Contaminant concentration in environmental samples using LIBS and CF-LIBS

The present paper deals with the detection and quantification of toxic heavy metals like Cd, Co, Pb, Zn, Cr, etc. in environmental samples by using the technique of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and calibration-free LIBS (CF-LIBS). A MATLAB^TM program has been developed based on the CF-LIBS algorithm given by earlier workers and concentrations of pollutants present in industrial area soil have been determined. LIBS spectra of a number of certified reference soil samples with varying concentrations of toxic elements (Cd, Zn) have been recorded to obtain calibration curves. The concentrations of Cd and Zn in soil samples from the Jajmau area, Kanpur (India) have been determined by using these calibration curves and also by the CF-LIBS approach. Our results clearly demonstrate that the combination of LIBS and CF-LIBS is very useful for the study of pollutants in the environment. Some of the results have also been found to be in good agreement with those of ICP-OES.     

Organic compounds removal in soil in a seven-needle-to-net pulsed discharge plasma system

A pulsed discharge plasma (PDP) system (a seven-needle-to-net electrode geometry) was built to degrade pyrene and p-nitrophenol in soil. Pulse discharge time, contents of the pollutants in the soil, the initial pH value of the soil, Kaolin and Cr⁶⁺ addition on removal of pollutants was investigated. The obtained results show that 60 min was the better treatment time; removal of organic compounds decreased with the increase of the contents; removal of pyrene was higher at neutral pH condition, while p-nitrophenol has more oxidation in the basic soil; Kaolin and Cr⁶⁺ addition has positive effect on the organic compounds degradation.     

不同土壤物理性质下石油类污染物LIF发射特征研究

利用激光诱导荧光技术可对土壤中石油类污染物快速检测,不同土壤物理性质下,污染物荧光发射特征具有一定差异。为实现外场检测时快速制备合适的土壤样品,实验研究了土壤疏松度、颗粒度、湿度与土壤中石油类污染物荧光强度及光谱稳定性之间的关系。压片机压强大于2 MPa时土壤样品荧光光谱的稳定性较好,九种不同疏松度的土壤样品荧光强度的相对标准偏差为3.51%。不同粒径的机油土壤样品荧光强度差异较小,其中100目土壤样品的荧光光谱RSD值为2.25%。结果表明,土壤样品表面呈平整洁净时,所得样品荧光光谱的稳定性较好,土壤疏松度和颗粒度对荧光光谱的影响较小。湿度对土壤样品荧光发射的影响较大,当土壤湿度低于10%,荧光强度变化较小;湿度范围大于10%时,荧光强度变化较大。为利用LIF技术对外场土壤中石油类污染物检测时,快速有效制备土壤样品及准确测量提供参考。     

差分吸收光谱法测量大气污染的浓度反演方法研究

介绍了差分光学吸收光谱法(DOAS)测量大气污染气体浓度的基本原理,描述了对测量光谱所作的一些必要处理,对最小二乘法作了简单介绍,并将它用在DOAS方法中的浓度反演中,通过与当地监测站的数据进行对比,证明了最小二乘法非常适用于DOAS方法中的浓度反演. 关键词： 差分光学吸收光谱法 光谱处理 最小二乘法 环境监测     

二维相关谱在环境科学中的应用与展望

近年来,随着世界经济的快速发展,大量有害物质排放到环境中,全球环境问题日益严重。光谱检测分析技术由于其快速、便捷、可实现实时现场原位分析检测的特点,已经广泛的应用于水质、大气和土壤环境的检测分析。环境系统是一个开放复杂的体系,容易受到很多因素的影响,常规一维光谱技术难以从复杂的环境体系中提取感兴趣组分的特征信息。二维相关谱技术表征的是随特定外扰变化的信息,不仅能提取复杂环境中微弱的、被覆盖的特征光谱信息,而且还可以提供这些特征信息之间的关系。在综述二维相关谱技术近些年新发展的基础上,详细介绍了该技术在水、土壤和空气环境分析中的应用,其中包括水中农药残留、水中有机污染物定性定量分析、海洋黏液物质和海洋泡沫的形成机理;土壤中有机污染物定量分析、土壤污染物修复吸附机理;大气中气溶胶形成机理,污染气体定性定量分析。最后,详细介绍了二维相关谱在环境中有机质分子特性及与其他金属离子相互作用机理研究中的应用,指出二维相关谱在环境科学领域研究中具有广阔的应用前景。     

