p型透明导电氧化物CuCr_(1 -x)Ca_xO_2的制备与光电性质研究

系统报道了铜铁矿CuCr1-xCaxO2 单相多晶材料的制备和光电性质研究结果、X光衍射 (XRD)以及电导的测量 .结果表明 ,适当的Ca2 + 取代Cr3 + 不改变材料的晶体结构 ,但能显著提高材料的导电性能 ,x =0 .0 6的原始Ca2 + 掺杂样品在室温的电导率达到 3.2× 10 -2 S/cm ,几乎比不掺杂样品的电导率提高了近 3个数量级 .所有掺杂样品的电导率随温度的变化曲线在 2 0 0～ 30 0K ,很好地符合Arrhenius关系 ,其Seebeck常数均为很大的正数 ,这表明所有样品均为典型的 p型半导体 ,其热激活能为 0 .2 7～ 0 .36eV .     

Ge掺杂n型Sn基VIII型单晶笼合物的制备及热电传输特性

采用Sn自熔剂法制备了具有n型传导的VIII型Ba8Ga16 xGexSn30(0 x 1.0)单晶笼合物,并对其结构和热电特性进行研究.研究结果表明:Ge在单晶中的实际含量较少,随着掺杂量的增加样品的晶格常数略有减小,Ge掺杂后样品的载流子浓度较掺杂前低,迁移率增加;所有样品的Seebeck系数均为负值,且绝对值较未掺杂样品低,但Ge掺杂后样品的电导率提高了62%;x=0.5的样品在500 K附近取得最大ZT值1.25.     

Lu~(3+)掺杂对CdO陶瓷电、热输运性能的影响

利用传统固相烧结法制备了Cd1-xLuxO(x=0%,0.1%,0.5%,0.75%,1.0%,1.25%,1.5%,2%)陶瓷样品并研究了Lu3+掺杂对其电、热输运性能的影响.随着Lu3+掺杂浓度的增大,Cd1-xLuxO样品的室温载流子浓度持续增大而其迁移率表现出先增大后减小的趋势.在300—1000 K测试温度区间内,Cd1-xLuxO的电导率表现出金属电导行为且其电导率和热导率均随着Lu3+掺杂浓度的增大而升高;塞贝克系数在整个测试区间内均为负值,其随温度和载流子浓度的变化关系可用自由电子模型描述.     

碱土和过渡金属掺杂NdAlo3导电陶瓷的制备、结构与电性能研究

采用有机凝胶法结合后期高温烧结制备了较为致密的六方钙钛矿结构Nd0．9Sr0．1Al1-xO3—δ（M=Co,Fe,Mn;X=0,0．15,0．3,0．5）系列陶瓷,详细研究了过渡金属元素及掺杂量对其结构特征和电性能的影响．结果表明,凝胶前驱体在900。C焙烧5h可制得结晶良好且粒径较为细小的钙钛矿结构精细粉体,陶瓷体的晶格参数随过渡金属含量z的增加而增大,且按Co,Mn,Fe顺序递增;所有陶瓷样品在空气气氛中都是氧离子与电子空穴的混合导体,碱土金属Sr单掺杂NdAlo3的氧离子迁移数由500℃时的0．32单调增加到850℃时的0．63,其电导率随温度的升高由以电子电导为主逐渐转变为以离子电导为主;而Sr与过渡金属共掺杂样品的氧离子迁移数均在0．001以下,其电导率主要取决于P型电导,且随X的增加而增大,并按Mn,Fe,Co顺序递增,相应活化能的变化刚好与之相反,在所制备的样品中Nd0．9Sr0．1Al0．5Co0.5O3—δ具有最高的电导率（800℃时达到100．8S／cm）和最低的表观活化能（0．135eV）．在结构和电性能上所观察到的这些变化行为可根据掺杂过渡金属Co,Fe,Mn的离子半径及其金属一氧（M-O）键的键能和共价性的不同来进行解释．     

