The Synthesis of Cyclotriphosphazene Liquid Crystals

Generally,thermotropicliquidcrystalsareconstructedoforganiccomPoundsofanisotropicshaPe.Inthesearchfornewmoleculardesignsformesogensoforiginalshapes,onecanroughlyfollowtwodirections.Thefirstideaistovarythenumberofalkylchainsgraftedaroundagivencore.Thesecondideaofshapemodificationconsistsintheformationofclustersofafewidenticalmesogens,generallyatwin.Accordingtothesetwoideas,manynewkindsofliquidcrystalshavebeensysthesized.Hexakis(4-(4'-alkoxy)biphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazeneswerethemostinteresting…     

Synthesis of Dendritic-Linear Block Copolymers by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Polymers and copolymers with complex, yet well-defined architectures are drawing significant attentions in the search for materials with excellent properties. Of these macromolecular structures, dendritic-linear block copolymers consisting of covalently bound linear and dendritic segments have shown interesting solution, solid-state, and interfacial properties. As a novel polymerization approach, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been attracting increasing interest recently, sin…     

Synthesis of New Amphiphilic Comb-Like Copolymers Based on Maleic Anhydride and α-Olefins

Summary: Novel amphiphilic comb-like poly(α-olefin-co-maleic anhydride) with a controlled ratio of hydrophilic (polyoxyethylene) and hydrophobic (polymethylene) side chains have been synthesized and characterized. The comb-like copolymers are soluble in organic and aqueous media and form micelles whose behaviour could be correlated to the chemical structure of polymers. We foresee that amphiphilic properties of the novel comb-like polymers are obviously the basis of new architectures in solution which could be used in a broad range of applications. Using micelles from these copolymers, silver nanoparticles with a narrow particle size distribution have been obtained as stable dispersion in both polar and non-polar media.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Star-like Liquid Crystals Centered by Silicon

The synthesis and characterization of two new star-like liquid crystals are reported. They are made of a silicon core and four alkoxyazobenzene monomers in the periphery. Theirp hase behaviors and the structures are determined by infrared absorption spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), elemental analysis (EA), polarizing optical microscope (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).     

Synthesis and Surface Tension Properties of Polyethyleneimine—Polyethylene Oxide Block Copolymers

IntroductionInrecentyearstherehavebeenincreasingactivitiesinblockcopolymersynthesisandcharacterization .Manystudieshaveshownthatblockcopolymersformmicellesofcloseasso ciationupondissolutionintoaselectivesolvent,whichactsthermodynamicallyasagoodsolventforoneblockandapoorsolventfortheotherblock .1Theimportanceofthesesyntheticactivitieshasbeenemphasizedbyblockcopolymermicelles ,whichhavebeendemonstratedaspotentialdrugcarriers,2 ,3andotherinvestigationshaverevealedtheirexcellentutilityincancerchem…     

Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Containing PVP and Poly(5-benzyloxytrimethylene carbonate)

Amphiphilic block copolymers have attracted great interest recently, especially for thebiomedical uses1, . The hydrophilic blocks improve the biocompatibility of copolymer, 2while the hydrophobic blocks enhance the mechanics of the material and providever…     

Dinuclear Gold Catalysis: Are Two Gold Centers Better than One?

A common golden thread: The exact role of dinuclear gold species in catalysis has recently attracted considerable attention. Such well-defined complexes can now be isolated and fully characterized and may assist in elucidating the exact action of gold centers in gold-catalyzed reactions. In view of the latest developments in this area, possibilities now abound in terms of mechanistic exploration and novel catalyst design.     

