as well as static and dynamic light scattering. As a result of the temperature-sensitive properties of the end PEO blocks and the p H-responsive properties of the middle P2VP block, the formation of large star-like micellar nanostructures is observed at high p H, while at low p H, but in the presence of salt and at high temperature, flower-like micelles are formed. Moreover, the viscosimetric and dynamic light scattering studies at low p H revealed that micelle-like nanostructures are formed upon mixing the triblock copolymer with poly(acrylic acid), PAA, due to hydrogen bonding interpolymer complexation.     

静态真空对超声喷流气体团簇制备的实验研究

研究了靶室静态真空对超声喷流气体团簇产生和制备的影响.通过瑞利散射方法测量了不同静态真空度下超声喷流氩团簇的尺度和密度参数,发现在喷嘴出口附近团簇尺度和密度受静态真空度的影响较小;在距离喷嘴较远处,氩气团簇存在同氢气团簇类似的自限制效应,验证了自限制效应在团簇制备、输运过程中的重要作用.该结果对于建造基于激光聚变原理的桌面中子源具有较大的参考意义,可据此简化真空装置以降低运行和维护成本.     

Neutron-deuteron scattering in chiral effective field theory

We perform a complete analysis of nd scattering at next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) in chiral effective field theory (EFT) and compare our predictions for selected observables with the ones based on conventional nuclear forces.Received: 1 November 2002, Published online: 15 July 2003PACS: 21.30.Cb Nuclear forces in vacuum - 21.45.+v Few-body systems     

Static conformally flat solutions in a general scalar-tensor theory of gravitation

Explicit field equations in the general scalar-tensor theory of gravitation proposed by Nordtvedt are obtained with the aid of a static spherically symmetric conformally flat metric. Exact static solutions of Nordtvedt-Barker field equations both in vacuum and in the presence of a source-free electromagnetic field are presented and studied. It is shown that there are no spherically symmetric static conformally flat solutions of Nordtvedt-Barker field equations representing perfect fluid distribution with disordered radiation obeying the equation of state=3p, except for the trivial empty flat space-time of Einstein's theory.     

Theory of static and dynamic antiferromagnetic vortices in LSCO superconductors

A key prediction of the SO(5) theory is the antiferromagnetic vortex state. Recent neutron scattering experiment on LSCO superconductors revealed enhanced antiferromagnetic order in the vortex state. Here we review theoretical progress since the original proposal and present a theory of static and dynamic antiferromanetic vortices in LSCO superconductors. It is shown that the antiferromagnetic region induced by the vortices can be greater than the coherence length, due to the light effective mass of the dynamic antiferromagnetic fluctuations at optimal doping, and close proximity to the antiferromagentic state in the underdoped regime. Systematic experiments are proposed to unambiguously determine that the field induced magnetic scattering originates from the vortices and not from the bulk.     

The general stationary gravitational vacuum field of cylindrical symmetry

The general stationary vacuum gravitational field of cylindrical symmetry as recently found by Davies and Caplan is even static. The possible Petrov types of the Riemann tensor areI,D orO. In spacelike infinity the spacetime becomes necessarily flat.     

Sources of 1/F noise in gallium arsenide IMPATT diodes

The quasistatic approximation is used to analyze 1/F noise in IMPATT diodes in the static and dynamic (self-oscillating) modes. Sources of 1/F noise are defined in accordance with the fluctuator model: allowance is made for fluctuations of the charge of traps and fluctuations of the electron drift velocity caused by their scattering by traps and metastable neutral centers. It is shown that the fluctuations of the voltage across the diode and the fluctuations of the oscillation frequency are mainly determined by the fluctuations of the trap charge, while the fluctuations of the oscillation amplitude are determined by scattering by neutral centers. A method is developed to determine the intensity of noise sources using the results of measurements of the fluctuations in the static and dynamic modes of IMPATT diodes and a method of checking the model as a whole is checked. Experimental results are presented and these show satisfactory agreement with the calculations. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 65–70 (August 1997)     

Quasi-elastic laser light scattering study of polyacrylamide hydrogel immersed in water and salt solutions

Polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels immersed in water and aqueous NaCl solutions were investigated for their structure and dynamics using static and quasi-elastic laser light scattering (QELS) techniques. Ensemble-averaged electric field correlation function f(q, t) obtained from the non-ergodic analysis of intensity-autocorrelation function for PAAm gel immersed in water and in 5 M NaCl showed an exponential decay to a plateau with an initial decay followed by saturation at long times. The value of the plateau was found to depend on NaCl concentration and was higher than that of water. Collective diffusion coefficient, D, of the polymer network of the hydrogel immersed in water and in different concentrations of NaCl was determined by analysing f(q, t). The measured diffusion coefficient showed linear decrease with increase in concentration of NaCl. The characteristic network parameters were obtained by analyzing f(q, t) with harmonically bound Brownian particle model and from static light scattering studies.     

Brillouin light scattering investigation of FeSm/FeTaN trilayer

The static and dynamic magnetic properties of a FeTaN/FeSm/FeTaN trilayer are investigated by alternating gradient field magnetometry and Brillouin light scattering. Evidence is given for a strong in-plane uniaxial anisotropy induced by a magnetic field applied during deposition. The spin-wave spectrum consists of different modes, with either surface or bulk character. A nonreciprocal behavior of the spin-wave frequency due to the exchange field exerted on the FeTaN layer at the FeSm interface is observed.     

String dust solutions of the Einstein field equations with spherical or static cylindrical symmetry

The Einstein field equations are solved assuming spherical or static cylindrical symmetry and a string dust source. All solutions which may be matched onr =a to an external vacuum solution having the same symmetry are found.     

Polarization-Free Quantum Fields and Interaction

A new approach to the inverse scattering problem proposed by Schroer, is applied to two-dimensional integrable quantum field theories. For any two-particle S-matrix S ₂ which is analytic in the physical sheet, quantum fields are constructed which are localizable in wedge-shaped regions of Minkowski space and whose two-particle scattering is described by the given S ₂. These fields are polarization-free in the sense that they create one-particle states from the vacuum without polarization clouds. Thus they provide examples of temperate polarization-free generators in the presence of nontrivial interaction.     

Source-Region Electromagnetic Field in an Affinely Transformable AUBM

We derive expressions for the source–region electromagnetic field in an affinely transformable Axially Uniaxial Bianisotropic Medium (AUBM) by employing a technique originally developed by Fikioris for free space (i.e., vacuum). The obtained results may be used to determine the scattering response of an electrically small bianisotropic particle embedded in an affinely transformable AUBM. They can therefore be further used to homogenize a wide class of particulate composites.     

Approximate solutions for theR +R 2 theories of gravitation: Torsion components

We search for vacuum solutions of a spherically symmetric and static field for the nineparameterR+R ² gravitational theories in a weak-field limit. In this paper approximate solutions of torsion are obtained.