基于计算机层析成像(CT)技术的梁山慈竹密度检测研究

密度是竹材重要的物理指标之一,与竹材的许多物理力学性能紧密相关。采用计算机层析成像(CT)技术,对2-5年生梁山慈竹(Dendroclamus farinosus)的密度时空变异特性进行了系统研究;利用正交试验设计确定了适宜的扫描参数,对其气干密度(Y)与相对应的CT值(X)之间的相关性进行分析研究,建立了线性回归模型(Y=0.001 X+1.148)并验证了该模型的准确性,得出两者之间存在着线性关系;同时利用模型计算出梁山慈竹径向和纵向的密度变化规律。为实现梁山慈竹密度的精准高效检测提供了新方法,也为深入研究竹材的材性和构造提供了新思路。     

基于X射线CT技术快速检测不同含水率状态下的毛竹密度

密度是竹材材性的重要指标之一,与竹材诸多物理力学性质紧密相关,且测定结果因含水率状态不同而不同。基于X射线计算机断层扫描(X-CT)技术,比较了不同竹龄毛竹全干、气干、饱水状态下CT值的差异程度,除4年生和10年生毛竹CT值差异较大以外,其余竹龄CT值差异较小;分别在全干、气干、饱水状态下对所测定的CT值与相应状态下毛竹的密度进行拟合建模,同时还对不同含水率梯度状态下的CT值与密度进行拟合建模,进而系统分析了不同竹龄毛竹在单一含水率状态下和不同含水率梯度状态下CT值与密度之间的关系;对不同竹龄毛竹全干状态下相对竹青径向位置的CT值进行了拟合,依据CT值与密度之间的关系,解释说明了毛竹径向密度因竹龄不同所产生差异的原因。试验结果表明,毛竹全干、气干、饱水密度与相应的CT值之间均存在线性关系,且拟合斜率相近;在所选含水率梯度状态下毛竹密度与CT值之间存在线性关系,且密度与CT值关系受水分影响较小,回归方程为：D=0.001H+1.003 2,R2=0.968 3(D为密度,H为CT值),验证模型决定系数R2=0.974 3;不同竹龄毛竹全干状态下竹青、竹黄处密度差异较小,而在竹肉处差异较大。这些结果为实现快速检测毛竹在不同含水率状态下的密度提供了技术支持和数据参考,同时X射线计算机断层扫描(X-CT)技术也为深入研究竹材材性和构造提供了一种切实可行的新途径。     

近红外光谱技术检测植物木质素纤维素研究进展

近红外光谱技术可用来检测植物木质素、纤维素及半纤维素含量,与传统的湿化学方法相比具有快速、操作简单、准确、无损等优点,是一种新型的测定方法,近年来在检测木本植物及草本植物木质纤维素组成成分中被广泛应用。综述了国内外利用近红外光谱技术快速检测木本植物(用作造纸原料的木材、竹材以及潜在的可用作生物质能源的木材)及草本植物(饲草及草类能源植物)木质素、纤维素、半纤维素含量的研究进展,并从样品前处理、光谱预处理及波长选取方法、化学计量学方法三个方面对利用近红外光谱技术快速检测植物木质素、纤维素方法研究上的进展进行了总结,并结合国内木材、牧草及能源草行业发展现状提出了四点展望: 建立适用性更强的模型;建立全面的草产品品质指标近红外光谱数据库;建立能源植物能用品质指标相关模型并对建模方法进行进一步的探索和完善;推动应用近红外光谱技术检测植物木质纤维素的方法从实验阶段走向实际应用。随着对近红外光谱检测植物木质纤维素方法的不断成熟和完善,它必将对造纸、饲草及能源草行业的发展产生巨大的推动作用。     

基于同步辐射X射线相衬显微CT技术的竹木复合材料胶合界面特征研究

第三代同步辐射光源X射线相位衬度显微CT能获得样品内部结构的边缘增强图像,实现对低Z材料成像。利用上海同步辐射光源X射线相衬显微成像技术,实现了竹木复合材料中EPI和MUF胶合界面和胶黏剂渗透特征的无损探测,并基于这些特征分析了几种不同加工工艺对胶黏剂在木材和竹材中渗透的影响。该技术为人造板工艺解剖学研究提供了一种重要无损检测手段。     

近红外光谱法预测粗皮桉木材气干密度的影响因素分析

采用近红外光谱分析技术,对粗皮桉木材气干密度校正模型的影响因素进行比较研究.使用直接测量法测量了粗皮桉木材的气干密度,并用近红外光谱仪采集试样的近红外漫反射光谱,对不同切面、厚度、含水率和粗糙度的粗皮桉木材试样的原始光谱进行二阶导数预处理并选择一定光谱段建立回归模型.以50～140个试样作为校正集建立木材气干密度的偏最...     

