Coupled bending and torsional vibration of nonsymmetrical axially loaded thin-walled Bernoulli–Euler beams

The dynamic transfer matrix is formulated for a straight uniform and axially loaded thin-walled Bernoulli–Euler beam element whose elastic and inertia axes are not coincident by directly solving the governing differential equations of motion of the beam element. Bernoulli–Euler beam theory is used, and the cross section of the beam does not have any symmetrical axes. The bending vibrations in two perpendicular directions are coupled with torsional vibration and the effect of warping stiffness is included. The dynamic transfer matrix method is used for calculation of exact natural frequencies and mode shapes of the nonsymmetrical thin-walled beams. Numerical results are given for a specific example of thin-walled beam under a variety of end conditions, and exact numerical solutions are tabulated for natural frequencies and solutions calculated by the other method are also tabulated for comparison. The effects of axial force and warping stiffness are also discussed.     

Warping effect in free vibration analysis of unidirectional composite non-cylindrical helical springs

The differential equations of motion for unidirectional composite non-cylindrical helical springs including warping, which consist of 14 first-order partial differential equations with variable coefficients, are first derived based on arbitrary spatially curved anisotropic beam theory. An analytical formula for the warping function of Saint-Venant’s torsion of unidirectional composite beams with rectangular cross-section is also obtained. The natural frequencies are determined using improved Riccati transfer matrix method. The element transfer matrix is calculated by the use of the Scaling and Squaring method and Pad’e approximations. Comparisons are made with the EF-results on the natural frequencies of the springs, made from rectangular wire, with inclusion of the warping effect. Information is given on the effect on the natural frequencies of the ratio of radii of the minimum cylinder to the maximum cylinder, the helix pitch angle and the number of active turns. Numerical results reveal that the warping deformation has a significant influence on the natural frequencies, which should be considered in the free vibration analysis of such springs.     

Free vibration of functionally graded beams based on both classical and first-order shear deformation beam theories

The free vibration of functionally graded material （FGM） beams is studied based on both the classical and the first-order shear deformation beam theories. The equations of motion for the FGM beams are derived by considering the shear deforma- tion and the axial, transversal, rotational, and axial-rotational coupling inertia forces on the assumption that the material properties vary arbitrarily in the thickness direction. By using the numerical shooting method to solve the eigenvalue problem of the coupled ordinary differential equations with different boundary conditions, the natural frequen- cies of the FGM Timoshenko beams are obtained numerically. In a special case of the classical beam theory, a proportional transformation between the natural frequencies of the FGM and the reference homogenous beams is obtained by using the mathematical similarity between the mathematical formulations. This formula provides a simple and useful approach to evaluate the natural frequencies of the FGM beams without dealing with the tension-bending coupling problem. Approximately, this analogous transition can also be extended to predict the frequencies of the FGM Timoshenko beams. The numerical results obtained by the shooting method and those obtained by the analogous transformation are presented to show the effects of the material gradient, the slenderness ratio, and the boundary conditions on the natural frequencies in detail.     

多孔功能梯度材料Timoshenko梁的自由振动分析

基于Timoshenko梁理论研究多孔功能梯度材料梁(FGMs)的自由振动问题.首先,考虑多孔功能梯度材料梁的孔隙率模型,建立了两种类型的孔隙分布.其次,基于Timoshenko梁变形理论,给出位移场方程、几何方程和本构方程,利用Hamilton原理推导多孔功能梯度材料梁的自由振动控制微分方程,并进行无量纲化,然后应用微分变换法(DTM)对无量纲控制微分方程及其边界条件进行变换,得到含有固有频率的等价代数特征方程.最后,计算了固定-固定(C-C)、固定-简支(C-S)和简支-简支(S-S)三种不同边界下多孔功能梯度材料梁自由振动的无量纲固有频率.将其退化为均匀材料与已有文献数据结果对照,验证了正确性.讨论了孔隙率、细长比和梯度指数对多孔功能梯度材料梁无量纲固有频率的影响.     