Synthesis of Vinyl Polymer—Poly (α-Amino Acid) Block Copolymers by End-Reactive Oligomers

In order to synthesize block copolymers consisting of segments having dissimilar properties, vinyl polymer - poly (α-amino acid) block copolymers were synthesized by two different methods. In the first method, the terminal amino groups of polysarcosine, poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate), and poly(γ-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine) were haloacetylated. The mixture of the terminally haloacetylated poly (α-amino acid) and styrene or methyl methacrylate was photoirradiated in the presence of Mo (CO)₆ or heated with Mo(CO)₆, yielding A-B-A-type block copolymers consisting of poly(α-amino cid) (the A component) and vinyl polymer(the B component). The characterization of block copolymers revealed that the thermally initiated polymerization of vinyl compounds by the trichloroacetyl poly(α-amino acid)/Mo(CO)₆ system was most suitable for the synthesis of vinyl polymer - poly-(α-amino acid) block copolymers. In the second method, poly (methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene having a terminal amino group were synthesized by the radical polymerization in the presence of 2-mercaptoethylammonium chloride. Using these polymers having a terminal amino group as an initiator, the block polymerizations of γ-benzyl L-glutamate NCA and e-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine NCA were carried out, yielding A-B-type block copolymer. By eliminating the protecting groups of the side chains of poly(α-amino acid) segment, block copolymers such as poly(methyl methacrylate) with poly(L-glutamic acid) or poly(L-lysine) and polystyrene with poly(L-glutamic acid) and poly(L-lysine) were successfully synthesized.     

One‐Step Synthesis of Multiphase Block Copolymers via Simultaneus Free Radical and Ring Opening Polymerization Using Poly(ethylene oxide) Possessing Azo Group

Multiphase block copolymers having the structure of poly(?‐caprolacton‐b‐etyhlene glycol‐b‐styrene‐b‐ethylene glycol‐b‐?‐caprolacton) were synthesized from poly(ethylene oxide) possesing azo group in the main chain by the combination of free radical polymerization (FRP) of styrene (S) and ring opening polymerization (ROP) of ?‐caprolacton (?‐CL) in one‐step. The block copolymers were characterized ¹H‐NMR and FT‐IR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). ¹H‐NMR and FT‐IR spectroscopy and GPC studies of the obtained polymers indicate that multiphase block copolymers easily formed as a result of combination FRP and ROP in one‐step.     

Self-Assembly of Aminocyclopropenium Salts: En Route to Deltic Ionic Liquid Crystals

Aminocyclopropenium ions have raised much attention as organocatalysts and redox active polymers. However, the self-assembly of amphiphilic aminocyclopropenium ions remains challenging. The first deltic ionic liquid crystals based on aminocyclopropenium ions have been developed. Differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction provided insight into the unique self-assembly and nanosegregation of these liquid crystals. While the combination of small headgroups with linear p-alkoxyphenyl units led to bilayer-type smectic mesophases, wedge-shaped units resulted in columnar mesophases. Upon increasing the size and polyphilicity of the aminocyclopropenium headgroup, a lamellar phase was formed.     

Synthesis of Heat-resistant Polymers by Thiol–Ene Reaction of N-Allylmaleimide Copolymers Using Glycoluril Crosslinkers with Rigid Molecular Structures

We carried out the thermal curing of the copolymers of N-allylmaleimide (AMI) and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2EHA) using 1,3,4,6-tetra(2-mercaproethyl)glycoluril ( G1 ), 1,3,4,6-tetra(3-mercaptopropyl)glycoluril ( G2 ), 1,3,4,6-tetraallylglycoluril ( G3 ), triallylisocyanurate (TAIC), and pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptobutyrate) (PEMB) as the crosslinkers. Based on the results for the analysis of thiol–ene reactions monitored by IR spectroscopy, it was confirmed that the curing rate significantly depended on the combination of the used crosslinkers. The insoluble fraction after curing was more than 90% for the systems using the glycoluril crosslinkers, while the conversion of the allyl groups was suppressed due to the rigid structure of these crosslinkers. The heat resistance and the mechanical properties of the crosslinked polymers were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and mechanical tensile tests. For the products cured using the glycoluril crosslinkers, the glass transition temperature (T_g) and the maximum temperature of thermal decomposition (T_max) were 54–59 °C and 395–409 °C, respectively, being higher than those for the cured product prepared with PEMB and TAIC as the conventional crosslinkers. The elasticity (75–139 MPa), the maximum strength (3.0–4.1 MPa), and the adhesion strength (6.7–10.7 MPa) for the polymers cured with the glycoluril crosslinkers, determined by the mechanical tensile and single lap-shear adhesion tests, were higher than those for cured materials produced with PEMB. Thus, the thermal and mechanical properties of the maleimide copolymers were efficiently enhanced by crosslinking using the rigid glycoluril compounds. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 58, 923–931     

