Pure-shear Failure of Thin Films by Laser-induced Shear Waves

The measurement of mode-dependent thin film interfacial properties is important in evaluating the quality of the interfaces between thin films and substrates. Previous work has proved that tensile and mixed-mode strength of a thin film/substrate interface can be evaluated using a laser-induced thin film spallation technique. To further examine the application regime of this technique and identify the individual roles of the tensile and shear stress in the resulting interfacial failure, a special sample design is adopted in the current work to realize pure-shear loading at the thin film/substrate interface. Our result demonstrates that for sufficiently high stress amplitude, interfacial failure can be induced solely by the in-plane shear stress and the stress can be quantitatively determined from optical interferometric measurements. Together with the previous tensile and mixed-mode studies, a complete picture of the mode-dependent thin film interfacial strength can now be reliably determined using the laser-induced thin film spallation techniques.     

Biaxial testing of composite tubes

The development of a tubular test specimen for the characterization of advanced composite-material lamina and laminate mechanical properties is presented. The specimen design and supporting analyses are given for a practical tubular specimen that minimizes end effects. Test results for simplified loading conditions are shown to be in good agreement with values obtained in other tests. Failure strains in laminates are higher than those obtained in comparable flat-coupon tests. The results obtained indicate that the specimen and apparatus are useful for obtaining response properties and failure values under general in-plane loading.     

Failure of spot welds under in-plane static loading

Under in-plane loading conditions, two independent modes contribute to the failure of a spot weld: the in-plane shear mode and the in-plane rotational mode. In this work, the failures of both modes under large static load are examined individually. To study the combined failure of these two modes, two special test coupons are designed. The first coupon contains one spot weld. The second coupon contains five spot welds. Tests conducted in this work show that a very simple force-based failure criterion can be used to predict the failure of a spot weld under large in-plane combined static loads. Current multiaxial failure theory cannot explain this combined failure. This force-based spot weld failure criterion fits current automotive industry needs for body shell finite element application very well.     

Nonlinear analysis of a composite panel with a cutout repaired by a bonded tapered composite patch

This study presents a solution method to analyze the geometrically nonlinear response of a patch-repaired flat panel (skin) with a cutout under general loading conditions. The effect of induced stiffening due to tensile loading on the in-plane and, particularly, the out-of-plane behaviors of the patch-repaired skin are investigated. The damage to the skin is represented in the form of a cutout under the patch. The patch with tapered edges is free of external tractions. The skin is subjected to general boundary and loading conditions along its external edge. The solution method provides the transverse shear and normal stresses in the adhesive between the skin and the patch, and in-plane and bending stresses in the patch and skin. Both the patch and skin are made of linearly elastic composite laminates, and the adhesive between them is homogeneous and isotropic, exhibiting a bi-linear elastic behavior. Modified Green’s strain–displacement relations in conjunction with von Karman assumptions are employed in determining the in-plane strains in the skin and patch; however, the transverse shear strains in the adhesive are determined based on the shear-lag theory. The present solution method utilizes the principle of virtual work in conjunction with complex potential functions.     

High Temperature Shear Strength of T650-35/HFPE-II-52 Polyimide Matrix Unidirectional Composite

The shear strength of a 4-ply unidirectional composite laminate consisting of carbon fibers (T650-35) and a polyimide matrix (HFPE-II-52) was measured over a temperature range of 25 to 315°C. The tests were performed using a Iosipescu test sample, modified to provide a more uniform shear stress distribution across the gauge section and loaded with an Arcan type test fixture. The test specimen design is based on the results of an extensive finite element study. Shear strength tests were performed on dry, 50% RH and 100% RH moisture saturated samples. Results of the experiment show that shear strength decreases from approximately 120 MPa at 25°C to 60 MPa at 315°C and that moisture saturated samples have a 5–10 MPa lower shear strength than dry samples.     

Anisotropic Hardening of Sheet Metals at Elevated Temperature: Tension-Compressions Test Development and Validation

New test equipment has been developed to measure the in-plane cyclic behavior of sheet metals at elevated temperatures. The tester has clamping dies with adjustable side force to prevent the sheet specimens from buckling during compressive loading. In addition to the room temperature experiment, cartridge type heaters are inserted in the clamping dies so that the specimen can be heated up to 400 °C during the cyclic tests. For the strain measurement, a non-contact type laser extensometer is used. In order to validate the newly developed test device, the tension-compression (and compression-tension) tests under pre-strains and various temperatures have been performed. As model materials, the aluminum alloy sheet which exhibits a large Bauschinger effect and the magnesium alloy sheet which exhibits different amounts of asymmetry under cyclic loading are used. The developed device can be well-suited to measure the cyclic material behavior, especially the anisotropic and asymmetric hardening of light-weight materials.     

