探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。     

初中化学教材中铁钉锈蚀实验的数字化改进

针对沪教版九年级化学上册教材中的“铁钉锈蚀实验”存在反应时间长、课堂操作难、可视化程度低、控制变量难等问题,结合数字化传感技术对该实验进行一系列的探究与改进,设计了2组对比实验,通过定量测定还原铁粉在生锈过程中的耗氧量,探究钢铁锈蚀的条件以及影响钢铁锈蚀速率的因素。     

铁钉锈蚀实验的新观察

常规的铁钉锈蚀反应在溶液中进行,由于扩散效应,氧化产物和还原产物很快混合,不容易观察反应过程的细节。将该反应转到含有指示剂的琼脂凝胶中进行,可以清晰地观察到金属腐蚀过程自发形成的阳极区和阴极区,结合数码设备拍摄铁钉以及铁钉与其他金属连接体的反应,能够很好地展示金属的吸氧腐蚀过程以及与之相伴的原电池结构。     

电解饱和食盐水的意外现象及其探究

学生做全日制普通高级中学教科书（必修加选修）《化学》第三册电解饱和食盐水分组实验的过程中发现一个有趣的意外现象：有一实验小组连在电源负极导线上的铁钉脱落掉在U 形管底,当时未取出铁钉而在导线上重新连接了一个铁钉,通电时U 形管底部铁钉的一端有气泡生成。     

手持技术探究铁钉在不同溶液中的吸氧腐蚀速率

通过手持技术探究铁钉在8种溶液中的吸氧腐蚀实验,并用四重表征理论对实验进行分析,发现溶液的酸、碱性对吸氧腐蚀速率有较大影响,氯离子会增大铁钉的腐蚀程度。     

苏联“铁人”皮肤生锈

前苏联有个名副其实的“铁人”,名叫科耶斯基。这位35岁的工人,因为体内铁质太多,皮肤开始生锈,他那铁锈斑斑的面容,使人见而生畏。科耶斯基的身体异状,令医生也大吃一惊。医生告诫他要避免淋雨和永不沐浴,否则难活到40岁。目前,科耶斯基用特制的爽身粉净身。前苏联基辅大学人类学研究中心主任斯托利加耶医生到美国出席生物化学国际会议时说:“这名男子的身体产生这么多铁质,使得皮肤生锈,而且有迹象显示他的内脏也在生锈,这是一种可怕的情况,但又无有效疗法。”苏联“铁人”皮肤生锈@明     

镁条表面“灰黑色外衣”的探究

金属表面锈蚀物的成分比较复杂。镁是一种活泼金属,在空气中也容易生锈。但在空气中久置的镁条表面的"灰黑色物质"到底含有哪些物质?着重研究镁条表面的锈蚀物的形成过程及镁锈的主要成分。     

静态冷凝水试验方法及评价指标概述

静态冷凝水试验是评定涂层耐湿性能的重要方法,确定涂层在潮湿环境下的性能及腐蚀防护的缺陷;介绍了静态冷凝水试验方法及测试过程中应当注意的问题;起泡和生锈是涂层进行静态冷凝水气候测试后最常见的缺陷,详细描述了常用评价标准ISO4628-2、ASTM D714、ASTM D610对起泡和生锈的评级指标及差异。     

铁是生命攸关的微量元素

人体必需的十多种微量元素中，铁无论在重要性上还是在数量上都属首位，一个正常成年人，全身含有3～5克铁，相当于一根小铁钉的重量。     

中学化学实验的成功经验

介绍中学化学实验的成功经验,其中包括铁钉与硫酸铜溶液反应,明矾和绿矾净水实验,重金属盐使蛋白质变性实验,溴乙烷与氢氧化钠反应产物的检验,蛋白质与硝酸的反应,水的硬度,铜与硝酸银溶液反应等.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.