基于迭代逼近算法的土壤中机油和柴油混合物荧光信号重叠特性研究（英文）

随着我国经济的迅速发展,石油制品需求量与日俱增,伴随着工农业生产活动,大量石油制品进入土壤,造成严重的土壤石油污染。土壤中的石油污染物会对植物生长产生危害,并通过食物链威胁人类健康,因此需对土壤中的石油污染物进行现场、快速检测。激光诱导荧光技术(Laser-Induced fluorescence, LIF)具有检测速度快、灵敏度高、可现场检测等优点,但在检测土壤中有机污染物时,面临着荧光光谱重叠严重等问题。为了研究土壤中机油和柴油混合物荧光信号的重叠特性,制备了10种含有不同浓度机油、柴油混合物的土壤样品。通过搭建LIF实验系统,获取不同混合浓度的机油和柴油的荧光光谱,对油类荧光光谱进行了最大值归一化处理,建立土壤中机油、柴油混合光谱的反演关系,以最小残差平方和为指标,使用迭代逼近算法计算出土壤荧光光谱中柴油和机油样品的荧光贡献率。分别使用了全谱法和截取特征光谱两种方法计算机油和柴油的荧光贡献率。全谱法是在混合油样的全波段光谱(200~600 nm)范围进行迭代逼近,截取特征光谱方法是在截取油样光谱(330~460 nm)段进行迭代逼近。(330~460 nm)范围内包含了混合油样的所有光谱特征。用计算出的机油的荧光贡献率与机油样品浓度做线性拟合时发现,截取特征光谱法的拟合系数R为0.989,优于全谱法的0.923。分别用全谱法、截取特征光谱法计算出的荧光贡献率以及归一化机油、柴油光谱合成混合油归一化光谱,与实际归一化混合光谱比较,截取特征光谱法计算的平均相对误差为3.38%,优于全谱的8.79%,其原因是全谱法比截取特征光谱法引入了更多的噪声信号,所以在计算油类荧光贡献率时产生了较大的误差。选取机油和柴油归一化光谱上300, 350, 400, 450和500 nm等5个位置的荧光强度与归一化混合油光谱做多元线性回归拟合,计算出平均相对误差为10.31%。结果表明截取特征光谱方法优于多元线性回归方法;土壤中机油和柴油的荧光贡献率与自身的浓度之间成良好的线性关系,说明在土壤中机油和柴油混合后各自的化学性质保持稳定,在土壤中的荧光信号重叠特性是线性叠加的。这种这种方法同样可以用于其他石油类混合物的解离。通过该研究提高了LIF技术在土壤中石油烃类污染物定性与定量检测的准确性。为土壤中石油烃现场快速检测提供了方法支撑。     

地下土壤渗滤系统中溶解性有机物组成及变化规律研究

研究采用直径为30 cm,高200 cm的土柱模拟地下土壤渗滤系统,在水力负荷为4 cm·d-1的运行条件下,综合利用三维荧光光谱技术(3D-EEM)及区域一体化(FRI)分析法研究取自地下土壤渗滤系统中不同深度处的溶解性有机物的组成及结构变化规律发现：(1)不同深度处的溶解性有机物(DOM)组成不同,进水及0.50 m处的DOM主要由类蛋白质组成,而其余DOM中占主导地位的物质是类腐殖酸。(2)在有机污染物降解的过程中,DOM稳定性逐渐增强,而且在此过程中部分难降解有机物可以被去除。(3)增加地下土壤渗滤系统的深度不仅可以有效降低有机污染物浓度,而且可以提高出水DOM的稳定性。     

激光烧蚀-快脉冲放电等离子体光谱技术分析土壤中的Sn

采用一种新发展中的激光烧蚀-快脉冲放电等离子体光谱技术首次检测土壤中Sn元素的浓度.与传统的激光诱导击穿光谱技术相比,采用激光烧蚀-快脉冲放电等离子体光谱技术所产生的Sn(284.0 nm)元素辐射光谱强度有很大提高,并应用该技术获得了土壤中Sn元素的校准曲线,使土壤中Sn元素检测极限降低到0.16 μg·g-1.与各...     

