Experimental assessment of electrochemical processes in the remediation of atrazine contaminated soils

The electrochemical oxidation of an atrazine solution obtained from a flushing treatment of a contaminated soil was investigated. The influence of ethanol on atrazine oxidation was studied. Results show that the electrogenerated Fenton's reagent provides a complete degradation of atrazine and its main chlorinated by-products via N-dehalkylation and dechlorination. This process therefore presents an effective alternative to the chemical oxidation treatment which necessarily needs a further biological state.     

Influence of oxygen pressure on the photochemical oxidation of phenol

The influence of the oxygen pressure on the photochemical oxidation of phenol is investigated. It is shown that raising the oxygen pressure from 0.1 to 0.7 MPa leads to an increase in the photochemical oxidation of phenol by a factor of approximately 3.7.     

Atrazine transforming polymer prepared by molecular imprinting with post-imprinting process

Molecularly imprinted polymers bearing atrazine transforming activity were prepared by using newly designed templates that are atrazine analogues attached with an allyl or a styryl group via a disulfide bond at the 6-position, methacrylic acid as a functional monomer and styrene/divinylbenzene as crosslinkers. After polymerization, the disulfide bond was reduced to remove the atrazine moiety from the polymer matrix, followed by oxidation of the remaining thiol group to generate sulfonic acid (post-imprinting treatment), so that both a methacrylic acid residue and a sulfonic acid residue existed in an atrazine-imprinted cavity. The polymers indicated the selective binding of triazine herbicides and catalytic activity for methanolysis at the 6-position of atrazine, yielding a low toxic atraton.     

EFFECTS OF HIGH PRESSURE ON PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION CENTERS FROM RHODOPSEUDOMONAS SPHEROIDES*

Abstract— Photochemical reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides were subjected to pressures ranging from 1 to 6000 atm. Optical absorption, fluorescence and photochemical activities were studied under these conditions. Absorption spectra showed bathychromic shifts of the long-wave bands attributed to bacteriopheophytin and bacteriochlorophyll (the latter as P800 and P870). The quantum efficiency of photochemical oxidation of P870 was diminished at high pressure. The quantum yield of P870 fluorescence showed a parallel decline, as if high pressure introduced a quenching process that competed with both photochemistry and fluorescence. The original efficiencies were largely restored when the pressure was returned to 1 atm. The efficiency of oxidation of mammalian cytochrome c, coupled to the photochemical oxidation of P870 in reaction centers, was lowered by high pressure. This effect was more pronounced than the effect on P870 oxidation, and was irreversible. The kinetics of recovery of P870 following its photochemical oxidation showed effects of high pressure. The main effect was the appearance, at high pressure, of slow recovery suggesting the trapping of electrons. This effect was partly irreversible.     

Mechanistic interpretation of photochemical thallimetric oxidations catalysed by chloride and bromide ions

The thallimetric oxidation of carboxylic acids appears to proceed through free radical and intermediate activated complex mechanisms. The thermal and photochemical uncatalysed oxidation reactions appear to proceed through the formation of an intermediate metal-substrate complex that eventually decomposes to give the products. However, photochemical oxidation in the presence of chloride and bromide ions appears to proceed through a two-electron step via a halo bridge mechanism. In the presence of bromide at 2–3 times the concentration of thallium(III), the photochemical reduction mainly proceeds through a free radical mechanism involving a one-electron step via the formation of thallium(II) species. The nature and concentration of halide ions appear to be critical in deciding the path of the reaction.     

Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide at Terra Nova Bay (ANTARCTICA)

Abstract

Studies on atrazine ozonation performed in methanol containing solutions showed a strong influence of the methanol content which might favour direct O₃ reactions as compared to processes induced by OH radicals. The importance of the slackening effect on the degradation rate of atrazine (which demonstrates a scavenger activity) was evaluated in various solvent compositions and pseudo-kinetic constants k' were found to be in the 10^?3-10^?2 s^?1 range. The appearence rate of deethylatrazine as major oxidation product was thus also modified (k' values between 10^?4 and 10^?3 s^?1). Several by-products were detected which are either related to deethylatrazine (intermediates or oxidation products) or belong to competitive pathways. Among them, a number of formamides (a new class of atrazine ozonation products) were identified using MS and MS-MS techniques. These compounds are produced by oxidation of the N-ethylamino group likely through a non radicalar process. Deschloro-triazines were also characterized as structures whose formation specifically depends on the presence of methanol.     

Phosphorescence from nylon polymers: Effects of thermal and photochemical oxidation

The phosphorescence from the nylon polymers 6, 66, 11, and 12 has been studied from the aspects of excitation and emission wavelength location and of emission lifetime. In contrast to the other nylons, the 66 polymer exhibits two distinct phosphorescence bands, both of which are sensitive to thermal and photochemical oxidation of the polymer. The species responsible for these emissions are concluded to be carbonyl in nature and their role in the complex reactions that occur during thermal and photochemical oxidation of the polymer is discussed.     