Synthesis of Mixed Tail Triphenylene Discotic Liquid Crystals： Molecular Symmetry and Oxygen-Atom Effect on the Stabilization of Columnar Mesophases

Small change in chemical structure of discotic liquid crystals can cause big difference in their mesomorphism. Replacing of the alkoxy peripheral chains of triphenylene by oxygen-atom containing ester chains would result in novel mesomorphism. A series of mixed tail triphenylenes containing propoxyacetyloxy and alkoxy, abbreviated as C18H6（OCnH2n＋1）3（OCOCH2OC3H7）3, n=4-8, and hexa（propyloxyacetyloxy）triphenylene, C18H6（OCOCH2OC3H7）6 were synthesized. Thermal gravimetry analysis （TGA） of three discogens showed that they had good thermal stability till 350 ℃. The mesomorphism was investigated through differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and polarized optical microscopy （POM）. The preliminary X-ray diffraction （XRD） results of one compound showed that it exhibited ordered hexagonal columnar （Colho） mesophase. These mixed tail triphenylene derivatives possessed much stable Colho mesophase and wider mesophase ranges than their hexaalkoxytriphenylene C18H6（OR）6 and hexaalkanoyloxytriphenylene C18H6（OCOR＇）6 analogues. The asymmetrical compounds 2,6,11-trialkoxy-3,7,10-tri（2-propyloxyacetyloxy）triphenylenes with n=5-8 displayed higher clearing points and wider temperature ranges than their symmetrical isomers 2,6,10-trialkoxy-3,7,11-tri（2-propyloxyacetyloxy）- triphenylenes, while C18H6（OCOCH2OC3H7）6 had the highest clearing point due to the β-oxygen-atom effect.     

β-Blocking Agents: Determination of Biological Levels Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

Nine β-blocking agents have been tested and dosed by high performance liquid chromatography. Six of them, acebutolol an acebutolol metabolite, atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol and sotalol are detected with a fluorometric detector. Oxprenolol, pindolol and timolol can be quantified by their UV absorption at variable wavelength. A method is developped to find the best conditions of extraction and detection for each blocking agent. Experimental trials have led to a simple procedure for all compounds. Only pindolol and timolol plasma levels are non suitable for high performance liquid chromatography and need mass fragmentography or gas chromatography with electron capture detection.

However, pharmacokinetic parameters can be reached, for timolol and pindolol, through urinary excretion since sensitivity of the procedure is within the range of urinary levels.

The method has been applied, as well, to pharmacokinetic studies on sotalol, acebutolol, acebutolol metabolite, atenolol, propranolol, pindolol and timolol.     

Living Cationic Polymerization of α-Methylstyrene. 2. Synthesis of Block and Random Copolymers with 2-Chloroethyl Vinyl Ether and End-Functionauzed Polymers†

Abstract

Both AB and BA block copolymers of α-methylstyrene (αMeSt) and 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (CEVE) were synthesized by the sequential living cationic polymerization initiated with the HCl-CEVE adduct (1a)/SnBr₄ system in CH₂Cl₂ at -78°C. αMeSt-CEVE (AB) block copolymers with narrow molecular weight distributions ([Mbar]_w/[Mbar]_n ～ 1.15) were obtained when αMeSt was polymerized first, followed by addition of CEVE to the resulting αMeSt living polymer solution. The reverse order of monomer addition, from CEVE to αMeSt, also led to a BA-type block copolymer. In the polymerization of a mixture of the two monomers, almost random copolymers were obtained. Living polymerizations of αMeSt were also induced with functional initiating systems, HCl-functionalized vinyl ether adducts (1b-1d)/SnBr₄, to give end-function-alized poly(αMeSt)s with a methacrylate, an acetate, or a phthalimide terminal.     