基于二维相关荧光谱土壤中PAHs检测方法研究

传统荧光光谱技术已被用于土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的检测,但由于土壤体系的复杂性、PAHs污染物的多样化和微量化,传统的荧光光谱技术无法有效提取土壤中PAHs的特征信息。为了解决上述问题,提出并建立一种基于二维相关荧光谱土壤中多环芳烃的检测方法。以土壤中典型的多环芳烃蒽和菲为研究对象,配置38个蒽菲混合标准土壤样品(蒽和菲的浓度范围均为0.000 5～0.01 g·g-1),在激发波长265～340 nm,发射波长350～500 nm范围内采集了所有样品的三维荧光谱。以激发波长为外扰,对外扰变化的动态一维荧光谱进行相关计算,得到每一样品的同步二维相关荧光谱。研究了浓度均为0.005 g·g-1蒽菲混合土壤样品的三维荧光谱和同步二维相关荧光谱特性,在同步谱主对角线398,419,444和484 nm处存在自相关峰,其中,398和484 nm荧光峰来自土壤中的菲,419和444 nm荧光峰来自土壤中的蒽;在主对角线外侧,蒽和菲两组荧光峰之间存在负的交叉峰,进一步验证了其来源不同;同时,在(408,434) nm和(434,467) nm处出现交叉峰,其中408和434 nm荧光峰来自土壤中的菲,467 nm荧光峰来自土壤中的蒽。指出与三维荧光谱表征的信息相比,二维相关荧光谱不仅能提取更多的特征信息(408和467 nm的特征峰在三维荧光谱中未被表征),而且还能提供荧光峰之间的相互关系,对其来源进行有效解析。在上述研究二维相关荧光谱特性的基础上,基于同步相关谱矩阵(38×151×151)建立了定量分析土壤中蒽和菲污染物浓度的多维偏最小二乘(N-PLS)模型,对蒽的校正和预测相关系数分别为0.986和0.985,校正均方根误差(RMSEC)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为4.33×10-4和5.55×10-4 g·g-1;对菲的校正和预测相关系数分别为0.981和0.984,RMSEC和RMSEP分别为5.20×10-4和4.80×10-4 g·g-1。为了比较,基于三维荧光光谱矩阵(38×16×151)建立了定量了分析土壤中蒽和菲的N-PLS模型,对蒽的校正和预测相关系数分别为0.981和0.972,RMSEC和RMSEP分别为5.09×10-4和6.74×10-4 g·g-1;对菲的校正和预测相关系数分别为0.957和0.956,RMSEC和RMSEP分别为7.36×10-4和7.77×10-4 g·g-1。指出,对于土壤中的蒽和菲检测,基于二维相关荧光谱的N-PLS模型的相关系数r,RMSEC和RMSEP都要优于基于三维荧光谱的N-PLS模型。研究结果表明：所提出和建立的方法-二维相关荧光谱直接检测土壤中PAHs污染物不仅可行,而且能提供更好的分析结果。该研究为激光诱导荧光结合相关谱技术现场直接检测土壤中多环芳烃污染物提供了理论和实验基础,具有较好的应用前景。     

Characterization of Greenhouse Soil Properties Using Mid-infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT

