Diels-Alder反应活性的量子化学计算研究

通过HF/6-31G*方法对Diels-Alder反应的一些双烯体及亲双烯体分子进行了结构优化和能量计算。对分子的LUMO、HOMO轨道能量的分析发现,给电子取代基双烯体与吸电子取代基亲双烯体、吸电子取代基双烯体与给电子取代基亲双烯体的Diels-Alder反应较易进行,只是反应开始第一步两者电子流向相反。计算结果表明,反应进行的可能性与一个反应分子LUMO轨道和另一个反应分子HOMO轨道能量之差呈正相关。     

Pd/Au(100)表面上乙烯气相氧化法合成乙酸乙烯酯催化活性的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法系统地研究了Pd/Au(100)表面上乙烯气相氧化法合成乙酸乙烯酯的催化活性.对关键反应物种在该表面的吸附、共吸附性质及耦合基元反应进行了计算和讨论.乙烯在Pd/Au(100)表面上存在π-,2σ-两种稳定吸附构型,为弱化学吸附;乙酸根物种存在Pd-Au与Pd-Pd两种二位啮合(bi-dentate)构型,为强化学吸附.Pd/Au(100)表面的吸附作用使两个关键反应物种分子轨道能量靠近.共吸附构型中最高占据和最低未占据分子轨道的能级差(HOMO-LUMO-gap)随表面相邻Pd原子数目的增多而增大,表明由HOMO向LUMO分子轨道发生电子转移的能力变弱.耦合基元反应过渡态能垒的分析结果与HOMO-LUMO-gap定性分析结果一致,说明连续相邻的表面Pd原子不利于反应的进行.     

SO2钳合反应机理的密度泛函研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)在B3LYP/6-311+G**水平上计算了SO₂与2,4-己二烯之间的钳合反应, IRC计算结果表明该反应是协同反应. 反应中, 这两个反应物同时把自己的HOMO电子填入对方的LUMO轨道, 这与传统的4＋2环加成机理不同. 反应前SO₂的HOMO轨道与2,4-己二烯的LUMO轨道之间能级相差很大(8.4 eV), 但随着反应进行, 2,4-己二烯的反键LUMO轨道逐渐演变成一个成键轨道, 能级下降, 使得SO₂的HOMO上电子可以向该轨道流动. 反应的净结果是有0.23e的负电荷由SO₂向2, 4-己二烯转移.     

Pd_xNi/C催化剂增强机理的密度泛函理论研究

通过交替微波法制备了PdxNi/C(x=1～4)催化剂,并对其形貌、结构及电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明,通过在Pd中掺杂Ni原子,其对氧还原反应(ORR)的催化活性较纯Pd的高.同时采用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算了一系列简化的团簇模型.计算结果表明,随着Ni的加入,纳米颗粒的最高占据轨道(HOMO)与最低空轨道(LUMO)能级增加,且两能级间隙(HLG)减小.因此在ORR中,一方面由于LUMO被抬高,降低了电子亲和能,带负电的催化剂颗粒更易将电子传递给O2,另一方面由于HLG减小,电中性颗粒HOMO上的电子也容易失去.这两方面的作用使其对O2还原活性得以增强.Fukui指数结合DFT方法和Mulliken布居分析指出,表面的Pd原子为催化剂团簇的活性中心.     

氧原子在银原子簇表面吸附重构的DFT研究

选取三层原子簇模型模拟Ag(110)表面,采用量子化学的电子密度泛函方法(DFT)研究了氧原子吸附在Ag(110)表面而引起银表面的多种重构现象。通过计算体系结合能优化得到吸附后体系的表面几何构型,并给出了相关的电离能、电子跃迁能。计算表明：氧原子吸附在银原子的长桥位上,位于银表面之上约0.4　处,氧原子的吸附引起银原子表面强烈弛豫。第一、二层银原子间距扩张;第二、三层银原子间距收缩。由于氧原子的吸附,第一层银原子出现丢失行现象,第二层银原子出现两两成对现象,而第三层银原子出现弯曲现象。     