How Stable Are Epoxides? A Novel Synthesis of Epothilone B

Remarkable stability of the oxirane function is displayed over a number of synthetic operations in a novel synthesis of the antitumor compound epothilone B (see scheme). The cis-epoxide, generated very early by dihydroxylation of an (E)-olefin, was resistant to more than ten synthetic steps under a wide variety of reaction conditions. TBS=tert-butyldimethylsilyl.     

Microbial Screening of Copolymers of N‐Vinylimidazole with Phenacyl Methacrylate: Synthesis and Monomer Reactivity Ratios

N‐vinylimidazole (VIM), and phenacyl methacrylate (PAMA) copolymerized with different feed ratios using 1,4‐dioxane as a solvent and α,α'‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator at 60°C. Structure and composition of copolymers for a wide range of monomer feed were determined by elemental analysis (content of N for VIM‐units) and by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy through recorded analytical absorption bands for VIM (670 cm^?1 for C‐N of imidazole ring) and PAMA (1730 cm^?1 for C?O of ester group) units, respectively. Monomer reactivity ratios for VIM (M₁)‐PAMA (M₂) pair were determined by the application of conventional linearization methods such as Fineman‐Ross (F‐R) and Kelen‐Tüdös (KT) and a nonlinear error invariable model method using a computer program RREVM. The molecular weights (_w and _n) and polydispersity indices of the polymers were determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Thermal behaviors of copolymers with various compositions were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Also, the apparent thermal decomposition activation energies (ΔE_d) were calculated by Ozawa method using the SETARAM Labsys TGA thermobalance. The antibacterial and antifungal effects of polymers were also tested on various bacteria, fungi and yeast.     

Living Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly of Oligo(p-phenylene vinylene)-Containing Block Copolymers: Impact of Branched Structure of Alkyl Side Chain of π-Conjugated Segment

The structure of side chains of π-conjugated segments is a critical factor determining living crystallization-driven self-assembly(CDSA),a versatile platform to generate fiber-like nanostructures with precise length and composition. Herein, we design and synthesize three block copolymers(BCPs) containing same corona-forming poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)(PNIPAM) segment, but different core-forming π-conjugated oligo(p-phenylene vinylene)(OPV) with linear pentyl(l-OPV), racemic 2-methyl butyl(r-OPV...     

Synthesis and Phase Behavior Studies of Two New Chiral Liquid Crystals of Schiff Base——The Influence of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond on the Phase Behavior

Two new chiral liquid crystals of schiff-base type have been synthesized.This series of compounds contain α-chloro acidic ester chain prepared from commercially available L-valine.Both of the compounds exhibit tilted smectic phases;their phase transitions were studied using DSC and polarized optical microscopy;the influence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds on the phase behavior was studied as well.     

Copolymers of α-Methylstyrene with N-Cyclohexylacrylamide: Synthesis,Monomer Reactivity Ratios,and Mean Sequence Length

Abstract

Copolymerization of α-methylstyrene and N-cyclohexylacrylamide was carried out in toluene at 60 ± 1°C using azobisisobutyronitrile as the free-radical initiator. The total concentration of the comonomers was 1.5 mol·L^?1 in the solvent. The copolymers were characterized by ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy, and the copolymer compositions were determined primarily from the ¹H-NMR spectra. The reactivity ratios were found to be r ₁ = 0.08 ± 0.01 and r ₂ = 2.45 ± 0.03 by the Fineman-Ross method, and r ₁ = 0.06 ± 0.01 and r ₂ = 2.43 ± 0.08 by the Kelen-Tüdös method. Mean sequence lengths in the copolymer were estimated from r ₁ and r ₂ values.