Evaluation of soil fertility is required for the sustainable production in greenhouses; however, routine agrochemical analytical methods are not practical since most of them are too time consuming and costly. In this study, Fourier transform midinfrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) was applied as an alternative technique in the fast characterization of greenhouse soils. Nine source clays and 235 soil samples were obtained from different greenhouses in China, and their counterpart open-field soils were also sampled for comparison. The FTIR-PAS spectra of soil clays and soils were recorded with the wave-number range of 600–4000 cm^?1, and clear differences were observed among the spectra; soil organic matter (SOM) and soil clay played the main role in the spectral absorption. Partial least square regression (PLSR) models coupled to optimized spectral pretreatment were used to predict greenhouse soil properties, and FTIR-PAS spectra were closely related to SOM (R² = 0.94) and soil total nitrogen (R² = 0.90). For the other soil properties—such as pH, EC, water extractable P, K, Fe, and Cu—the calibration results were excellent or acceptable. These results suggested that FTIR-PAS could be used to determine most of greenhouse soil properties. Since the technique of FTIR-PAS is rapid and inexpensive, and it requires no sample pretreatment and little sample mass, it can be used in fast characterization of greenhouse soil and is a promising method for the management of greenhouse soil.     

Determination of radon concentration in soil gas by gamma-ray spectrometry of olive oil

Measurements of radon concentration in soil gas have been carried out using a bubbling system in which the soil gas is drawn through an active pumping to bubble a liquid absorber (olive oil) for the deposition of the soil gas in it. After the bubbling process, the absorber is then taken for gamma-ray measurements. Gamma-ray photopeaks from the ²¹⁴Pb and the ²¹⁴Bi radon progeny are considered for the detection of the ²²²Rn gas to study the concentration levels for radon soil gas. Results for some field measurements were obtained and compared with results obtained using AlphaGuard radon gas monitor. The technique provides a possible approach for the measurements of radon soil gas with gamma-ray spectrometry.     

CTV Based Sensor for the Detection of Ni2+ Ions With Real Sample Analysis Based on Mechanism of Fluorescence Along with Computational Insights

Identification and detection of harmful contaminants such as nickel and other materials from soil and water is critical necessity at the present moment. So with this motive to detect and identify harmful pollutants, a novel cyclotriveratrylene based derivative was prepared for the detection and binding of harmful pollutants which had the properties of fluorescence. The newly derivative of Cyclotriveratrylene was found to be highly sensitive and selective towards Ni²⁺ ions. The complexation behaviour of this newly synthesised molecule was studied in presence of transition elements. Also computational methods such as docking, molecular modelling and DFT were used to study the molecular orbitals and energies of CTG-NBEP. The detection of Ni²⁺ from water samples were also carried out successfully.

     

Comparison of energy consumptions between ultrasonic, mechanical, and combined soil washing processes

Vigorous physical effects including micro-jet and micro-streaming can be induced in heterogeneous systems by acoustic cavitation. This can be useful for the removal of pollutants from contaminated soil particles. In this study, the diesel removal efficiencies in ultrasonic, mechanical, and combined soil washing processes have been compared considering the electrical energy consumptions for these processes. The combined process showed synergistic effects for both removal efficiency and effective volume also has the advantage of a short operation time compared to the sequential processes. Thus the ultrasonic soil washing process with mechanical mixing is considered a promising technology for industrial use.     

Collisional Deactivation of Laser Induced Ethylene Fluorescence Lifetime of Vibrationally Excited Ethylene in Air at Atmospheric Pressure

Laser induced infrared fluorescence^1,2 is a potential method for the remote detection of atmospheric pollutants.^3,4 In evaluating this technique as a quantitative analytical tool, two important parameters are (a) the lifetimes of the excited species and (b) the quenching efficiencies of various molecules which would be expected to be in the atmosphere and which may collide with the excited species. Such quenching would lead to low fluorescence intensity and low analytical data. We have measured the quenching of the fluorescence of ethylene, which is a common hydrocarbon pollutant, by nitrogen, nitrogen saturated with water vapor, and air.     