钙钛矿型电解质材料NdGa1-xMgxO3-δ的制备与电学性能

用甘氨酸-硝酸盐法制备出钙钛矿结构的电解质材料NdGa1-xMgxO3-δ. 研究表明,Mg掺杂NdGaO3氧化物在室温下均为立方钙钛矿结构. B位掺杂Mg2+极大地提高了NdGaO3的电导率,比纯NdGaO3的电导率提高了3个数量级. 1 400 ℃下烧结20 h的样品NdGa0.914Mg0.086O2.957呈现出最好的烧结性能,相对密度达到了99.4%,800 ℃时的电导率达到了2.99×10-2 S·cm-1,高于同温度下YSZ电解质的电导率. 表明NdGa0.914Mg0.086O2.957氧化物是一种具有潜在应用价值的中温电解质材料.     

Ge掺杂n型Sn基Ⅷ型单晶笼合物的制备及热电传输特性

采用Sn自熔剂法制备了具有n型传导的Ⅷ型Ba₈Ga_16-xGe_xSn₃₀ （0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0）单晶笼合物,并对其结构和热电特性进行研究. 研究结果表明：Ge在单晶中的实际含量较少,随着掺杂量的增加样品的晶格常数略有减小,Ge掺杂后样品的载流子浓度较掺杂前低,迁移率增加;所有样品的Seebeck系数均为负值,且绝对值较未掺杂样品低,但Ge掺杂后样品的电导率提高了62%;x=0.5的样品在500 K附近取得最大ZT值1.25. 关键词： Ⅷ型笼合物 n型传导 热电性能     

Mg2+、Zn2+掺杂CaWO4∶Eu3+荧光粉的发光性质

采用微波加热固相法合成了Mg2+、Zn2+掺杂CaWO4∶Eu3+荧光粉。利用XRD对样品的晶体结构进行表征,通过荧光分光光度仪对样品的激发光谱、发射光谱和能级寿命进行检测和分析。结果表明,Mg2+、Zn2+、Eu3+掺杂CaWO4不影响CaWO4基质的四方晶相。395nm激发下,与CaWO4∶2%Eu3+样品比较,分别掺杂0.5%的Mg2+或Zn2+的样品发光强度提高了1.3倍和2.1倍;与3%Mg2+或3%Zn2+掺杂CaWO4∶2%Eu3粉体发光比较,当Eu3+浓度增加为3%时,粉体的发光强度分别提高了7.3倍和14.8倍;与CaWO4∶3%Eu3+样品比较,3%的Mg2+或Zn2+掺杂后的样品光强分别提高了1.2倍和1.3倍。262nm比395nm激发同一样品的Eu3+的5D0能级寿命有所增加。与单掺2%Eu3+样品比较,随着Mg2+或Zn2+掺杂浓度增加,样品荧光寿命先增加后减小。同样激发波长下,与Mg2+或Zn2+掺杂CaWO4∶2%Eu3+样品荧光寿命相比,Eu3+浓度增加为3%时,样品的荧光寿命明显变短。     

掺杂浓度对BaGd_2ZnO_5∶Er~(3+)/Yb~(3+)荧光粉上转换发光的影响

采用传统高温固相法合成了一个系列不同Er3+浓度单掺的BaGd2ZnO5荧光粉和两个系列分别改变Er3+、Yb3+浓度的共掺杂BaGd2ZnO5荧光粉.采用X射线衍射对得到荧光粉的晶体结构进行了分析,证实所有产物均为纯相BaGd2ZnO5,掺杂浓度的变化未引起晶相改变.采用980nm激光作为激发源,在同样条件下测量了不同稀土掺杂浓度样品的上转换发射光谱.实验发现Er3+单掺杂样品的绿色上转换发光强于红色上转换发光;当Yb3+浓度为20%,不同Er3+浓度共掺杂样品的红色上转换发光强于绿色发射上转换发射;而固定Er3+浓度为5%,不同Yb3+浓度样品的红色和绿色上转换发射强度均较强.研究了不同稀土离子掺杂浓度样品的上转换发光强度与激光器工作电流(即不同激发功率密度)的关系,通过分析发现所有样品的红色和绿色上转换发光均为双光子过程.计算了不同稀土掺杂浓度样品的色坐标,发现掺杂浓度对样品色坐标具有较大影响,通过调整掺杂浓度可对色坐标进行调整.     