载体对Pt，Pd催化氧还原反应影响的DFT研究

针对Pt,Pd对氧气还原（ORR）催化活性随着载体从C到TiO2改变而发生变化的实验现象,采用密度泛函方法（DFT）从理论角度研究了C和TiO2载体对Pt和Pd催化氧还原活性的影响。首先,在外加电场情况下,计算了电子给体（催化剂）与受体（氧气）之间轨道对称性,能级差以及轨道重叠程度。发现与C（110）载体相比,TiO2（110）载体可以有效地增大Pd／TiO2 HOMO轨道的空间尺寸,克服了Pd／C的HOMO与O2的LUMO空间尺寸悬殊,重叠性小,因而电子转移的困难。其次,计算了ORR中间物种（Oads）在不同催化剂表面的吸附能,发现Oads在Pt／TiO2上的吸附能大于Pd／TiO2。计算的差分电子密度与分态密度显示,由于Pt与TiO2（110）表面Ti的强相互作用,增强了Oads的吸附,阻碍了ORR后续反应的进行;而Pd与TiO2表面。的强相互作用,则削弱了中间物种Oads在Pd上的吸附,使ORR后续反应顺利进行,成功地解释了为什么氧还原反应在Pd／TiO2上好于Pt／TiO2上的量子化学根源。研究显示：TiO2担载的Pt、Pd催化剂上催化ORR的活性比C担载的小,既有催化剂颗粒尺度和分散性的原因,也有电子学和量子化学方面的原因,通过增加TiO2载体的氧空位或掺杂以提高TiO2的导电性、提高金属在TiO2载体上的分散度,能够进一步提高Pd／TiO2催化氧还原反应的活性。     

聚苯胺包覆Pt／C催化剂的电子结构与催化活性的密度泛函研究

针对聚苯胺（PANI）包覆Pt／C催化剂以后,形成的Pt／C@PANI核壳结构催化剂稳定性和催化氧还原活性显著提高的现象,采用密度泛函方法从理论角度研究了其稳定性和催化活性提高的原因．结果发现,随着PANI将电子转移给载体C,自身空穴增加,PANI部分氧化,导电性增强;PANI在Pt／C表面主要通过共轭苯环的形式（3C、N2C．I）相互作用且伴随着电子转移;PANI的存在使Pt／C@PANI体系的HOMO能级升高,减小了与氧气分子LUMO能级的差异,有利于电子从催化剂HOMO转移到氧分子的LUMO轨道,使得氧容易得到电子;PANI吸附后,Pt原子d带中心显著降低,利于中间物种的脱附,催化活性更高;分态密度表明,PANI使Pt、C均向低能级方向移动,使Pt／C体系更稳定．     

DFT法研究阴离子识别剂[Ru（bpy）2L]2+（L=H2biim,H2bbim）去质子后结构变化

配合物[Ru(bpy)2(H2biim)](PF6)2(1)(bpy=2,2′-联吡啶,H2biim=2,2′-联咪唑)和[Ru(bpy)2(H2bbim)](PF6)2(4)(H2bbim=2,2′-苯并联咪唑)是良好的阴离子识别剂.用密度泛函理论方法研究了2种阴离子识别剂脱去质子后的几何结构和电子结构的变化.计算结果表明:脱去质子后配合物HOMO轨道上电子云分布由中心钌原子转移到(苯并)联咪唑上,而LUMO轨道虽然能量增加但电子云仍然分布在bpy配体上;另外,最高占居轨道HOMO与最低空轨道LUMO的能量差ΔεL-H逐渐减小,相对于配合物的吸收波长增大,所以分子的吸收峰发生红移,这与实验现象相吻合。     

Pt基合金氧还原催化剂设计的密度泛函理论计算研究

本文提出以合金形成能、Pt表面偏析能和氧原子吸附能作为依据筛选具有高活性和高稳定性的表面富Pt氧还原合金催化剂. 利用DFT计算对Pt与各种过渡金属形成的合金的热力学、表面化学和电子性质进行了系统研究,在此基础上预测Pt-V,Pt-Fe,Pt-Co,Pt-Ni,Pt-Cu,Pt-Zn,Pt-Mo,Pt-W等合金可能具有好的氧还原催化活性和稳定性. 所预期的大部分催化剂已有文献研究结果支持. 另外,Pt-Zn和Pt-Mo体系目前报道尚不多,值得进一步的细致研究.     