Large scale environmental applications of high power ultrasound

In the present work, the use of high power ultrasound as a process tool for the removal of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from soil and the treatment of bauxite red mud waste from the Bayer process is discussed. Laboratory scale experiments have confirmed that the application of high power ultrasound to slurries of contaminated soil and of bauxite ore can treat two major environmental problems cost-effectively. Destruction rates of POPs in soil of 90% and higher have been achieved whereas 85% iron oxide has been extracted from red mud waste leaving a low-iron fraction of approximately 50% by weight which is more environmentally friendly.A 4 × 4 kW pilot plant capable of treating 2.5 tonnes of slurry per day has been commissioned to provide more accurate estimates of power and energy requirements to allow scale-up to industrial use.     

Environmental Applications of Excitation-Emission Spectrofluorimetry: An In-Depth Review II

Abstract: This part is devoted to the environmental applications of excitation-emission spectrofluorimetry (EES): Characterization of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in drinking waters, rivers, fog waters, lakes, oceans, leachates, wastewaters, sluge, bioreactor membrane foulants, and soils; characterization of extracellular polymeric substances in sludges; study of interactions between CDOM and organic pollutants in soils; and quantification of organic pollutants in waters and soils. This part includes the pretreatment of samples, and the environmental applications of the technique are discussed, including its application to bioremediation of wastewaters.

More than 200 references (focusing mainly on the last 10 years) from all kinds of journals (environment, analytical chemistry, biotechnology) have been carefully revised and included in this part of the article.     

利用差分吸收光谱法测量亚硝酸和反演气溶胶参数

利用差分光学吸收光谱仪(DOAS)进行亚硝酸(HONO)气体的测量并同时在固定的波长范围内(3 07—380 nm)反演气溶胶参数包括气溶胶的平均直径、总个数和总比表面积等. 实验结果表 明利用自测的NO₂标准吸收截面可以更加准确地拟合HONO的浓度，同时在较短的 波长范围内能准确反演气溶胶参数. 关键词： 差分光学吸收光谱(DOAS) 亚硝酸 气溶胶参数     

Modeling the bioconcentration factors and bioaccumulation factors of polychlorinated biphenyls with posetic quantitative super-structure/activity relationships (QSSAR)

Summary During bioconcentration, chemical pollutants from water are absorbed by aquatic animals via the skin or a respiratory surface, while the entry routes of chemicals during bioaccumulation are both directly from the environment (skin or a respiratory surface) and indirectly from food. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) and the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for a particular chemical compound are defined as the ratio of the concentration of a chemical inside an organism to the concentration in the surrounding environment. Because the experimental determination of BAF and BCF is time-consuming and expensive, it is efficacious to develop models to provide reliable activity predictions for a large number of chemical compounds. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) released from industrial activities are persistent pollutants of the environment that produce widespread contamination of water and soil. PCBs can bioaccumulate in the food chain, constituting a potential source of exposure for the general population. To predict the bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors for PCBs we make use of the biphenyl substitution-reaction network for the sequential substitution of H-atoms by Cl-atoms. Each PCB structure then occurs as a node of this reaction network, which is some sort of super-structure, turning out mathematically to be a partially ordered set (poset). Rather than dealing with the molecular structure via ordinary QSAR we use only this poset, making different quantitative super-structure/activity relationships (QSSAR). Thence we developed cluster expansion and splinoid QSSARs for PCB bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors. The predictive ability of the BAF and BCF models generated for 20 data sets (representing different conditions and fish species) was evaluated with the leave-one-out cross-validation, which shows that the splinoid QSSAR (r between 0.903 and 0.935) are better than models computed with the cluster expansion (r between 0.745 and 0.887). The splinoid QSSAR models for BAF and BCF yield predictions for the missing PCBs in the investigated data sets.     

激光诱导荧光快速直接检测土壤中多环芳烃污染物的可行性研究

提出了快速直接对土壤中多环芳烃污染物进行荧光检测的方法——激光诱导荧光光谱技术,以多环芳烃蒽为研究对象,实验验证了激光诱导荧光光谱技术快速检测土壤中蒽污染物的可行性.采用AvaSpec-2048TEC型热电制冷式光纤光谱仪对土壤中的蒽进行直接测量,研究结果表明:当土壤中蒽浓度在一定范围内(0.000 005～0.001...