基于小波变换的木材近红外光谱模型优化及质量追溯

智能化精准获取木材基本信息是木材质量追溯系统信息采集的核心,同时也是木材后期分流、加工、精细化利用的重要依据。旨在探讨基于小波变换的木材近红外光谱(NIRS)去噪及模型优化,研究近红外技术用于木材质量追溯的基础理论与方法,构建基于近红外的木材质量追溯体系。以山杨木材气干密度为例,采用小波变换进行光谱去噪及模型优化,应用偏最小二乘法(PLS)构建了基于近红外光谱技术的山杨木材气干密度定标模型。在此基础上,集成二维码技术,在Matlab环境下,将近红外定标模型预测结果(以木材密度为例)及其他木材相关信息(树种名称、产地、采集单位、数据获取方式等)生成快速响应矩阵码(QR Code),以实现木材信息的有效、快速追溯。同时研究分析了不同纠错等级、字符数、像素下QR码的可读性及有效性。结果显示： (1)当db5小波基分解层为5时,经启发式硬阈值去噪后得到的信噪比(SNR)最大,均方根误差(RMSE)最小,基于小波变换的近红外光谱去噪效果最好,将校正模型决定系数由0.774 8提高到了0.850 1;(2)字符数一定时(本追溯信息的字符数为217),当像素大于100 px×100 px时,QR码的可读性均大于90%;当纠错等级为7%、像素大小为200 px×200 px时,随着字符数由100增加至600,解码率和可读性均为100%。研究表明,基于小波去噪及近红外光谱技术,可以实现木材密度的准确预测,并能有效集成QR码技术,以QR码作为传递木材信息的有效载体,为木材材性信息的无损获取及有效追溯提供了理论依据与技术支撑。     

基于IFSR异常样本剔除的落叶松木材密度近红外优化模型的研究

木材密度可以反映木材的干缩性、抗压抗拉强度等多种物理性质,是重要的木材物理特性。采用近红外光谱技术能够实现木材密度的快速预测,可克服传统检测方法耗费人力、物力、时间的弊端,但建模结果往往受异常样本的影响。为准确识别并剔除样本集中的异常样本,提出一种孤立森林结合学生化残差方法(IFSR),在利用孤立森林集成特征的优点基础上考虑样本对模型的影响度,可同时检测异常样本与强影响样本。该研究对181个落叶松木材样本的近红外光谱及其在常温下的气干密度进行了测定。通过对比多种方法预处理和特征选择方法,确定采用标准正态变量变化(SNV)+去趋势处理(DT)+均值中心化(MC)+标准化(Auto)方法进行预处理,采用竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)进行特征波段选择,消除噪声及无关信息对算法的影响,简化数据集,提高算法剔除异常样本的准确性。为验证IFSR方法剔除异常样本的能力,将其与蒙特卡洛交互验证(MCCV)、马氏距离(MD)等其他六种异常检测方法对比分析,建立偏最小二乘(PLS)模型对其进行异常检测性能评价。同时在上述基础上采用粒子群寻优-支持向量机回归(PSO-SVR), BP神经网络(BPNN)...     

基于X射线剖面密度仪和FTIR快速测定两种实木地板材的物理化学性能

实木地板作为一种天然环保的地面铺装材料,得到越来越多消费者的选择,需求量日益剧增,而如何快速了解和检测木材材性一直是地板选材和质量检测急需解决的问题。采用了X射线剖面密度仪和傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)两种快速检测技术,对市场上常用的进口地板材番龙眼和香二翅豆的剖面密度和化学主要组成成分进行了快速测定;同时采用直接测量法测量了木材的基本密度值,并将两种地板材快速测定密度值与实测密度值进行了相关性分析。剖面密度分析结果表明,香二翅豆的平均密度高于番龙眼的平均密度,两种地板材质地均匀性都很好;相关性数据表明番龙眼与香二翅豆两种地板材剖面密度的平均值与其基本密度值都具有很好的相关性,拟合后的相关系数达到了0.983和0.981,所有样品的两种密度的相关系数为0.991;傅里叶红外光谱分析结果表明香二翅豆的抽提物含量要高于番龙眼,香二翅豆木质素的特征峰I_{1 507}/I_{1 425},I_{1 507}/I_{1 740}的高度比值高于番龙眼的,而纤维素的特征峰I₈₉₅/I_{1 425},I₈₉₅/I_{1 507}高度比值低于番龙眼的,表明香二翅豆的木质素含量高于番龙眼,纤维素含量低于番龙眼。由此可见,X射线剖面密度仪可以快速检测出木材的质地均匀性以及预测木材基本密度值,而FTIR可以快速检测木材化学组分相对含量的高低,两种方法结合可以对实木地板材以及其他木材的物理化学性能进行快速检测。     

铜唑防腐剂处理竹材的同步辐射无损检测研究

第三代同步辐射光源X射线具有高亮度、光谱连续、宽频谱范围、高空间分辨率、高衬度分辨率等独特优越性,可实现光谱精准计算及能量可调,对低Z材料内部结构边缘增强图像方面也具有很强的优势。利用上海同步辐射光源X射线双能减影和相衬成像技术,实现铜唑防腐剂处理竹材的同步辐射无损检测研究,并获得了Cu的分布图和处理材的内部结构,该技术为防腐处理竹材解剖学研究提供了一个重要无损检测手段。     