补偿离子掺杂与烧成温度对SrTiO_3∶0.002Pr~(3+)材料的红色发光特性的影响

采用高温固相反应法合成SrTiO3∶Pr3+系发光材料,利用荧光光谱、XRD等分析手段,研究了工艺参数,如不同价态K、Ca和A l离子掺杂,以及1 050~1 300℃不同烧成温度对SrTiO3∶Pr3+体系发光性能的影响,以获得具有较好综合发光性能的SrTiO3∶Pr3+系发光材料。选择不同价态补偿离子掺杂是为了研究电荷补偿作用机制对该类材料发光性能的作用。结果表明:随着烧成温度的升高,磷光体发光强度先增加后减弱,在1 150℃烧成的材料其发光强度最大。无补偿掺杂与K、Ca或A l离子掺杂的所有样品均发出源于Pr3+的1D2→3H4跃迁的610 nm红色光。在不同价态补偿离子掺杂样品中,以掺A l的SrTiO3∶Pr3+体系发光强度最好;其发光强度比无补偿离子掺杂SrTiO3∶Pr3+材料的发光强度提高10倍左右。另一方面,与A l离子具有类似的引入阴离子电荷缺陷的K离子掺杂材料的发光强度则基本没有变化,其发光强度与没有电荷补偿作用的无掺杂及Ca离子掺杂SrTiO3∶Pr3+材料相似。上述实验结果可从电荷缺陷及微观固溶结构两方面的联合作用机制进行解释。在引入电荷缺陷的掺杂体系中,只有在发光离子PrS+r最近邻的Ti格位引入的电荷缺陷才能有效地起电荷补偿作用,达到增强发光强度的作用。研究结果给出了合理的制备工艺条件,并且提供了一种可有效提高发光强度的补偿离子掺杂的选择依据。     

KNb_(1-x)Ti_xO_(3-δ)固溶体的合成与表征

利用高温高压法首次合成了KNb1 -xTixO3-δ(x =0～ 0 .4)系列固溶体 ,并使用X射线衍射、TG DTA、Raman谱和交流阻抗谱等对样品的结构、热稳定性和导电性进行了表征。XRD结果表明 ,随掺杂量的增加 ,晶胞体积减小 ;Ti掺杂引起了固溶体结构的转变 ,x <0 .1 5的样品为正交钙钛矿结构 ,而x≥ 0 .1 5的样品几乎为纯四方相结构。Raman谱和DTA结果显示 ,Ti掺杂使四方相区宽化 ,并且随掺杂量的增加 ,相变温度逐渐下降。阻抗谱测量表明 ,所有样品均以离子导电为主 ,其中KNb0 .85Ti0 .1 5O2 .92 5的氧离子导电率最高 ,在 80 0℃时达到 5 .6× 1 0 - 3S·cm- 1 ,在测量温度范围内 ,电导率可以拟合成两条直线 ,低温活化能小于高温活化能     

白光和红绿蓝光LED可调光源研制

为了提高LED光源色温和亮度的调节精度和准确度,结合色温由低向高变化时光色所呈现的渐变特点,提出了一种低色温白光LED灯珠、高色温白光LED灯珠加红绿蓝光LED灯珠补偿式调光的方法.将色温分成三个部分进行调节,每个部分选用不同的LED灯珠组合来进行调光.实验结果表明:不同组合情况下的LED光源的初始输出色温相对于目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;亮度可以在保证色温不变的情况下独立进行调节,初始输出值与目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;经过微调之后可以达到目标值;达到了色温和亮度独立调节的要求;光源发光稳定,不会因为长时间工作而影响调节精度.     

