Crystal structures of hydrates of simple inorganic salts. III. Water‐rich aluminium halide hydrates: AlCl3·15H2O,AlBr3·15H2O,AlI3·15H2O,AlI3·17H2O and AlBr3·9H2O

Water‐rich aluminium halide hydrate structures are not known in the literature. The highest known water content per Al atom is nine for the perchlorate and fluoride. The nonahydrate of aluminium bromide, stable pentadecahydrates of aluminium chloride, bromide and iodide, and a metastable heptadecahydrate of the iodide have now been crystallized from low‐temperature solutions. The structures of these hydrates were determined and are discussed in terms of the development of cation hydration spheres. The pentadecahydrate of the chloride and bromide are isostructural. In AlI₃·15H₂O, half of the Al³⁺ cations are surrounded by two complete hydration spheres, with six H₂O in the primary and 12 in the secondary. For the heptadecahydrate of aluminium iodide, this hydration was found for every Al³⁺.     

Elektrische Leitfähigkeiten geschmolzener Mischungen aus Alkali- und Erdalkalimetalliodiden

Electrical Conductivities of Molten Alkali Halide-Alkaline Earth Halide Mixtures Specific and molar electrical conductivities of molten iodide mixtures were measured. A multiple-term polynomial equation was used to describe the temperature and concentration dependence of specific electrical conductivity. Molar conductivity of molten mixtures gives a linear dependence on the kind of cations and anions.     

Molecular absorption spectrometry (MAS) by electrothermal evaporation in a graphite furnace-IX Determination of traces of bromide by mas of AlBr after liquid-liquid extraction of bromide with triphenyltin hydroxide

The determination of traces of bromide by molecular absorption spectrometry (MAS) of AlBr (with electrothermal volatilization) is described. It is possible to determine 25 ng of bromide. Many problems are caused by various matrices, so an extraction method for separation (and also preconcentration) was developed. The combination of bromide extraction with triphenyltin hydroxide, stripping with 0.025M barium hydroxide and determination of the extracted bromide by MAS of AlBr (after addition of aluminium ions) gives a very sensitive and selective method for determination of traces of bromide in micro or macro samples, in the presence of large amounts of other species, including chloride and iodide.     

Viscosity of cesium halides,rubidium nitrate,and rubidium lodide in diethyleneglycol and aqueous diethyleneglycol at 25°C

The viscosity of cesium chloride, bromide, and iodide, rubidium nitrate and rubidium iodide in diethyleneglycol, and aqueous diethyleneglycol (20% by weight) at 25°C and at concentrations varying from 0.01 to 0.1M are reported. The results are interpreted in terms of the structure-making/structure-breaking capacity of the electrolyte by estimating theB coefficient of the Jones-Dole equation.     

Derivatographische Untersuchung von in geschmolzener Phase ablaufenden Reaktionen

Zusammenfassung Bei der derivatographischen Untersuchung der Reaktionen von Metaphosphat mit Bariumsulfat, Bleisulfat, Gips, Bariumchlorid, Silberchlorid und Calciumfluorid ergab sich, daß Metaphosphat gut als Aufschlußmittel für diese Verbindungen — mit Ausnahme der beiden letzten — geeignet ist. Die Untersuchung der Reaktionen von Borsäure mit Alkalihalogeniden zeigte, daß diese langsamer verlaufen als die entsprechenden Reaktionen mit Metaphosphat (siehe Teil I [2]) und durch die Verdampfung von Bortrioxid beeinflußt werden. Die Reaktionen des Natriumcarbonats wurden mit den Oxiden von Eisen, Aluminium, Chrom, Kobalt und Zink untersucht. Außer bei Zink wurde in allen Fällen CO₂-Abspaltung beobachtet.

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Derivatographic investigation of reactions in molten phaseII. Reactions with metaphosphate, boric acid and sodium carbonate

The investigation of the reactions of metaphosphate with barium sulphate, lead sulphate, gypsum, barium chloride, silver chloride and calcium fluoride showed that metaphosphate can be well used as reagent for the decomposition of these substances, with exception of the last two compounds. The reactions of boric acid with alkali halogenides are slower than those with metaphosphate (described in Part I [2]) and are influenced by evaporation of boric anhydride. The reactions of sodium carbonate have been investigated with the oxides of iron, aluminium, chromium, cobalt and zinc. Liberation of CO₂ has been observed in all cases, except zinc.

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I. Mitteilung: siehe [2].     

Extraction of organic acids by ion-pair formation with tri-n-octylamine : Part 2. Back-extraction

Acids, extracted with tri-n-octylamine, are extracted back to an aqueous phase. The back-extraction is based on a displacement reaction. Several displacing ions were used: chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate and perchlorate. The efficiency increases in the order chloride < bromide < iodide < perchlorate. The back-extraction yield is directly proportional to the concentration of the displacing ion and inversely proportional to the tri-n-octylamine concentrations.     