8-羟基喹啉铁配合物对锐钛矿型TiO2（101）表面的敏化机理

用密度泛函理论和DMol3程序包对锐钛矿型TiO2(101)表面复合三(8-羟基喹啉-5-羧酸)铁的敏化机理进行了研究.计算结果表明,该染料敏化剂经式结构的HOMO(最高占据分子轨道)-LUMO(最低未占据分子轨道)能隙非常小,很容易受到激发;TiO2纳米晶吸附染料后,HOMO、LUMO和费米能级都升高,导致吸附染料后开路电压VOC升高.并进一步探讨了(8-羟基喹啉-5-羧酸)铁在TiO2(101)表面复合过程及作用机理.     

Comparative study of Li, Na, and K adsorptions on graphite by using ab initio method

A comprehensive study has been conducted to compare the adsorptions of alkali metals (including Li, Na, and K) on the basal plane of graphite by using molecular orbital theory calculations. All three metal atoms prefer to be adsorbed on the "middle hollow site" above a hexagonal aromatic ring. A novel phenomenon was observed, that is, Na, instead of Li or K, is the weakest among the three types of metal atoms in adsorption. The reason is that the SOMO (single occupied molecular orbital) of the Na atom is exactly at the middle point between the HOMO and the LUMO of the graphite layer in energy level. As a result, the SOMO of Na cannot form a stable interaction with either the HOMO or the LUMO of the graphite. On the other hand, the SOMO of Li and K can form a relatively stable interaction with either the HOMO or the LUMO of graphite. Why Li has a relatively stronger adsorption than K on graphite has also been interpreted on the basis of their molecular-orbital energy levels.     

Optimized geometry,electronic structure and Ag adsorption property of nanosheet graphene with different symmetry shapes: a theoretical investigation

Optimized geometries and electronic structures of three different symmetry shapes of nanosheet graphenes with armchair and zig-zag edges were generated by using the generalized gradient approximation/Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (GGA/PBE) method of density function theory (DFT) with the double-zeta polarized (DZP) basis set. Based on the results, the calculated HOMO–LUMO energy gap (Eg = LUMO–HOMO) with different symmetry shapes, and nanosheet size for with zig-zag and armchair edges were also presented. Because the p _π orbital was widely localized over the sheet surface, the calculated E _g decreased with increasing the sheet size. Further, the quantum mechanics calculation was used to investigate the adsorption property of the Ag atom adsorbed to the nanosheet graphene (expressed by C₉₀H₃₀) surface. The calculations show that the Ag atom binds to the bridge site (B site) of triangular nanosheet graphene (C₉₀H₃₀) as it is the most stable adsorption site compared with others, and since it has higher formation energy (ΔE) with shorter distance between the Ag atom and the graphene surface. Above all, calculations suggest that the Ag-adsorbed nanosheet graphene is a good option as an adsorbent in environmental research.     

Dipole driven bonding schemes of quinonoid zwitterions on surfaces

The permanent dipole of quinonoid zwitterions changes significantly when the molecules adsorb on Ag(111) and Cu(111) surfaces. STM reveals that sub-monolayers of adsorbed molecules can exhibit parallel dipole alignment on Ag(111), in strong contrast with the antiparallel ordering prevailing in the crystalline state and retrieved on Cu(111) surfaces, which minimizes the dipoles electrostatic interaction energy. DFT shows that the rearrangement of electron density upon adsorption is a result of donation from the molecular HOMO to the surface, and back donation to the LUMO with a concomitant charge transfer that effectively reduces the overall charge dipole.     

甲醛在CeO2(111)表面吸附的密度泛函理论研究

采用基于第一性原理的密度泛函理论和周期平板模型, 研究了甲醛在以桥氧为端面的CeO2(111)稳定表面上的吸附行为. 通过对不同覆盖度, 不同吸附位的甲醛吸附构型、吸附能及电子态密度的分析发现, 甲醛在CeO2(111)表面存在化学吸附与物理吸附两种情况. 化学吸附结构中甲醛的碳、氧原子分别与表面的氧、铈原子发生相互作用, 形成CH2O2物种; 吸附能随着覆盖度的增加而减小. 与自由甲醛分子相比, 物理吸附的甲醛构型变化不大, 其吸附能较小. 利用CNEB(climbing nudged elastic band)方法计算了甲醛在CeO2(111)表面的初步解离反应活化能(约1.71 eV), 远高于甲醛脱附能垒, 这与甲醛在清洁CeO2(111)表面程序升温脱附实验中产物主要为甲醛的结果相一致.     