Muonic and pionic L- and M-series in carbon and oxygen and the pionic 2p level shift and width of oxygen

Muonic and pionic X-rays of the L- and M-series in C and O have been measured with a Si(Li) detector in the energy range between 7 keV and 60 keV. The target consisted of mylar (C₅H₄O₂). Energies and intensities of 21 transitions have been determined. The strong interaction shift of the pionic 2p level in O was measured and found to be +4.1 ±2.3 eV. The measured width of this level is 11±6 eV. The measured yields have been compared with cascade calculations.     

Visualization and interferometry for cylindrical and spherical sample tomography and profilometry

A technique combining image processing and laser interferometry for visualizing and detecting the deformation of transparent cylindrical and spherical sample is proposed. This deformation includes geometric deformation such as volume transition in profilometry and physical deformation such as refractive index change in tomography. Phase contour lines are used for quantitative analysis and graphical representation of the deformation. This method allows us to visually detect the spatial variation of the deformation field and to evaluate the test quality such as misalignment of optical system. A theoretical analysis using phase contour map to characterize the deformation field is described in detail. A method using phase contour map to qualify the interferometric test is proposed. Analysis of test examples is carried out. Suggestions on using phase contour line method to ameliorate test system design are finally discussed.     

Nonlocal potentials and their exact and approximate local and velocity-dependent equivalents

We show that good approximations to the exact equivalent local potential (ELP) and damping factor of a nonlocal Perey-Buck potential can be calculated in the partial wave WKB approximation of Horiuchi. The exact ELP and damping factor are obtained by means of a method previously given by one of us. We also confirm that an approximate ELP proposed by Bauhoff et al. is of comparable accuracy as the Horiuchi approximation. Thesel-dependent ELP's exhibit reduced attraction in the interior and provide a test for higher order WKB approximations. We subsequently obtain an equivalent velocity dependent potential (EVDP) which is even exactly wave function equivalent to the original nonlocal potential. This almost local potential, unlike the trivial equivalent local potential, is smooth and well-behaved and is therefore particularly useful in nuclear reactions where the off-shell behaviour of the potential is important.     

Quantum and Classical Disparity and Accord

Discrepancies and accords between quantum (QM) and classical mechanics (CM) related to expectation values and periods are generally found for both the harmonic oscillator (SHO) and a free particle in a box (FPB), which may apply generally. These indicate non-locality is expected throughout QM. The FPB energy states violate the Correspondence Principle. Previously unexpected accords are found and proven that 〈x ²〉 _CM =〈x ²〉 _QM and τ _CM =τ _QMb (beat period i.e. beats between the phases for adjoining energy states) for the SHO for all quantum numbers, n. However, for the FPB the beat periods differ at small n. It is shown that a particle’s velocity in an infinite square well varies, no matter how wide the box, nor how far the particle is from the walls. The quantum free particle variances share an indirect commonality with the Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov-Casher effects in that there is a quantum action in the absence of a force. The concept of an “Expectation Value over a Partial Well Width” is introduced. This paper raises the question as to whether these inconsistencies are undetectable, or can be empirically ascertained. These inherent variances may need to be fixed, or nature is manifestly more non-classical than expected.     

Spin and Statistics and First Principles

It was shown in the early seventies that, in Local Quantum Theory (that is the most general formulation of Quantum Field Theory, if we leave out only the unknown scenario of Quantum Gravity) the notion of Statistics can be grounded solely on the local observable quantities (without assuming neither the commutation relations nor even the existence of unobservable charged field operators); one finds that only the well known (para)statistics of Bose/Fermi type are allowed by the key principle of local commutativity of observables. In this frame it was possible to formulate and prove the Spin and Statistics Theorem purely on the basis of First Principles.