二氧化钛薄膜上三氯乙烯光催化氧化反应机理

 研究了二氧化钛薄膜上三氯乙烯(TCE)气相光催化氧化的反应机理. 结果表明,TCE气相光催化氧化反应生成的氯气可引发TCE的连锁反应. 当添加氯气的浓度相同时TCE表面光催化反应的初速率约为光化学反应初速率的2倍,说明连锁反应主要发生在催化剂表面. 氯可吸附在催化剂表面,作为电子的接受体抑制空穴与电子复合,提高TiO2光催化剂的活性. 除了TCE与吸附在催化剂表面的·OH的相互作用及反应产物/中间产物二氯乙酰氯的光催化分解可生成氯气以外,光气在与氯气共存时的光分解也有利于氯的生成.     

An Anthracene-Based Metal-Organic Framework for Selective Photo-Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Formic Acid Coupled with Water Oxidation

A Zr-based metal-organic framework has been synthesized and employed as a catalyst for photochemical carbon dioxide reduction coupled with water oxidation. The catalyst shows significant carbon dioxide reduction property with concomitant water oxidation. The catalyst has broad visible light as well as UV light absorption property, which is further confirmed from electronic absorption spectroscopy. Formic acid was the only reduced product from carbon dioxide with a turn-over frequency (TOF) of 0.69 h⁻¹ in addition to oxygen, which was produced with a TOF of 0.54 h⁻¹. No external photosensitizer is used and the ligand itself acts as the light harvester. The efficient and selective photochemical carbon dioxide reduction to formic acid with concomitant water oxidation using Zr-based MOF as catalyst is thus demonstrated here.     

Effect of photochemical oxidation on polypropylene phosphorescence

Phosphorescence from polyolefins was studied from the aspects of excitation and emission wavelength and lifetime. Effects of photochemical oxidation on polypropylene phosphorescence are discussed in contrast to the effects of thermal oxidation.     

Application of solid-phase microextraction to the study of the photochemical behaviour of five priority pesticides: "on-fiber" and aqueous photodegradation

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is applied to study the photochemical degradation of five priority pesticides: atrazine, alachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin. Analyses were carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The possibility of studying the photochemical degradation of the target compounds in solid-phase microextraction fibers, "photo-SPME", is evaluated employing different SPME coatings. The target analytes were extracted from aqueous solutions using different commercial coatings and then, the fibers were exposed to UV light. Results indicated that on-fiber photodegradation takes place in a considerably major extent using PDMS coating for an irradiation time of 30min. On-fiber photodegradation kinetics of each analyte were determined by UV irradiation of the PDMS for different times. A large number of photoproducts were generated and they were tentatively identified by means of their mass spectra and with the aid of literature. In this way, main photodegradation mechanisms could be postulated. Aqueous photodegradation studies followed by SPME were performed and compared with photo-SPME. All the photoproducts detected in the aqueous experiments were previously found in the photo-SPME experiments. This study shows the potential of photo-SPME to evaluate the photo-transformation of organic pollutants.     

Experiments on a simulation of the photochemical A/D-secocorrin leads to corrin cyclo-isomerization by redox processes. Electrochemical oxidation of nickel(II)-1-methylidene-2,2,7,7,12,12-hexamethyl-15-cyano-1,19-secocorrinate perchlorate (author's transl)]

Experiments on a simulation of the photochemical A/D-secocorrin → corrin cycloisomerization by redox processes. Electrochemical oxidation of nickel(II)-1-methylidene-2,2,7,7,12,12-hexamethyl-15-cyano-1,19-secocorrinate perchlorate Can the act of light excitation in the photochemical A/D-secocorrin → corrin cycloisomerization be replaced by redox reactions in the dark? Electrochemical oxidation of nickel(II)-A/D-secocorrinate 4 in acetonitrile containing a trace of water produces the secocorrinoxide–nickel-complex 5 (structure determined by X-ray analysis) in almost quantitative yield. This two-electron oxidation involves a hydrogen shift from the methylene group C(19) in ring D to the methylidene carbon atom at ring A in the radical cation intermediate. Since the same type of hydrogen shift occurs in the photochemical A/D-secocorrin → corrin cycloisomerization, a close parallelism in their chemical reactivity seems to exist between electronically excited A/D-secocorrins and corresponding radical cations. Formation of the corrin complex 2 (M = Ni⁺) could be achieved (so far only in modest yields) by electrochemical one-electron oxidation of 4 in acetonitrile/acetanhydride/acetic acid 8:1:1 followed by one-electron reduction. – The transformation of the oxide nickel complex 5 to the corrinoid complex 10 – a new member in the family of dehydrocorrins – is also recorded.     