Thermal buckling and post-buckling of pinned–fixed Euler–Bernoulli beams on an elastic foundation

In this article, both thermal buckling and post-buckling of pinned–fixed beams resting on an elastic foundation are investigated. Based on the accurate geometrically non-linear theory for Euler–Bernoulli beams, considering both linear and non-linear elastic foundation effects, governing equations for large static deformations of the beam subjected to uniform temperature rise are derived. Due to the large deformation of the beam, the constraint forces of elastic foundation in both longitudinal and transverse directions are taken into account. The boundary value problem for the non-linear ordinary differential equations is solved effectively by using the shooting method. Characteristic curves of critical buckling temperature versus elastic foundation stiffness parameter corresponding to the first, the second, and the third buckling mode shapes are plotted. From the numerical results it can be found that the buckling load-elastic foundation stiffness curves have no intersection when the value of linear foundation stiffness parameter is less than 3000, which is different from the behaviors of symmetrically supported (pinned–pinned and fixed–fixed) beams. As we expect that the non-linear foundation stiffness parameter has no sharp influence on the critical buckling temperature and it has a slight effect on the post-buckling temperature compared with the linear one.     

STUDY ON AEROTHERMOELASTICITY OF A HYPERSONIC ALL-MOVABLE CONTROL SURFACE

根据分层求解原理对考虑舵轴及舵轴与机身间隙影响下的高超声速飞行器全动舵面进行了热气动弹性分析. 采用计算流体力学（CFD）方法求解N-S 方程计算舵面周围的热环境,在该温度分布下根据结构壁面温度计算热流,应用傅里叶（Fourier）定律确定结构热传导过程及其内部温度分布,进而分析结构考虑热应力和温度对材料属性的影响下的模态固有特性,结合基于CFD 技术的当地流活塞理论,在状态空间中对舵面进行了热气动弹性分析. 结果表明,气动加热效应改变了结构的固有频率以及弯扭耦合频率之间的间距,进而改变了结构的颤振速度和颤振频率;随着热传导的进行,结构固有频率和颤振频率先快速减小后基本保持不变,弯扭耦合频率之间的间距和颤振速度则先快速减小后略有上升;舵轴及舵轴与机身间隙的存在对舵面的固有频率、颤振频率、颤振速度都产生了影响,使其最大下降了6%.     

高超声速全动舵面的热气动弹性研究

根据分层求解原理对考虑舵轴及舵轴与机身间隙影响下的高超声速飞行器全动舵面进行了热气动弹性分析. 采用计算流体力学（CFD）方法求解N-S 方程计算舵面周围的热环境,在该温度分布下根据结构壁面温度计算热流,应用傅里叶（Fourier）定律确定结构热传导过程及其内部温度分布,进而分析结构考虑热应力和温度对材料属性的影响下的模态固有特性,结合基于CFD 技术的当地流活塞理论,在状态空间中对舵面进行了热气动弹性分析. 结果表明,气动加热效应改变了结构的固有频率以及弯扭耦合频率之间的间距,进而改变了结构的颤振速度和颤振频率;随着热传导的进行,结构固有频率和颤振频率先快速减小后基本保持不变,弯扭耦合频率之间的间距和颤振速度则先快速减小后略有上升;舵轴及舵轴与机身间隙的存在对舵面的固有频率、颤振频率、颤振速度都产生了影响,使其最大下降了6%.      