数字X射线图像处理及直接测定物体微密度的研究

数字X射线图像(DR图像)由于受成像设备内部因素和外界环境的影响,其图像噪声较大,且背景亮度不均匀,因此,若要正确地识别图像,必须对其进行处理。本文对数字X射线图像进行了分析,采用自适应滤波、直方图均衡技术和差影法理论对图像进行处理,结果表明：图像处理可以消除噪声、增强图像亮度、矫正背景误差。为了进一步验证该处理方法的可行性,文章以非均质材料杨树木材为实验材料,应用数字X射线图像的灰度值与穿透物材料密度的线性关系直接测定物体微密度,将DR图像法测定的结果与微密度测量仪测定的结果进行对比,结果表明：对于早晚材难以识别的杨树木材,DR图像系统测定的结果比微密度仪更准确,DR图像法直接测量物体微密度值是可行的。     

Acoustical classification of woods for string instruments

Two basic types of wood are used to make stringed musical instruments: woods for soundboards (top plates) and those for frame boards (back and side plates). A new way to classify the acoustical properties of woods and clearly separate these two groups is proposed in this paper. The transmission parameter (product of propagation speed and Q value of the longitudinal wave along the wood grain) and the antivibration parameter (wood density divided by the propagation speed along the wood grain) are introduced in the proposed classification scheme. Two regression lines, drawn for traditional woods, show the distinctly different functions required by soundboards and frame boards. These regression lines can serve as a reference to select the best substitute woods when traditional woods are not available. Moreover, some peculiarities of Japanese string instruments, which are made clear by comparing woods used for them with woods used for Western and Chinese instruments, are briefly discussed.     

Wood typification by Venturi easy ambient sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry: the case of the endangered Mahogany tree

Venturi easy ambient sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry in both its liquid (V(L) -EASI-MS) and solid sample modes (V(S) -EASI-MS) is shown to provide nearly immediate and secure typification of woods, as demonstrated for Mahogany, an endangered and most valuable type of tropical wood. This reddish wood displays unique phytochemical markers (phragmalin-type limonoids) which are rapidly detected from the wood surface by V(S) -EASI-MS or from a simple methanol extract of a tiny wood chip by V(L) -EASI-MS. Unique profiles were obtained for Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) whereas genuine samples of six other similar types of woods, which are commonly falsified by artificial coloring and commercialized as Mahogany, display also typical but dissimilar pythochemical profiles as compared to that of the authentic wood. Variable and atypical chemical profiles were observed for artificially colored woods. Secure chemical characterization via V(S) -EASI-MS or V(s) -EASI-MS fingerprints of Mahogany and other types of woods with similar appearance should help to control the illegal logging and trade of this and other endangered woods and their falsification, and to create certified standards.     

A Review of Recent Near-Infrared Research for Wood and Paper (Part 2)

Abstract: This review article introduces recent technical and scientific reports on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in the wood and paper industry, which have increased during the last decade. Many researchers have reported that the NIR technique is useful for detection of both chemical and physical properties of wood materials and has been widely used in cases where the characteristic cellular structure of the material is retained. With regard to application of NIR spectroscopy to pulp and paper, many publications have reported its potential as an on-line measurement technique during paper-making process control. NIR spectroscopy is considered fundamental in applied research on wood and paper. Utilization of NIR spectroscopy in the wood and paper industry should take into account its applicability and limitations as a nondestructive technique.     

Sound absorption by wood in relation to anatomical and mechanical properties

The results of basic research on sound absorption by transverse and longitudinal sections of four Egyptian woods are presented. The amount of sound absorption was determined by laboratory experiments with wood samples in a standing wave apparatus. The specific gravity, maximum crushing strength and hardness of tested samples were also determined in order to study the relationship between wood absorption of sound and its mechanical properties. Cross-sections of the wood samples were also microscopically tested. The results are discussed in terms of two basic mechanisms of sound absorption—the flow resistance and mechanical hysterisis. The results show that sound absorption measurements have potential both as a non-destructive test and for the evaluation of the mechanical properties of woods.     

Anatomical descriptions of silicified woods from Madagascar and Indonesia by scanning electron microscopy

Fine structure and tissue substitution by minerals were investigated in silicified woods from Madagascar and Indonesia by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. The silicified woods maintained the exterior morphology of once grown trees and showed typical inner structures of conifers. Radial planes of the silicified wood from Madagascar revealed tracheids as a major component of the axial system in the secondary xylem. Tracheids were mainly characterized by numerous bordered pits where a thickening in the middle (torus) was surrounded with the membrane (margo). The torus appeared to contrast with the fibrillar network of the margo. As a component of the axial system in the secondary phloem, sieve elements were found to have many sieve pores that were filled with seemingly crystalline materials. To correlate the colors of the silicified wood from Indonesia with elemental composition, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry was employed in this study. Silicon was present as a basic component of the silicified wood. Calcium and iron were detected from red-colored regions, whereas magnesium was found in blue-colored regions. These results suggest that tissues of silicified woods had been substituted by minerals over the past period, while retaining the inherent morphology of the tree species. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis could be applied to unravel structural details and composition of plant fossils in palaeobotany.