稳定同位素质谱技术在香精香料鉴别研究中的应用

稳定同位素质谱技术作为产地溯源和真伪鉴别的有效技术之一,近年来被越来越多的应用于食品研究工作中。本文简要介绍了稳定同位素质谱技术的基本原理和常用的稳定同位素分馏机理,对稳定同位素质谱技术在香精香料鉴别研究中的国内外进展进行了综述,并对该技术的发展进行了展望。旨在促进稳定同位素质谱技术在香精香料鉴别研究中的应用,推动稳定同位素数据库及鉴别技术体系的建立和完善。     

非传统稳定同位素在大气颗粒物溯源中的应用

大气颗粒物对环境与人体健康都具有显著的负面影响,是当前严重的环境污染问题之一.准确判断大气颗粒物的来源是大气颗粒物污染控制的重要前提.近年来,基于天然稳定同位素的大气颗粒物溯源技术受到了广泛关注.本文综述了大气颗粒物中非传统稳定同位素(主要包括硅、锶、铁、锌、铜、钕、铅、汞、碘)的组成分析方法和溯源应用,总结了大气颗粒物中同位素组成的时空分布特征及各排放源同位素组成的差异性,并对非传统稳定同位素应用于大气颗粒物溯源的未来发展趋势进行了展望.     

水产品真伪鉴别与产地溯源检测研究进展

水产品真伪鉴别及产地溯源一直是食品安全领域广泛关注的热点问题。近年来,光谱、核磁共振、酶联免疫、核酸检测、电泳、色谱及质谱分析技术的发展,为分析不同物种、产地和含量的水产品提供了强有力的工具。该文介绍了水产品真伪鉴别和溯源检测方法的分类、原理、研究平台及其最新应用,并对其未来发展进行了展望。     

常见炸药的稳定同位素比值分析方法研究进展

炸药的深度比对与溯源对于爆炸案事件的侦破具有重大意义,以不同地域来源的原料或不同生产工艺生产的炸药,其组成元素的稳定同位素比值具有差异,因而稳定同位素比值可作为炸药深度比对与溯源的重要指标.稳定同位素比值质谱法(IRMS)作为一种高精度的稳定同位素比值测量手段,已逐渐发展成熟,与元素分析仪、气相色谱仪、液相色谱仪等仪器...     

数据融合策略在食品产地溯源中的应用进展

产地溯源技术可有效识别食品来源,在保护消费者权益和维护产品声誉方面具有重要作用。产地溯源常用的检测手段包括光谱、质谱、色谱和传感器技术等,但是对于化学组成较复杂的食品,单一的分析技术通常无法获得足够的化学信息,而数据融合策略可以通过对不同检测技术获取的数据进行处理及联合,获取更多的有用信息,提高在产地溯源过程中的鉴别效果。目前,数据融合策略已经广泛应用于食品产地溯源领域。本文介绍了包括光谱、质谱、色谱和传感器技术等产地溯源检测技术,总结了基于这些技术的数据融合策略在食品产地溯源中的应用现状,并对数据融合策略在食品产地溯源方面的发展前景进行了展望,以期为食品产地溯源的研究及发展提供参考。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定水产品中锶同位素比值

为推动锶同位素在水产品溯源中的应用,本文建立了基于电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定水产品中锶同位素比值的分析方法。水产品组织经冻干研磨和微波消解后,用ICP-MS测定样品溶液中的锶同位素比值,并采用标准品-样品-标准品交叉测量方法降低质量歧视效应的影响。结果表明,通过稀释样品消解溶液,将总锶浓度控制在70-100 μg/L,并与80 μg/L的锶同位素标准品溶液进行交叉测量,可准确校正质量歧视效应;84Sr/86Sr、87Sr/86Sr和88Sr/86Sr的日内精密度分别为0.06%、0.03%和0.03%,日间精密度分别为0.08%、0.04%和0.03%;按照所建立的方法测定大虾和扇贝生物成分分析标准物质的锶同位素比值,84Sr/86Sr、87Sr/86Sr和88Sr/86Sr的相对标准偏差均低于0.1%。该方法前处理简单快捷并且测量精密度高,可为锶同位素比值测定并进一步应用于水产品溯源研究提供技术支撑。     