循环剪切荷载作用下软土的力学性状研究

利用从现场取得的原状土样,通过室内动三轴试验对循环荷载作用下的变形、孔压和强度特性进行研究。试验研究主要考虑了周围固结压力、循环剪切应力比、荷载频率和循环次数等因素的影响。研究表明,在循环荷载作用下,孔隙水压力和轴向应变均是一个波动上升的过程。当循环应力比增大时,动孔隙水压力变化幅值显著增加,而残余孔压也较大。同时,孔隙水压力值也随着周围压力的增大而明显增大。当作用荷载频率比较大时,需要更多的循环次数才能达到小频率作用荷载能达到的孔隙水压力值。但是,随着循环荷载作用次数的增加,频率对孔隙水压力的影响有减小的趋势。     

开孔平板的剪切稳定性实验

对四边简支和四周边受均匀剪切力的矩形薄平板的屈曲失稳,作了实验分析及数值计算.用作者所设计的剪切试验装置,对一组开孔及开孔后加强的薄平板进行了剪切稳定性试验,求得薄平板失稳时的载荷——挠度曲线及失稳波形,由曲线上拐点来确定平板失稳临界载荷,并将实验结果与有限元数值计算结果作了比较.     

Cyclic torsional shear loading test for an unsaturated, hollowed specimen using Bangkok clayey soil

Cyclic torsional shear loading was applied to simulate the loading characteristics which take place particularly during quick turning operations of a tractor in the field. Indoor experimental tests using a cyclic torsional shear loading method were conducted to clarify the dynamic behavior of Bangkok clayey soil. Since most agricultural soils in the field are normally unsaturated, this test method was used to better match field conditions. The dynamic behavior of our test soil was observed in conjunction with various factors including stress, strain, loading frequency, bulk density, moisture content, and number of loading cycles. Some related results were also obtained under static loading using a triaxial test method.     

Shear crack propagation in the residual stress field

The problem of propagation of a longitudinal shear crack in a medium with a random field of internal stresses is considered and solved with the use of the theory of quasi-brittle failure. Local criterion of crack propagation under cyclic loading is derived, and its application as a model of fatigue crack propagation is investigated.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 117–119, May–June, 1970.     

Properties degradation induced by transverse cracks in general symmetric laminates

This paper presents the details of a methodology for predicting the thermoelastic properties degradation in general symmetric laminates with uniform ply cracks in some or all of the 90° layers. First, a stress transfer method is derived by using the concept of state space equation. The laminate can be subjected to any combination of in-plane biaxial and shear loading, and the uniform thermal loading is also taken into account. The method takes into account all independent material constants and guarantees continuous fields of all interlaminar stresses across interfaces between material layers. By this method, a laminate may be composed of an arbitrary number of monoclinic layers and each layer may have different material property and thickness. Second, the concept of the effective thermoelastic properties of a cracked laminate is introduced. Based on the numerical solutions of specially designed loading cases, the effective thermoelastic constants of a cracked laminate can be obtained. Finally, the applications of the methodology are shown by numerical examples and compared with numerical results from other models and experiment data in the literature. It is found that the theory provides good predictions of the thermoelastic properties degradation in general symmetric laminates.     

循环荷载下岩石阻尼行为的试验研究

为了深入地了解岩石的阻尼特性,利用WDT–1500多功能材料试验机,对砂岩、砾岩和砂砾岩进行了循环荷载试验,研究了岩石的动剪切模量和阻尼参数对应力、应变幅值和应力水平的响应特性,得到了动弹性模量和阻尼参数随应力幅值、应力水平及含水率的变化规律,讨论了其变化机理。证实了双曲线关系能够描述分级循环荷载作用下岩石的应力-应变关系,得到了动剪切模量和阻尼比与动应力、动应变之间的关系,建立了不同应力水平和不同应力幅值条件下岩石的动剪切模量与阻尼比关系模型,结果表明该模型能够描述分级循环荷载过程中阻尼行为。     

Dynamic Experiments using Simultaneous Compression and Shear Loading

Material characterization at high strain rates under simultaneous compression and shear loading has been a challenge due to the differing normal and shear wave speeds. An experimental technique utilizing the compression Kolsky bar apparatus was developed to apply dynamic compression and shear loading on a specimen nearly simultaneously. Synchronization between the compression and shear loading was realized by generating the torsion wave near the specimen which minimizes the time difference between the arrival of the compression and torsion waves. This modified Kolsky bar makes it possible to characterize the dynamic response of a material to combined compression and shear impact loading. This method can also be applied to study dynamic friction behavior across an interface under controlled loading conditions. The feasibility of this method is demonstrated in the dynamic characterization of a simulant polymer bonded explosive material.     

A Novel Method for Dynamic Short-Beam Shear Testing of 3D Woven Composites

A new test method for performing dynamic short-beam shear tests using a momentum trapped Hopkinson pressure bar is proposed. Angle-interlock 3D woven composite specimens were tested under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions to determine the effect of loading rate on damage evolution. The equilibrium condition in the composite specimen under dynamic loads was verified using finite element analysis of the experiment. A high speed camera was used to capture delamination initiation and propagation during both quasi-static and dynamic experiments. Analysis of the load-deflection curves and the high speed images revealed a good correlation between the modes of damage initiation and propagation with the features in the loading response. The apparent inter-laminar shear strength and the bending stiffness increased with rate of loading. While the damage was observed to propagate at a relative steady rate during quasi-static loading, the high rate of energy input during dynamic loading resulted in a rapid propagation of damage and a subsequent loss of stiffness in the composite as noted in the load-deflection curve.     