Coulometric thermometric titration of halides in molten calcium nitrate tetrahydrate

A method for coulometric thermometric precipitation titrations of chloride, bromide and iodide in molten calcium nitrate tetrahydrate at 55 degrees with coulometrically generated silver ions has been developed. The change in temperature during the titration is followed with the aid of a thermistor bridge coupled to a recorder. To minimize the temperature effect of the passage of current through the melt, two thermistors are connected in opposition in the bridge, with one in the anodic and the other in the cathodic cell compartment. Amounts of 62-80 mumole of halide have been determined with relative error below 0.4% and relative standard deviation less than 2.7%. The relative error in determination of 40 mumole of iodide was + 2%.     

Using ratiometric indicator-displacement assays in semi-quantitative colorimetric determination of chloride, bromide, and iodide anions

A ratiometric indicator-displacement assay (RIDA) array has been developed for the semi-quantitative colorimetric determination of chloride, bromide, and iodide anions. Determinations of these halide anions follow the displacement reaction using the chelate compound of (2-(3,5-dibromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-(diethylamino)phenol) (3,5-Br2-PADAP) and heavy metal salts as colorimetric reagent. Different from regular silver nitrate titrations, the chloride, bromide, and iodide anions compete with the 3,5-Br2-PADAP ligand and change the colour of the 3,5-Br2-PADAP-metal chelate compound dramatically. These clearer colour changes make the semi-quantitative colorimetric determination of chloride, bromide, and iodide anions possible. The colour changes are imaged using a conventional flatbed scanner, and digitized. After statistical analysis, these colour changes in the RIDA array provide facile identification of chloride, bromide, and iodide anions at a wide concentration range (10 μM to 10 mM) without any misclassification. The RIDA array is able to discriminate without misclassifications among seven concentrations of chloride, bromide, and iodide anions. No shelf life issue exists because the chelating compounds react with halide anions directly without any pre-immobilizations.     

Interaction of cationic surfactants with carboxymethylcellulose in aqueous media

We have examined the polymer-surfactant interaction in mixed solutions of the cationic surfactants, i.e., dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetradecyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, and tetradecylpyridinium bromide and a semiflexible anionic polyelectrolyte carboxymethylcellulose in water and aqueous salt solutions by various techniques: tensiometry, viscosimetry or ion-selective electrode method, and dynamic light scattering. We have investigated the effect of varying surfactant chain length, head group size, counterion, and ionic strength on the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of mixed polymer surfactant systems and the collapse of the polymer molecule under different solution conditions. The CAC decreases with increasing alkyl chain length. Above a certain surfactant concentration, mixed aggregates start growing until their macroscopic phase separation. The growth is more rapid with greater surfactant tail length and with increasing head group size. This is attributed in both cases to the increasing hydrophobic interaction between polymer and surfactant. Among surfactants with monovalent halide counterions, iodide induces the strongest binding, reflected by the onset of growth of the mixed aggregates at low surfactant concentration. This is perhaps related to the decreasing hydration of the counterion from chloride to iodide. The surfactant concentration at which the viscosity of the solution starts to decrease sharply is smaller than the CAC, and probably reflects polymer chain shrinkage due to noncooperative binding.     

Molecular mechanism of transporting a polarizable iodide anion across the water-CCl4 liquid/liquid interface

The result of transferring a polarizable iodide anion across the H2O-CCl4 liquid/liquid interface was investigated in this study. The computed transfer-free energy profile or potential of mean force exhibits a minimum near the Gibbs dividing surface. These system characteristics are similar to those found in a corresponding study of iodide transfer across the H2O-vapor interface; however, the free energy minimum was lower at the H2O-vapor interface. Molecular dynamics simulations were also carried out to compare the concentrations of NaCl, NaBr, and NaI at the H2O-vapor and H2O-CCl4 interfaces. While the concentration of bromide and iodide ions were lower at the H2O-CCl4 interface when compared to the H2O-vapor interface, the chloride ion concentrations were similar at both interfaces. Analysis of the solvation structures of iodide and chloride ions revealed that the more polarizable iodide ion was less solvated than the chloride ion at the interface. This characteristic brought the iodide ion into greater contact with CCl4, resulting in repulsive interactions with CCl4 and reducing its tendency to move to the interface.     

Heterocyclic Synthesis with 4-Benzoyl-1-cyanoacetylthiosemicarbazide: Selective Synthesis of Some Thiazole,Triazole, Thiadiazine,Pyrrylthiazole, and Pyrazolo[1,5-<Emphasis Type="Italic">a</Emphasis>]triazine Derivatives

Summary. 4-Benzoyl-1-cyanoacetylthiosemicarbazide undergoes coupling reaction with aromatic diazonium chloride to afford (arylhydrazono)thiosemicarbazide, which was reacted with phenacyl bromide regioselectivity to afford the thiazoline. The (arylhydrazono)thiosemicarbazide could be transformed into the pyrazolo[1,5-a]triazine. Heterocyclization of 4-benzoyl-1-cyanoacetylthiosemicarbazide with α-haloketones (bromoacetone and phenacyl bromide), ethyl iodide, and ethyl bromoacetate furnished the pyrrylthiazoles, 1,2,4- triazole, and 1,3,4-thiadiazine. The latter was coupled with aromatic diazonium chloride to give the bis(arylhydrazono)‐thiadiazine. The mechanism for the formation of the title compounds was suggested and discussed.     