稳定氯同位素分析技术及其在有机氯污染物研究中的应用

有机氯污染物是近几十年环境科学持续关注的热点,传统研究以环境化学为主。随着同位素分析技术日趋高效便捷,氯同位素分析技术也开始在有机污染研究中得到更多应用。本文综述了稳定氯同位素分析技术的研究进展,介绍了氯同位素技术在有机污染物研究中的应用现状,并对其研究趋势进行了展望。单体同位素分析技术有助于开展有机氯污染物的同位素相关理论及应用研究;双路-同位素质谱和热电离质谱方法是测试精度较高的两种氯同位素测试方法,但是前处理过程繁杂、样品用量较大,不能满足环境样品中痕量的有机氯污染物分析;在线同位素测试技术提高了分析方法的灵敏度,拓宽了单体氯同位素分析技术在环境有机污染研究中的应用范围,是未来环境有机污染研究的趋势之一, 有待深入研究。目前氯同位素分析主要应用在环境有机污染物的溯源、降解途径的辩识和降解效率的量化等方面,尚需加强相关理论和应用研究。     

化学分析测量向SI单位的溯源

目前,化学分析测量结果的可比性常常建立在协议的基础上并受到区域性限制。对于化学分析测量的国际可比性和一致性、测量结果的相互承认、化学分析测量向SI单位的可溯源性来说仍然缺少一个重要的先决条件。叙述了这种溯源的特殊性以及国际上对其建立所做出的努力。介绍了联邦德国物理技术研究院在质谱学、同位素分析领域借助于热中子俘获后瞬时γ射线的光谱测定法、气体分析和pH测量技术对SI单位的溯源所作出的贡献。     

辨微识源: 纳米颗粒物溯源技术的新进展※

随着纳米技术在医药、工业催化、食品及农业生产等领域的广泛应用, 人造纳米颗粒被大量生产并最终不可避免地进入自然环境, 进而造成潜在的环境和健康风险. 目前, 纳米材料已经被认为是一类潜在的环境污染物. 准确示踪纳米颗粒的来源和环境转化过程是评价其毒理学效应和进行精准污染管控的重要前提. 综述了近年来纳米颗粒溯源技术的新进展, 包括多维化学指纹技术、非传统稳定同位素技术、同位素标记技术和环境DNA标记技术等, 并对纳米颗粒溯源技术的未来发展方向进行了展望.     

化学分析测量向SI单位的溯源

目前，化学分析测量结果的可比性常常建立在协议的基础上受到区域性限制。对于化学分析测量的国际可比性和一致性、测量结果的相互承认、化学分析测量向ＳＩ单位的可溯源性来说仍然缺少一个重要的选决条件。叙述了这种溯源的特殊性以及国际上对其建立所做出的努力。介绍了联邦德国物理技术研究辽在质谱说、同位素分析领域借助于热中子俘获后瞬时γ射线的光谱测定法、气体分析和ｐＨ测量技术对ＳＩ单位的溯源所作出的贡献。     

Herkunft und Authentizität von Lebensmitteln: Stabilisotopenanalytik

The correlations between isotope ratios in water, organic mass, and trace elements of food and beverages, and the circumstances and sites of their origin and production are outlined, and the methods of mass spectrometric isotope ratio determination and the positional ²H analysis by quantitative NMR measurement are explained. In context with the application of these methods for origin and authenticity investigations of food, examples are given for the proof of watering or sugar addition to wine and fruit juices and methods for the identification of nondeclared additions of L‐malic and Lascorbic acids are described. The possibilities of multielement isotope ratio analysis for the identification of origin of animal products (eggs, milk products, meat) and methods for the discriminations between natural and nature identical aroma compounds are outlined. Finally, the possibilities of isotope ratio measurements for the discrimination between plant and animal food from conventional and organic production are discussed.     

