脉冲气体放电管特性测量实验

用TDS210型存贮示波器测量了脉冲气体放电管(闪光灯)的放电特性，同时用PIN型硅光电池测量脉冲光的波形，测量了它们之间的延迟，并计算了脉冲气体放电管的动态电阻，讨论了放电过程从触发到结束的物理图象．     

Limiting operating pressure in a plasma source of electrons with hollow-cathode discharge

Results of an experimental study of the correlation between the accelerating gap parameters in a plasma source of electrons and the limiting magnitudes of the gas pressure and the voltage applied to the gap are presented. It has been found that the electron beam increases the electrical strength of the gap.     

Formation of a high-current pulsed gas discharge as a source ofhighly concentrated energy flux to treat metal surfaces

The properties of a novel, pulsed, high-current gas discharge with minimized energy losses are investigated. The discharge provides a highly concentrated energy flux that can be used to treat metal surfaces and to form thin surface layers with desirable properties. A theoretical treatment of the formation of the discharge is presented, and the limitations on its voltage and interelectrode separation length are considered. Experiments are carried out to test the theoretical predictions of the discharge parameters. The experimental results show that more than 80% of the energy input to the discharge from the power supply is delivered to the metal surface     

On the initial stage of a subnanosecond pulsed breakdown of high-pressure gas discharge gaps

The model of background electron multiplication is used for deriving the time dependence of ionization, which correctly describes experiments on initiation of a homogeneous high-voltage subnanosecond pulsed breakdown under a gas pressure on the order of ten atmospheres in a discharge gap ～1 mm.     

High-voltage pulsed discharge in an electron source with a plasma cathode

The nature of and mechanism for producing a high-voltage discharge in an electron source with a plasma cathode are investigated. The possibility of generating pulsed electron currents with an amplitude of 10³–10⁴ A and a length of 10^–6 sec is considered.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 117–121, October, 1973.The authors thank B. M. Koval'chuk for help in developing the experimental arrangement and G. A. Mesyates for constant attention to the work and discussion of the results.     

气体放电中纳秒脉冲波形的实验研究

在利用示波器测试交流电弧发生器的一级放电回路的振荡波形时,在主振荡波形中观测到纳秒脉冲振荡波形.针对纳秒脉冲振荡波形进行了实验研究和初步的理论分析,所采用的实验方法能够为气体放电的纳秒脉冲研究提供一种新的实验依据.     

Control of a pulsed arc discharge for effective heating of a gas

The need to control a high-current pulsed arc with the aim of raising the efficiency of current-induced heating of a gas is theoretically substantiated. A computational formula for the length of the discharge gap in devices where a pulsed arc is initiated in a gas is derived. The effect of arc voltage control on the current dynamics and variation of the voltage across the gap is studied experimentally. It is shown how pulsed arc control influences the propagation rate of the leading edge of a discharge jet generated in a pulsed plasma jet former.     

A source of UV radiation based on pulsed discharge in a Xe-NaCl mixture

The design and operation parameters of an excimer lamp on a Xe-NaCl mixture are described. The emission spectrum of the lamp and its temporal characteristics are described. The XeCl excimer band at 308 nm dominates in the spectrum. The spectral distribution of energy within the band and its dependence on the experimental conditions are studied. The mechanism of excitation of the upper state of the excimer molecule is discussed.     

Spectrum of fast electrons in a dense gas in the presence of a nonuniform pulsed field

The problems of gas preionization in discharges related to laser physics are considered. The propagation of fast electrons injected from the cathode in the presence of a nonuniform nonstationary field and the motion of multiplying electrons at the edge of the avalanche in the presence of a nonuniform nonstationary field are simulated. The effect of the voltage pulse steepness and the field nonuniformity on the mean propagation velocity of fast electrons and their energy distribution is demonstrated. At certain combinations of the voltage pulse rise time and amplitude and at a certain time interval, the center of gravity of the electron cloud can move in the opposite direction relative to the direction of force acting upon electrons. It is also demonstrated that the number of hard particles (and, hence, the hard component of the x-ray bremsstrahlung) increases with both an increase in the voltage amplitude and a decrease in the pulse rise time. For nonoptimal conditions of the picosecond voltage pulse, an assumption is formulated: an electron beam in gas is formed due to the electrons at the edge of the avalanche rather than the background multiplication wave approaching the anode.     

On the Cd III spectrum in a pulsed helium discharge

On the basis of the spectral line intensity relaxation during the plasma decay, fifty six spectral lines between 219 nm and 330 nm in the cadmium (Cd) spectrum were identified as Cd III (doubly ionized) or Cd IV (triply ionized) lines. The measured Stark widths of twelve, the most intense spectral lines around 315±15 nm with well defined profiles, are presented. Investigated spectral lines originate from the high lying energy levels, not classified up to now. A linear low-pressure pulsed arc was used as an optically thin plasma source. A pulsed discharge was produced in a pyrex discharge tube. Helium was chosen as the carrier gas. The cadmium atoms were sputtered from the thin cadmium cylindrical plates located in the homogeneous axial part of the discharge tube. The helium plasma was operated at electron temperatures up to 19 000 K and 1.1 × 10²³ m^-3 electron density. The stepwise ionization processes via the high lying singly ionized (Cd II) energy levels, populated well due to the Penning and charge exchange effects, provide high density of the Cd III (and Cd IV) ions in our helium plasma. The temporal evolutions of the spectral line intensities were monitored using a spectrograph and an ICCD camera as a highly sensitive detection system.     