二缺位γ-Keggin型多金属氧酸盐电子性质的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法研究了二缺位γ-Keggin型[γ-Xn+W10O36](12-n)-(X=AlⅢ,SiⅣ,PⅤ,SⅥ,GaⅢ,GeⅣ,AsⅤ,SeⅥ)阴离子的儿何结构和电子性质结果表明,在二缺位γ-Keggin型阴离子中,中心四面体氧原子Oa与中心杂原子及钨原子间的键长[d(X-Oa)及d(W-Oa)]...     

Structural, electronic, and optical properties of 9-heterofluorenes: a quantum chemical study

Density-functional theory studies were applied to investigate the structural, electronic, and optical properties of 9-heterofluorenes achieved by substituting the carbon at 9 position of fluorene with silicon, germanium, nitrogen, phosphor, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or boron. These heterofluorenes and their oligomers up to pentamers are highly aromatic and electrooptically active. The alkyl and aryl substituents of the heteroatom have limited influence, but the oxidation of the atom has significant influence on their molecular structures and properties. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest occupied molecular orbital (LUMO) interaction theory was successfully applied to analyze the energy levels and the frontier wave functions of these heterofluorenes. Most heterofluorenes belong to type B of interaction with low-lying LUMO and have the second kind of wave function. Carbazole and selenafluorene have type C of interaction with high-lying HOMO and the third kind of wave function. Types C and D of heterofluorenes, such as carbazole, oxygafluorene, sulfurafluorene, and selenafluorene also have high triplet state energies. The extrapolated HOMO and LUMO for polyheterofluorenes indicate that polyselenonafluorene has the lowest LUMO; polycarbazole has the highest HOMO; polyselenafluorene has the highest bandgap (E(g)); and polyborafluorene has the lowest E(g). Heterofluorenes and their oligomers and polymers are of great experimental interests, especially those having extraordinary properties revealed in this study.     

The role of chelating ligands and central metals in the oxygen reduction reaction activity: a DFT study

A detailed investigation of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyzed by various metal chelates has been performed by DFT study. The results indicate that the ORR activity is determined by both of the central metal ions and chelating ligands, among which the former play a key role. For the same ligand, the central metal ions Fe, Co, or Mn give higher ORR activity, while the others almost have no catalytic activity, which is due to the fact that the O₂ and oxygen containing species are either excessively adsorbed (on central Cr) or difficult to be adsorbed on the active sites (for central Zn, Cu, or Ni). Furthermore, the ORR activity for Fe chelates is slightly increased with the increase of ligand field strength, while for other metal chelates there seems to be no clear trends between ligand field strength and ORR activity. The origin of the ORR activity for the studied metal chelates is mainly attributed to the appropriate energy gaps between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO).     

Theoretical studies of the modulation of polymer electronic and optical properties through the introduction of the electron-donating 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene or electron-accepting pyridine and 1,3,4-oxadiazole moieties

One serious problem associated with polyfluorene and derivatives (PFs) as blue luminescent polymers is the significant energy barrier for hole or electron injections; thus they usually face charge injection and transport difficulties with the currently available cathode and anode materials. The incorporation of an electron-donating or -accepting unit is expected to improve the recombination of the charge carriers. In this paper, we apply quantum-chemical techniques to investigate three fluorene-based copolymers, copoly(2,5-ethylenedioxythiophene-alt-9,9'-dimethylfluorene) (PEF), copoly(2,5-pyridine-alt-9,9'-dimethylfluorene) (PPyF), and poly[(fluorene-2,7-diyl)-alt-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyl)] (PFO), in which Delta(H)(-)(L) [the energy difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), when n = infinity], the lowest excitation energies (E(g)), ionization potentials (IP), electron affinities (EA), and lambda(abs) and lambda(em) are fine-tuned by the regular insertion of electron-donating unit 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) or electron-withdrawing units pyridine and 1,3,4-oxadiazole. The results show that the alternate incorporation of electron-donating moiety EDOT increases the HOMO energy and thus reduces the IPs, and consequently the hole injection was greatly improved. On the other hand, even though both kinds of charge carriers will improve the electron-accepting ability, the results show that electron-withdrawing moieties greatly facilitate the electron-transporting. Especially in PFO, the highly planar structural character resulted from the strong push-pull effect between the fluorene ring and the 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring and a weak interaction between the nitrogen and oxygen atoms in 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring and the hydrogen atom of the fluorene ring, significantly lowering the LUMO energy levels and thus improve the electron-accepting and transporting properties by the low LUMO energy levels.