Application of Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis in Environmental Forensic and Strategic Management Avenue for Pesticide Residues

Unintended pesticide pollution in soil, crops, and adjacent environments has caused several issues for both pesticide users and consumers. For users, pesticides utilized should provide higher yield and lower persistence while considering both the environment and agricultural products. Most people are concerned that agricultural products expose humans to pesticides accumulating in vegetation. Thus, many countries have guidelines for assessing and managing pesticide pollution, for farming in diverse environments, as all life forms in soil are untargeted to these pesticides. The stable isotope approach has been a useful technique to find the source of organic matter in studies relating to aquatic ecology and environmental sciences since the 1980s. In this study, we discuss commonly used analytical methods using liquid and gas chromatography coupled with isotopic ratio mass spectrometry, as well as the advanced compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). CSIA applications are discussed for tracing organic pollutants and understanding chemical reactions (mechanisms) in natural environments. It shows great applicability for the issues on unintended pesticide pollution in several environments with the progress history of isotope application in agricultural and environmental studies. We also suggest future study directions based on the forensic applications of stable isotope analysis to trace pesticides in the environment and crops.     

A measuring system for the fast simultaneous isotope ratio and elemental analysis of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur in food commodities and other biological material

The isotope ratio of each of the light elements preserves individual information on the origin and history of organic natural compounds. Therefore, a multi-element isotope ratio analysis is the most efficient means for the origin and authenticity assignment of food, and also for the solution of various problems in ecology, archaeology and criminology. Due to the extraordinary relative abundances of the elements hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in some biological material and to the need for individual sample preparations for H and S, their isotope ratio determination currently requires at least three independent procedures and approximately 1 h of work. We present here a system for the integrated elemental and isotope ratio analysis of all four elements in one sample within 20 min. The system consists of an elemental analyser coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer with an inlet system for four reference gases (N(2), CO(2), H(2) and SO(2)). The combustion gases are separated by reversible adsorption and determined by a thermoconductivity detector; H(2)O is reduced to H(2). The analyser is able to combust samples with up to 100 mg of organic material, sufficient to analyse samples with even unusual elemental ratios, in one run. A comparison of the isotope ratios of samples of water, fruit juices, cheese and ethanol from wine, analysed by the four-element analyser and by classical methods and systems, respectively, yielded excellent agreements. The sensitivity of the device for the isotope ratio measurement of C and N corresponds to that of other systems. It is less by a factor of four for H and by a factor of two for S, and the error ranges are identical to those of other systems.     

加速溶剂萃取同步净化-同位素内标-气相色谱-高分辨质谱测定水产品中32种多氯联苯

建立了加速溶剂萃取同步净化-同位素内标-气相色谱-高分辨质谱同时测定水产品中32种多氯联苯含量的方法。通过在加速溶剂萃取仪中加入2 g无水硫酸钠、1 g弗罗里硅土、50 g中性氧化铝作为吸附剂实现同步净化的效果，萃取溶剂为二氯甲烷-正己烷（1:1，v/v），萃取温度为100℃，循环2次。萃取结束后分别用0.5 mL浓硫酸净化两次，净化液浓缩定容后，采用气相色谱-高分辨质谱测定，同位素内标法定量。32种多氯联苯在0.1~20 μg/L范围内平均相对响应因子（RRF）的相对标准偏差（RSD）值（n=7）均小于15%，定量限（S/N=10）为0.3~1.9 ng/kg。在草鱼和海鲈鱼空白基质中做加标回收试验，添加水平为5、20和50 ng/kg，得到的平均回收率为71.9%~119.0%（n=6），RSD为3.5%~19.6%。该方法背景干扰低，灵敏度高，重现性好，回收率稳定，适用于水产品中多氯联苯的检测。     

Position‐specific carbon isotope analysis of trichloroacetic acid by gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) is an important environmental contaminant present in soils, water and plants. A method for determining the carbon isotope signature of the trichloromethyl position in TCAA using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) was developed and tested with TCAA from different origins. Position‐specific isotope analysis (PSIA) can provide direct information on the kinetic isotope effect for isotope substitution at a specific position in the molecule and/or help to distinguish different sources of a compound. The method is based on the degradation of TCAA into chloroform (CF) and CO₂ by thermal decarboxylation. Since thermal decarboxylation is associated with strong carbon isotope fractionation (ε = ?34.6 ± 0.2‰) the reaction conditions were optimized to ensure full conversion. The combined isotope ratio of CF and CO₂ at the end of the reaction corresponded well to the isotope ratio of TCAA, confirming the reliability of the method. A method quantification limit (MQL) for TCAA of 18.6 µg/L was determined. Samples of TCAA produced by enzymatic and non‐enzymatic chlorination of natural organic matter (NOM) and some industrially produced TCAA were used as exemplary sources. Significant different PSIA isotope ratios were observed between industrial TCAA and TCAA samples produced by chlorination of NOM. This highlights the potential of the method to study the origin and the fate of TCAA in the environment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

