Exact form factors in integrable quantum field theories: the sine-Gordon model (II)

A general model independent approach using the ‘off-shell Bethe Ansatz’ is presented to obtain an integral representation of generalized form factors. The general techniques are applied to the quantum sine-Gordon model alias the massive Thirring model. Exact expressions of all matrix elements are obtained for several local operators. In particular soliton form factors of charge-less operators as for example all higher currents are investigated. It turns out that the various local operators correspond to specific scalar functions called p-functions. The identification of the local operators is performed. In particular the exact results are checked with Feynman graph expansion and full agreement is found. Furthermore all eigenvalues of the infinitely many conserved charges are calculated and the results agree with what is expected from the classical case. Within the frame work of integrable quantum field theories a general model independent ‘crossing’ formula is derived. Furthermore the ‘bound state intertwiners’ are introduced and the bound state form factors are investigated. The general results are again applied to the sine-Gordon model. The integrations are performed and in particular for the lowest breathers a simple formula for generalized form factors is obtained.     

Exact form factors in integrable quantum field theories: the scaling Z(N)-Ising model

A general form factor formula for the scaling $Z(N)$-Ising model is constructed. Exact expressions of all matrix elements are obtained for several local operators. In addition, the commutation rules for order, disorder parameters and para-Fermi fields are derived. Because of the unusual statistics of the fields, the quantum field theory seems not to be related to any classical Lagrangian or field equation.     

Varying the Unruh temperature in integrable quantum field theories

A computational scheme is developed to determine the response of a quantum field theory (QFT) with a factorized scattering operator under a variation of the Unruh temperature. To this end a new family of integrable systems is introduced, obtained by deforming such QFTs in a way that preserves the bootstrap S-matrix. The deformation parameter β plays the role of an inverse temperature for the thermal equilibrium states associated with the Rindler wedge, β = 2π being the QFT value. The form factor approach provides an explicit computational scheme for the β ≠ 2π systems, enforcing in particular a modification of the underlying kinematical arena. As examples deformed counterparts of the Ising model and the sinh-Gordon model are considered.     

Boundary bootstrap principle in two-dimensional integrable quantum field theories

We study the reflection amplitudes of affine Toda field theories with boundary, following the ideas developed by Fring and Koberle [A. Fring, R. Koberle, Nucl. Phys. B 421 (1994) 159; A. Fring, R. Koberle, Nucl. Phys. B 419 (1994) 647; A. Fring, R. Koberle, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 10 (1995) 739] and focusing our attention on the E_n series elements, because of their interesting structure of higher order poles. We also investigate the corresponding minimal reflection matrices, finding, with respect to the bulk case, a more complicated relation between the spectra of bound states associated to the minimal and to the “dressed” amplitudes.     

Yang-Baxter algebras of monodromy matrices in integrable quantum field theories

We consider a large class of two-dimensional integrable quantum field theories with non-abelian internal symmetry and classical scale invariance. We present a general procedure to determine explicitly the conserved quantum monodromy operator generating infinitely many non-local charges. The main features of our method are a factorization principle and the use of $\text{P}$, $\text{T}$, and internal symmetries. The monodromy operator is shown to satisfy a Yang-Baxter algebra, the structure constants (i.e. the quantum R-matrix) of which are determined by two-particle S-matrix of the theory. We apply the method to the chiral SU(N) and the O(2N) Gross-Neveu models.     

On vacuum energies and renomalizability in integrable quantum field theories

We compute for various perturbed conformal field theories the vacuum energies by means of the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz. Depending on the infrared and ultraviolet divergencies of the models, governed by the scaling dimensions of the underlying perturbed conformal field theory in the ultraviolet, the vacuum energies exhibit different types of characteristics. In particular, for the homogeneous sine-Gordon models we observe that once the conformal dimension of the perturbing scalar field is smaller or greater than 1/2, the vacuum energies are positive or negative, respectively. This behaviour indicates the need for additional ultraviolet counterterms in the latter case. At the transition points we obtain an infinite vacuum energy, which is partly explainable with the presence of several free fermions in the models studied.     