Generation of high-energy electrons in a transverse slot-cathode nanosecond discharge at working gas medium pressures

Experimental data for the electrical and optical characteristics of a transverse slot-cathode nanosecond discharge are reported. The discharge is initiated in He at a discharge current of 1–500 A and a working gas pressure in a discharge chamber ranging from 10² to 10⁴ Pa. It is shown that the cathode current density is much (several orders of magnitude) higher than the total current density of an equivalent abnormal discharge. The electrical characteristics of an open discharge and a discharge confined by dielectric walls are found to differ considerably. Electrons passing through the cathode fall region acquire a high energy (on the order of 1 keV) under the given conditions. The fast electron relaxation conditions correlate with the initiation and evolution of the discharge. A pattern of the discharge evolution is derived from experimental data. A way of estimating the coefficient of electron emission from the cathode plasma is suggested.     

On the mechanism of the runaway of electrons in a gas: The upper branch of the self-sustained discharge ignition curve

Based on the results of simulation by the method of particles, it is shown that the Townsend mechanism of electron multiplication in a gas at a sufficiently large electrode spacing is valid at least up to such large values of E/p at which relativistic electrons are generated. On the other hand, the phenomenon of electron runaway in a gas is determined by the electrode spacing, which must be either comparable with or smaller than the characteristic electron multiplication length, rather than the local criteria accepted presently. It is shown that, for a particular gas, the critical voltage across the electrodes at which the runaway electrons comprise a significant fraction is a universal function of the product of the electrode spacing by the gas pressure. This function also determines the condition of self-sustained discharge ignition. It not only incorporates the known Paschen curve but also additionally contains the upper branch, which describes the absence of a self-sustained discharge at a high voltage sufficiently rapidly supplied across the electrodes.     

On the dynamics of a pulsed high-current discharge in a dense gas: Criteria for characterization of the plasma expansion modes

Criteria for discrimination between the free and pinch modes of the expansion of pulsed high-current discharges in dense gases are determined on the basis of real experiments and literature data analysis.     

Industrial-scale experiments of desulfuration of coal flue gas using a pulsed corona discharge plasma

The flow rate of flue gas in the industrial experiments was 3000 Nm/sup 3//h. The flue gas from the boiler burning coal was used. The influences of operating parameters on the efficiency of desulfuration (DeSO/sub 2/) were studied, which include the retention period of flue gas in the reactor, the initial concentration of SO/sub 2/ in flue gas, a mole ratio of NH/sub 3/ to SO/sub 2/ in the gas, the temperature of the gas, as well as the power consumption of pulsed corona discharges. The experimental results shown that the efficiency of DeSO/sub 2/ was above 80%, when the initial concentration of SO/sub 2/ was 1000 /spl sim/ 2000 ppm, the gas temperature was 60 /spl deg/C /spl sim/ 75 /spl deg/C, the retention period was more than 5.8 s, a mole ratio of NH/sub 3/ to SO/sub 2/ was 2 : 1, the water content in flue gas was above 6%, and he consumption was 2.5 /spl sim/ 3.5 Wh/Nm/sup 3/.     

Decrease in the static electric gas breakdown voltage in the presence of free electrons in a discharge gap

The dependence of the gas breakdown voltage U _B on the anode-cathode spacing d, pressure p, and other gas characteristics in the presence of a steady external ionizer in the discharge gap was determined within the avalanche discharge theory. The case was considered where the spatial charge created by the external ionizer did not distort the electric field in the discharge gap. In the absence of external ionizer the obtained dependence comes down to the well-known expression for the gas breakdown voltage (the Paschen law).     

Emission characteristics of a pulsed discharge in xenon

Emission characteristics of a high-current pulsed discharge in xenon are studied experimentally. The study is aimed at developing a source of spontaneous UV radiation (with λ ≤ 250 nm) for controlling highvoltage crystalline diamond switches.     

Dynamics of electron-cascade formation in a pulsed discharge

The dynamics of the velocity distribution function of the electrons in a pulsed discharge is analyzed, taking account of the initial stage of electron heating within the framework of the BGK model integral. It is assumed that the basic contribution to the relaxation of the electron distribution function comes from elastic collisions with neutral particles. The dynamic distribution function obtained is used to determine the ionization coefficient and study the dynamics of electron-cascade development.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 5, pp. 70–75, May, 1984.In conclusion, Prof. V. B. Krasovitskit must be thanked for fruitful discussion and constant interest in the work.