气相色谱-负化学源质谱联用法测定水产品及食用油中氟乐灵的残留量

建立了一种可用于水产品及食用油中氟乐灵残留量分析的分散型固相萃取-气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱方法。水产品及食用油经乙腈提取,4 ℃冷藏后,采用分散型固相萃取法净化,由气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱选择离子监测技术进行测定与确证,同位素内标法定量。在1~40 μg/L范围内氟乐灵农药的线性关系良好;方法定量限（LOQ）为0.02 μg/kg;对鳗鱼、烤鳗、梭子蟹、小龙虾、猪油和橄榄油等6种复杂基质进行1.0、2.0和3.0 μg/kg等3个水平的添加回收试验,平均回收率均处于80%~100%之间,RSD≤10.3%;无干扰现象出现。该方法可作为水产品及食用油中氟乐灵残留检测的确证方法。     

Identification of the origin of chondroitin sulfate in "health foods"

Twelve "health foods" products containing chondroitin sulfate (CS) were purchased from the Japanese market and the origin of the CS was investigated by conducting disaccharide compositional analysis after enzymatic depolymerization and by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Nine of the 12 products had labels indicating that the origin of the CS was shark cartilage. However, two of them were found to contain mammalian CS. Next, we compared the ratio of the sulfate group to the galactosamine residue after the acid hydrolysis of CS. The results suggest that all of the CS from sharks had a ratio of more than 1.0, while the CS from mammals had a ratio of less than 1.0. Since this comparative analysis does not require expensive purified enzyme, it would be an economical way to identify the origin of CS in "health foods." Being able to determine the origin of the ingredients in natural products is very important for ensuring their quality, safety, and efficacy. Therefore, we think that regulatory requirements for accurately indicating the origin of "health foods" and effective enforcement of these requirements are needed.     

Geographical traceability of wheat and its products using multielement light stable isotopes coupled with chemometrics

The present study was aimed to investigate the variation of stable isotopic ratios of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen in wheat kernel along with different processed fractions from three geographical origins across 5 years using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Multiway ANOVA revealed significant differences among region, harvest year, processing, and their interactions for all isotopes. The region contributed the major variability in the δ¹³C ‰, δ²H ‰, δ¹⁵N ‰, and δ¹⁸O‰ values of wheat. Variation of δ¹³C ‰, δ¹⁵N ‰, and δ¹⁸O ‰ between wheat whole kernel and its products (break, reduction, noodles, and cooked noodles) were ?0.7‰, and no significant difference was observed, suggesting the reliability of these isotope fingerprints in geographical traceability of wheat‐processed fractions and foods. A significant influence of wheat processing was observed for δ²H values. By applying linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to the whole dataset, the generated model correctly classified over 91% of the samples according to the geographical origin. The application of these parameters will assist in the development of an analytical control procedure that can be utilized to control the mislabeling regarding geographical origin of wheat kernel and its products.     

Assessing transformation processes of organic contaminants by compound-specific stable isotope analysis

The analysis of variations in stable isotope composition is becoming an essential approach for evaluating enzymatic and abiotic reactions of organic contaminants in soils and aquatic systems. Different, sometimes complementary analytical techniques are currently used and developed to determine stable isotope ratios in individual organic compounds. Anticipating an increasing demand for compound-specific isotope analysis, this survey compiles information for choosing the most promising analytical approach to an isotope-related problem. To this end, we review the principles of instrumentation for compound-specific isotope analysis and show how they can be exploited to assess contaminant transformation processes. Using chlorinated solvents and triazine herbicides as illustrative examples, we discuss how the isotope-sensitive techniques impact the investigation of stable isotope fractionation in environmental chemistry and microbiology.