Cathodic stripping determination of halides in mixtures

Cathodic stripping voltammetry is evaluated for the simultaneous determination of chloride, bromide and iodide in mixtures. Results are similar to those obtained with ion-selective electrodes. Detection limits are 177 μg l^?1 for chloride, 40 μg l^?1 for bromide, and 8 μg l?1 for iodide. Dam water and human spinal fluid were analyzed satisfactorily.     

Variability of selectivity coefficients of solid-state ion-selective electrodes

The generalized model for the selectivity mechanism of solid-state ion-selective electrodes has been experimentally verified. The experimental parameters investigated were the concentration of interfering ion, temperature and stirring. Among the systems studied were electrodes sensitive to chloride (bromide, iodide), bromide (chloride, iodide), iodide (chloride, bromide), silver (copper, lead), copper (silver, lead) and lead (silver, copper), the species given in brackets being considered as the interferents. The model has been confirmed except for cases where the concentration of ions formed at the electrode surface by metathesis is too small to be the factor that dictates the electrode potential.     

Synthesis of 2,6-diaryl-substituted pyrylium and 4-alkox yc hromylium salts with various anions

A method is proposed for the synthesis of 2,6-diphenyl-substituted pyrylium salts and 7-hydroxy-4-ethoxychromylium salts with various anions on the basis of the condensation of ethyl orthoformate with aliphatic-aromatic ketones in the presence of acid catalysts (hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen iodide, and 92% sulfuric acid) and Lewis acids (aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, and stannic chloride).Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 160–163, February, 1971.     

Nouvelle méthode de préparation d'éthers vinyliques à partir d'acétals

A new way to vinylic ethers from acetals Acetals react at low temperatures in presence of a Lewis acid (aluminium chloride or magnesium bromide) with tertiary amine to give in good yields the vinylic ethers corresponding to the elimination of one molecule of alcohol.     

Ammonium 2-(2'-lepidylazo)-1-naphthol-4-sulphonate as indicator in mercurimetric determination of halides

The use of ammonium 2-(2'-lepidylazo)-1-naphthol-4-sulphonate as indicator in titrimetric estimation of chloride, bromide and iodide with mercury(II) has been examined. The precision, accuracy and applicability of the procedures have been evaluated.     

SN2 reactions in the gas phase. Nucleophilicity effects

The heats and entropies of gas phase association of chloride, bromide and iodide with the respective methyl halides are reported. Comparison of these results with results published for S_N2 reactions in solution suggests that the solvent is the dominant factor in determining relative halide nucleophilicities for the reactions in solution.     

Polyelectrolyte behavior and conformation of poly-L-methionine S-methylsulfonium salts in aqueous solution

The influence of the species of counterion on the polyelectrolyte behavior and the conformation of poly-L -methionine S-methylsulfonium salts in aqueous solution was studied by viscometric, electrochemical, and optical measurements. The degree of binding of small counterions to charged polyions increases in the sequence: chloride ? bromide < iodide < thiocyanate. The conformations of chloride and bromide salts are independent of polymer concentration. On the contrary, iodide and thiocyanate salts indicate a conformational transition, probably from a random-coil conformation to an intermolecularly stabilized β-form, with the increase of polymer concentration. The results suggest the existence of a strong specific interaction between counterion and macroion in iodide and thiocyanate salt solutions at high polymer concentration.     

A convenient iodination method for alcohols using cesium iodide/methanesulfonic acid and its comparison using cesium iodide/p-toluenesulfonic acid or cesium iodide/aluminium chloride

In situ generation of hydrogen iodide from cesium iodide/methanesulfonic acid was found to be an attractive reagent combination for the conversion of alkyl, allyl, and benzyl alcohols to their corresponding iodides under mild conditions. The method is compared with that using cesium iodide/p-toluenesulfonic acid or cesium iodide/aluminium chloride.     

Thermolytic investigations on nickel(II) complexes of 4‐N‐(4′‐antipyrylmethylidene)aminoantipyrine with various counterions

Phenomenological characteristics and kinetic and mechanistic aspects of the thermal decomposition of nitrate, chloride, bromide, and iodide complexes of nickel(II) with 4‐N‐(4′‐antipyrylmethylidene)aminoantipyrine have been studied using thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) techniques. Kinetic parameters such as activation energy, preexponential factor, and entropy of activation were quantified. The rate‐controlling process in all stages of decomposition was found to be based on random nucleation with one nucleus on each particle according to the Mampel model. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 53–58, 2007