Solution of free vibration equations of semi-rigid connected Reddy–Bickford beams resting on elastic soil using the differential transform method

The literature regarding the free vibration analysis of Bernoulli–Euler and Timoshenko beams under various supporting conditions is plenty, but the free vibration analysis of Reddy–Bickford beams with variable cross-section on elastic soil with/without axial force effect using the Differential Transform Method (DTM) has not been investigated by any of the studies in open literature so far. In this study, the free vibration analysis of axially loaded and semi-rigid connected Reddy–Bickford beam with variable cross-section on elastic soil is carried out by using DTM. The model has six degrees of freedom at the two ends, one transverse displacement and two rotations, and the end forces are a shear force and two end moments in this study. The governing differential equations of motion of the rectangular beam in free vibration are derived using Hamilton’s principle and considering rotatory inertia. Parameters for the relative stiffness, stiffness ratio and nondimensionalized multiplication factor for the axial compressive force are incorporated into the equations of motion in order to investigate their effects on the natural frequencies. At first, the terms are found directly from the analytical solutions of the differential equations that describe the deformations of the cross-section according to the high-order theory. After the analytical solution, an efficient and easy mathematical technique called DTM is used to solve the governing differential equations of the motion. The calculated natural frequencies of semi-rigid connected Reddy–Bickford beam with variable cross-section on elastic soil using DTM are tabulated in several tables and figures and are compared with the results of the analytical solution where a very good agreement is observed.     

基于修正偶应力和高阶剪切变形理论的变截面微梁的自由振动

基于修正偶应力和高阶剪切理论建立了仅含有一个尺度参数的Reddy变截面微梁的自由振动模型,研究了变截面微梁自由振动问题的尺度效应和横向剪切变形对自振频率计算的影响。基于哈密顿原理推导了动力学方程与边界条件,并采用微分求积法求解了各种边界条件下的自振频率。算例结果表明,基于偶应力理论预测的变截面微梁的自振频率均大于经典梁理论的预测结果,即捕捉到了尺度效应。另外,梁的几何尺寸与尺度参数越接近,尺度效应就越明显,而梁的长细比越小,横向剪切变形对自振频率的影响就越明显。     

Surface and thermal effects on vibration of embedded alumina nanobeams based on novel Timoshenko beam model

This paper deals with the free vibration analysis of circular alumina （Al2O3） nanobeams in the presence of surface and thermal effects resting on a Pasternak foun- dation. The system of motion equations is derived using Hamilton＇s principle under the assumptions of the classical Timoshenko beam theory. The effects of the transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia are also considered within the framework of the mentioned theory. The separation of variables approach is employed to discretize the governing equa- tions which are then solved by an analytical method to obtain the natural frequencies of the alumina nanobeams. The results show that the surface effects lead to an increase in the natural frequency of nanobeams as compared with the classical Timoshenko beam model. In addition, for nanobeams with large diameters, the surface effects may increase the natural frequencies by increasing the thermal effects. Moreover, with regard to the Pasternak elastic foundation, the natural frequencies are increased slightly. The results of the present model are compared with the literature, showing that the present model can capture correctly the surface effects in thermal vibration of nanobeams.     

Nonlinear dynamic response of an edge-cracked functionally graded Timoshenko beam under parametric excitation

This paper investigates the nonlinear flexural dynamic behavior of a clamped Timoshenko beam made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) with an open edge crack under an axial parametric excitation which is a combination of a static compressive force and a harmonic excitation force. Theoretical formulations are based on Timoshenko shear deformable beam theory, von Karman type geometric nonlinearity, and rotational spring model. Hamilton’s principle is used to derive the nonlinear partial differential equations which are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equation by using the Least Squares method and Galerkin technique. The nonlinear natural frequencies, steady state response, and excitation frequency-amplitude response curves are obtained by employing the Runge–Kutta method and multiple scale method, respectively. A parametric study is conducted to study the effects of material property distribution, crack depth, crack location, excitation frequency, and slenderness ratio on the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of parametrically excited, cracked FGM Timoshenko beams.     