Analysis of progressive fiber debonding in elastic laminates

The evolution of fiber debonding, and sliding, in fibrous laminates is modeled by a coupled micro/macro-mechanical analysis scheme. The laminates under consideration have a symmetric layup, and are subjected to mechanical loads. The individual plies are elastic, have a unidirectional reinforcement, and can suffer local damage at the fiber/matrix interface when the resolved normal and shear stresses exceed their ultimate magnitudes. The local fields in the plies are assumed to be periodic, and are approximated by the finite element method for overall loads and local resolved stresses that are in excess of the interface strength. Local effects in the individual plies are scaled up to the laminate analysis through stress transformation factors, which are a function of the elastic properties of the plies and their stacking configuration.The proposed analysis was implemented for a periodic array model of the laminas, and for in-plane loading of the laminate. The model predictions for a unidirectional steel/epoxy system subjected to transverse loading compare remarkably well with experimental measurements. This result, and several other examples given for axial and off-axis loading of SiC/CAS laminates, illustrate the model capabilities in predicting the overall strains in the presence of simultaneous, progressive debonding in the individual plies.     

FRACTIONAL ORDER MODELLING OF THE CUMULATIVE DEFORMATION OF GRANULAR SOILS UNDER CYCLIC LOADING

To model the cumulative deformation of granular soils under cyclic loading, a mathematical model was proposed. The power law connection between the shear strain and loading cycle was represented by using fractional derivative approach. The volumetric strain was characterized by a modified cyclic flow rule which considered the effect of particle breakage. All model parameters were obtained by the cyclic and static triaxial tests. Predictions of the test results were provided to validate the proposed model. Comparison with an existing cumulative model was also made to show the advantage of the proposed model.     

An experimental and numerical investigation of different shear test configurations for sheet metal characterization

Simple shear tests are widely used for material characterization especially for sheet metals to achieve large deformations without plastic instability. This work describes three different shear tests for sheet metals in order to enhance the knowledge of the material behavior under shear conditions. The test setups are different in terms of the specimen geometry and the fixtures. A shear test setup as proposed by Miyauchi, according to the ASTM standard sample, as well as an in-plane torsion test are compared in this study. A detailed analysis of the experimental strain distribution measured by digital image correlation is discussed for each test. Finite element simulations are carried out to evaluate the effect of specimen geometries on the stress distributions in the shear zones. The experimental macroscopic flow stress vs. strain behavior shows no significant influence of the specimen geometry when similar strain measurements and evaluation schemes are used. Minor differences in terms of the stress distribution in the shear zone can be detected in the numerical results. This work attempts to give a unique overview and a detailed study of the most commonly used shear tests for sheet metal characterization. It also provides information on the applicability of each test for the observation of the material behavior under shear stress with a view to material modeling for finite element simulations.     

Assessment of improved zigzag and smeared theories for smart cross-ply composite cylindrical shells including transverse normal extensibility under thermoelectric loading

The improved zigzag theory recently developed by the authors for smart, piezoelectric, and laminated cylindrical shells is assessed for the response of finite-length cross-ply shells and shell panels under mechanical, potential, and thermal loading, in direct comparison with the exact three-dimensional (3D) piezothermoelasticity solution. This theory has the unique features of including the transverse normal strain due to thermoelectric loading without introducing additional deflection variables, capturing the nonlinear potential field and actual temperature profile across laminate thickness, accounting for the layerwise (zigzag) variation of inplane displacements, and satisfying the conditions on transverse shear stresses at the layer interfaces and at the inner and outer surfaces. For the assessment, new results are obtained for the 3D exact solution for smart cylindrical shells having a test laminate with widely different material properties across layers, a piezo-composite laminate and a piezo-sandwich laminate. To ascertain the contribution of the layerwise terms in the inplane displacements, the theory is compared with its smeared counterpart with the same number of primary variables. The effect of inclusion of transverse normal extensibility in these theories is established by comparing with their conventional counterparts that assume constant deflection across the thickness. The effect of span angle (for shell panels), length, and thickness parameters on the error of the 2D theories is illustrated.     

Anti-plane Shear Deformations in Compressible Transversely Isotropic Materials

Anti-plane shear deformations in a compressible, transversely isotropic hyperelastic material are under investigation. The displacement is assumed to be along the direction of the symmetry axis and is independent of the axial position. The resulting equations of equilibrium form an overdetermined system of partial differential equations for which solutions do not exist in general. Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for such materials to sustain anti-plane shear deformations in the sense that every solution to the axial equation automatically satisfies the other two in-plane equations. Comparison is made with results for isotropic materials. A weaker version of the conditions specialized to axisymmetric anti-plane shear deformations is also obtained.