Boundary energy and boundary states in integrable quantum field theories

We study the ground-state energy of integrable 1 + 1 quantum field theories with boundaries (the genuine Casimir effect). In the scalar case, this is done by introducing a new “R-channel TBA”, where the boundary is represented by a boundary state, and the thermodynamics involves evaluating scalar products of boundary states with all the states of the theory. In the non-scalar, sine-Gordon case, this is done by generalizing the method of Destri and De Vega. The two approaches are compared. Miscellaneous other results are obtained, in particular formulas for the overall normalization and scalar products of boundary states, exact partition functions for the critical Ising model in a boundary magnetic field, and also results for the energy, excited states and boundary S-matrix of O(n) and minimal models.     

Exact quantum Sine-Gordon soliton form factors

Soliton form factors are constructed using Zamolodchikov's proposed exact massive Thirring model S-matrix. The asymptotic behaviour of the electromagnetic form factor is $\text{～(?t)}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>?</mtext><mtext>g</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$. The quasiclassical limit is not the previously accepted result.     

Non-integrable quantum field theories as perturbations of certain integrable models

We approach the study of non-integrable models of two-dimensional quantum field theory as perturbations of the integrable ones. By exploiting the knowledge of the exact S-matrix and form factors of the integrable field theories we obtain the first-order corrections to the mass ratios, the vacuum energy density and the S-matrix of the non-integrable theories. As interesting applications of the formalism, we study the scaling region of the Ising model in an external magnetic field at T ∼ T_c and the scaling region around the minimal model M_2,7. For these models, a remarkable agreement is observed between the theoretical predictions and the data extracted by a numerical diagonalisation of their Hamiltonian.     

The ultraviolet behaviour of integrable quantum field theories,affine Toda field theory

We investigate the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz (TBA) equations for a system of particles which dynamically interacts via the scattering matrix of affine Toda field theory and whose statistical interaction is of a general Haldane type. Up to the first leading order, we provide general approximated analytical expressions for the solutions of these equations from which we derive general formulae for the ultraviolet scaling functions for theories in which the underlying Lie algebra is simply laced. For several explicit models we compare the quality of the approximated analytical solutions against the numerical solutions. We address the question of existence and uniqueness of the solutions of the TBA equations, derive precise error estimates and determine the rate of convergence for the applied numerical procedure. A general expression for the Fourier transformed kernels of the TBA equations allows one to derive the related Y-systems and a reformulation of the equations into a universal form.     

Hidden quantum group symmetry and integrable perturbations of conformal field theories

The hidden quantum group symmetry in the quantum Sine-Gordon model is found. This symmetry provides the possibility to restrict the operator algebra of the model to subalgebras. It is shown that these subalgebras are massive deformations of minimal conformal field theories.Supported in part by the Department of Energy under Grant DE-FG02-88ER25065     

Exact two-particle S-matrix of quantum sine-Gordon solitons

The exact and explicit formulas for the quantumS-matrix elements of the soliton-antisoliton scattering which satisfy unitarity and crossing conditions and have correct analytical properties are constructed. ThisS-matrix is in agreement with the massive Thirring model perturbation theory and with the semiclassical sine-Gordon results.     

The sigma model (dual) representation for a two-parameter family of integrable quantum field theories

We introduce and study two-parameter families of integrable field theories. The perturbative and non-perturbative methods are used to justify their factorized scattering theory in the form of the direct products of two S-matrices of the sine-Gordon model. The Bethe ansatz technique is applied for the calculation of the observables in the strong coupling region. The results are in the exact agreement with ones following from the sigma model action which is a two-parameter U(1) ⊗ (1) symmetrical deformation of the O(4) non-finear sigma model. The application of the sigma model representation to related perturbed conformal field theories is discussed.     

Quantum discrete sine-Gordon model at roots of 1: Integrable quantum system on the integrable classical background

The quantum discrete sine-Gordon model at roots of 1 is studied. It is shown that this model provides an example of an integrable quantum system in an integrable classical background. In particular, the spectrum of quantum integrals of motions in this model depends only on the values of integrals of motion of a background classical system.Dedicated to L.D. Faddeev on his 60th birthday     

Breather boundary form factors in sine-Gordon theory

A previously conjectured set of exact form factors of boundary exponential operators in the sinh-Gordon model is tested against numerical results from boundary truncated conformal space approach in boundary sine-Gordon theory, related by analytic continuation to sinh-Gordon model. We find that the numerical data strongly support the validity of the form factors themselves; however, we also report a discrepancy in the case of diagonal matrix elements, which remains unresolved for the time being.