A theoretical computational model of a plate in hypersonic flow

A theoretical model of an elastic panel in hypersonic flow is derived to be used for design and analysis. The nonlinear von Kármán plate equations are coupled with 1st order Piston Theory and linearized at the nonlinear steady-state deformation due to static pressure differential and thermal loads. Eigenvalue analysis is applied to determine the system’s stability, natural frequencies and mode shapes. Numerically time marching the equations provides transient response prediction which can be used to estimate limit cycle oscillation amplitude, frequency and time to onset. The model’s predictive capability is assessed by comparison to an experiment conducted at a free stream flow of Mach 6. Good agreement is shown between the theoretical and experimental natural frequencies and mode shapes of the fluid–structure system. Stability analysis is performed using linear and nonlinear methods to plot stability, flutter and buckling zones on a free stream static pressure vs temperature differential plane.     

Free vibration of functionally graded material beams with surface-bonded piezoelectric layers in thermal environment

Free vibration of statically thermal postbuckled functionally graded material （FGM） beams with surface-bonded piezoelectric layers subject to both temperature rise and voltage is studied. By accurately considering the axial extension and based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, geometrically nonlinear dynamic governing equations for FGM beams with surface-bonded piezoelectric layers subject to thermo-electro- mechanical loadings are formulated. It is assumed that the material properties of the middle FGM layer vary continuously as a power law function of the thickness coordinate, and the piezoelectric layers are isotropic and homogenous. By assuming that the amplitude of the beam vibration is small and its response is harmonic, the above mentioned non-linear partial differential equations are reduced to two sets of coupled ordinary differential equations. One is for the postbuckling, and the other is for the linear vibration of the beam superimposed upon the postbuckled configuration. Using a shooting method to solve the two sets of ordinary differential equations with fixed-fixed boundary conditions numerically, the response of postbuckling and free vibration in the vicinity of the postbuckled configuration of the beam with fixed-fixed ends and subject to transversely nonuniform heating and uniform electric field is obtained. Thermo-electric postbuckling equilibrium paths and characteristic curves of the first three natural frequencies versus the temperature, the electricity, and the material gradient parameters are plotted. It is found that the three lowest frequencies of the prebuckled beam decrease with the increase of the temperature, but those of a buckled beam increase monotonically with the temperature rise. The results also show that the tensional force produced in the piezoelectric layers by the voltage can efficiently increase the critical buckling temperature and the natural frequency.     

Multi-mode parametric excitation of a simply supported plate under time-varying and non-uniform edge loading

In this study, multi-mode parametric excitation of a simply supported plate under time-varying and non-uniform edge loading is modeled and the solution is found. Equations for multi-mode parametric excitation of a simply supported plate are derived using stress distributions within the plate as well as on the edges, considering both the effects of non-uniform edge loading and the non-linearity caused by the large deflection. The multi-mode equations are coupled by first-order linear terms, even in the case of simply supported boundary conditions, due to the non-uniform edge loading. The perturbation solutions of two-mode parametric excitation are examined by the method of multiple scales. For the edge loading, which consists of a uniform term as well as a non-uniform one, equations could be coupled or de-coupled by parametric excitation terms, and the numbers and values of the resonance frequencies of the parametric excitations could also differ, depending on whether the non-uniform term of the edge loading is time-varying or not. In addition to the resonant frequencies of the case when only the uniform term of the edge loading is time-varying, there are additional combination resonances at the vicinity of the sum of two natural frequencies of each mode when the non-uniform term of the non-uniform edge loading is time-varying.     

Analytical Solutions for Free Vibration and Buckling of Composite Beams Using a Higher Order Beam Theory

To satisfy the interfacial shear force continuity conditions, a new model is proposed for the two-layer composite beam with partial interaction by modifying Reddy's higher order beam theory. The governing differential equations for free vibration and buckling are formulated using the Hamilton's principle, the natural frequencies and axial forces are thus analytically obtained by Laplace transform technique. The analytical results are verified through the comparison with those of several other models common in use; and the presented model is found to be a finer one than the Reddy's. A parametric study is also performed to investigate the effects of geometry and material parameters.     