Gas chromatographic method for studying the rate of photodegradation of some nitrogen-containing pesticides

Summary The photodegradation behaviour of 12 nitrogen-containing herbicides (atrazine, cyanazine, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, EPTC, buthylate, molinate, cycloate, vernolate, fenuron, chloroxuron, and methabenzthiazuron) has been examined. The compounds were degraded completely when exposed to a mercury-vapour lamp; the degradation process was followed by consecutive GC measurements. All the compounds studied had measurable photochemical activity, although actual and average degradation rates varied significantly. All the compounds except terbutryn furnished more than one major degradation product, in different ratios. Presented at Balaton Symposium '01 on High-Performance Separation Methods, Siófok, Hungary, September 2–4, 2001     

二硝基芘异构体在模拟大气条件下的光化学反应

本文研究了二硝基芘异构体在模拟大气条件下的光化学反应,结果表明反应速率呈二级动力学关系。除光源变化的影响外,二硝基芘异构体在不同气氛中,反应速率不同,存在着氧的猝灭和氧化作用。而不同的异构体之间,相应的反应速度也不同。光解产物中存在硝基羟基类化合物、醌类和二聚体。毒理实验表明,光解产物致突变性下降。     

Fundamental photochemical approach to the concepts of fluence (UV dose) and electrical energy efficiency in photochemical degradation reactions

For photochemical reactions in a quasi collimated beam, derivations are presented that introduce 'rate constants' based on the fluence (UV dose) received within the irradiated solution. These fluence-based 'rate constants' are shown to be fundamental and depend only on the quantum yield and the molar absorption coefficient at the irradiation wavelength. An experimental example is given, where the quantum yield for the photolysis of atrazine is determined to be 0.033. The new concepts are developed further to analyze the Figure-of-Merit Electrical Energy per Order (E _EO), and it is shown that the E _EO depends on the same fundamental photochemical parameters. An example of the photolysis of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is presented, and it is shown that the E _EO should decrease (increased electrical energy efficiency) as the radius of the UV reactor increases (increased path length), and should increase as the percent transmittance of the water decreases.     

LOW-TEMPERATURE PHOTCOXIDATION OF CHLOROPHYLL-A*

Abstract— Illumination of chlorophyll at low temperature, in solvents containing organic Lewis bases and oxygen, leads to oxidation of the C-2 vinyl group. This oxidation proceeds through a series of thermal and photochemical changes, including initial formation of a new compound (I) absorbing at 620 nm. This undergoes further rapid photochemical (or thermal) conversion back to a chlorin-like substance (II), and much slower phototransformation to a third intermediate (III) absorbing near 500 nm. The reaction requires complexed metal (Mg or Zn), but not an intact cyclopentanone ring. The ‘620’ photoproduct is assigned to a cyclic peroxide involving C-1 of chlorophyll and the vinyl group.     

Oxydation photochimique d''amines tertiaires et d''alcaloides—VI : Oxydation photosensibilisee d''alcaloides comportant un heterocycle N-methyle (nicotine, N-methyl anabasine, ajmaline)

Dye-sensitised photochemical oxidation of nicotine, N-méthyl anabasine and ajmaline has been studied.     

Electron-acceptor-induced isomerization of aryl [6,5] open fulleroids to [6,6] closed methanofullerenes and the electrochemical evaluation of their free energy difference

The thermal and photochemical rearrangements of a series of aryl substituted [6,5] open fulleroids to [6,6] closed methanofullerenes are accelerated in the presence in of electron acceptors. These [6,5] open fulleroids, facilitated by electron acceptors, rearrange thermally by a zwitteronic-type intermediate, while the photochemical reactions proceed via an excited-state electron-transfer process. The oxidation potentials of these [6,5] open fulleroids and their corresponding [6,6] closed methanofullerenes isomers have been evaluated. The free energy difference between the [6,5] open fulleroids and their corresponding [6,6] closed isomers have been estimated from the difference in their oxidation potentials.     

零价铁活化过二硫酸盐氧化降解阿特拉津

利用零价铁(Fe0)活化过二硫酸钠(PDS)产生硫酸根自由基(SO4-.)降解环境中的阿特拉津。初步探讨了介质初始pH值、PDS初始浓度、Fe0加入量对阿特拉津降解率的影响,并比较了铁量相同的Fe0/PDS、Fe2+/PDS和Fe3+/PDS 3种体系对阿特拉津的降解能力。结果表明,在初始pH=6.5、1 mL初始浓度为2.0 mmol/L PDS、Fe0加入量为28 mg的条件下,反应60 min后,Fe0/PDS体系对100 mL浓度为0.10 mmol/L阿特拉津的降解率达到99.0%,远高于Fe0、PDS、Fe2+/PDS和Fe3+/PDS 4种体系对阿特拉津的降解率。另外,酸性介质、增加Fe0或PDS的投入量均有利于提高阿特拉津的降解率。同时,通过采用甲醇和叔丁醇作为分子探针鉴定了Fe0/PDS体系中产生的活性中间体SO4-.和羟基自由基(.OH)。     

Photochemical reduction of thallium(III) with hydrogen peroxide

A convenient method for determination of thallium(III) is based on photochemical reduction with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of bromide as catalyst, followed by oxidation of thallium(I) with potassium bromate.