Large thermal deflections of Timoshenko beams under transversely non-uniform temperature rise

Geometrically non-linear deformation of axially extensional Timoshenko beams subjected mechanical as well thermal loadings were characterized by a system of 7 coupled and highly non-linear ordinary differential equations, which results in a complicated two-point boundary-value problem. By using shooting method this kind of problem can be numerically solved efficiently. Based on the above-mentioned mathematical formulation and numerical procedure, analysis of large thermal deflections for Timoshenko beams, subjected transversely non-uniform temperature rise and with immovably pinned–pinned as well as fixed–fixed ends, is presented. Characteristic curves showing the relationships between the beam deformation and temperature rise are illustrated. Especially, the effects of shear deformation on the bending and buckling response are quantitatively investigated. The numerical results show, as we know, that shear deformation effects become significant with the decrease of the slenderness and with the increase of the shear flexibility.     

考虑温度效应的索梁面内动力学建模及特性分析

根据增量热场理论,温度变化影响下索梁结构会形成新的热应力平衡状态．因此基于已有的索梁结构非线性动力学模型,结合与斜拉索张拉力和垂度相关的无量纲参数,重新建立考虑温度变化影响下索梁结构面内振动的动力学模型,并推导其面内非线性运动方程．接着开展特征值分析,得到包含温度效应的索梁结构面内振动频率的超越方程及模态振型函数．通过算例研究温度变化对不同刚度比的索梁结构影响,得到其前四阶面内振动的模态频率与温度变化的关系曲线．研究结果表明：面内模态频率受温度变化影响明显,其影响程度与刚度比大小和模态的阶数密切相关,温度变化对低阶模态频率的影响比对高阶模态频率影响更为复杂;升温和降温对索梁结构面内振动特性的影响不对称;此外温度变化会导致频率偏转点的位置发生漂移．     

质量-弹簧装置连接的双梁结构固有频率计算

双梁结构被用作一种新型的减振器来控制梁式结构的振动,在土木、机械和航空航天等工程中受到广泛应用。本文研究了两个平行的轴向功能梯度梁相互连接的双梁结构固有频率的计算问题,在这种双梁结构中,梁的端部受到平移和旋转两种弹性约束,同时,双梁结构通过质量-弹簧装置相互连接。基于Euler-Bernoulli梁的基本理论,将非经典边界条件下双梁结构自由振动固有频率的计算转化为一组常微分方程特征值问题,运用插值矩阵法可一次性计算出双梁结构的所有固有频率。数值算例表明,本文双梁结构量纲为一的固有频率的计算值与已有文献计算结果吻合良好。研究了弹簧刚度、质量系数和梯度参数对双梁系统的影响。数值计算结果表明,随着梯度系数?和悬挂物块的质量系数?的增大,第1阶固有频率?1逐渐减小。     

Impulsive Semilinear Functional Differential Equations

In this paper the Leray–Schauder nonlinear alternative combined with semigroup theory is used to investigate the existence of mild solutions for first-order impulsive semilinear functional differential equations in Banach spaces.     

ROBUST CONTROL OF VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATION OF A RIGID CYLINDER SUPPORTED BY AN ELASTIC BEAM USING μ -SYNTHESIS

For lightweight and flexible structures, it is important to suppress the vibrations induced by interactions between fluid and structures. This paper presents the robust control of the vortex-induced vibration of a rigid circular cylinder supported by an elastic cantilever beam in which the fluid force is considered as an external excitation on the structure. For the problems considered here, the excitation frequency is assumed to be equal to the natural frequency of the structure or the “lock-in” frequency. The natural frequencies of this analytical model are calculated by using the modal analysis method and then modal coordinates are introduced to obtain the state equations of the structural system. A pair of piezoelectric devices fixed under the base plate, on which the elastic beam is clamped, were used as actuators. A robust controller satisfying the nominal performance and robust performance is designed using μ -synthesis theory based on the structured singular value. Simulation and experiment were carried out with the designed controller and the effectiveness of the robust control strategy was verified by both experimental and simulation results.