流动注射安培法测定水中总氰化物

氰化物是一种广泛存在于自然界的剧毒物质,工业用途十分广泛,如湿法冶炼金、银等,主要污染源为电镀、炼焦、选矿、有机、化工、化肥等工业污水[1-2]。目前国内测定总氰化物的方法主要有硝酸银滴定法、分光光度法、电极法、色谱法等[3]。传统的化学法检测氰化物需蒸馏预处理,而且显色时还需水浴恒温,操作繁琐、费时、费力。流动注射安培法具有分析速度快、操作简单、样品和试剂消耗少等优点,已应用于环境、农业等领域中氰化物的检测。     

原子吸收分光光度法测定矿石及金属镍、钴中的微量锌

矿石及有色金属中的微量锌,目前多采用氰化物掩蔽干扰元素,双硫腙萃取分光光度法测定。该法虽然准确、可靠,但操作手续繁琐,同时需使用剧毒的氰化物。其它分光光度法也往往存在着试剂空白和元素间干扰等不利因素。原子吸收分光光度法测定锌,早在1958年已有报导。由于方法具有灵敏度高、元素干扰少、操作简易、快速和准确等优点,因此近年来,得到了广泛的应用。但是,用原子吸收分光光度法测定矿石及金属镍、钴中微量锌的详细报导却较     

氰化物检测方法研究进展

对应用于氰化物的检测方法如色谱法、光谱法、电化学法、硝酸银滴定法及快速检测试纸条法等的现状（主要在1992～2011年间发表的文献）及相关的原理和方法的特点之处作了综述（引用文献38篇）。     

用异菸酸-巴比妥酸分光光度法测定微量氰化物

目前,测定微量氰化物应用最为普遍的方法仍是比色或分光光度法,因其简便易行,灵敏度较高。但现行比色或分光光度测氰法大多都要使用恶臭、毒性大的试剂,或者试剂配制较繁,受温度和时间影响较大。本文介绍一种分光光度测氰法——异菸酸巴比妥酸法,所用试剂无臭无毒,灵敏度高,氰检测下限可达4ppb。同时试剂配制简易又较稳定,     

芝麻油质量现状及掺假检检方法的探讨

介绍了芝麻油的质量现状及掺假检验方法.论述了显色法、紫外分光光度法、色谱法等的原理及其在芝麻油掺假检验中的应用,对比分析了这些检测方法的优缺点,指出应用简便、快速、准确的芝麻油掺假现场检测方法的重要性和必要性.     

流动注射-分光光度法测定水中氰化物

使用流动注射(FIA)-分光光度法测定水中的氰化物的含量,并与传统分光光度法的分析结果进行比对。实验证明流动注射(FIA)-分光光度法操作简便、线性好,灵敏度、精密度、准确度都能符合分析工作要求。检出限为0.2μg/L,适用于水中微量氰化物的检测。分析频率为每小时30个样品,特别适合大批样品的测定。     

荧光增白剂检测方法研究进展

介绍荧光增白剂的主要应用,对荧光增白剂常用的检测方法紫外灯法、紫外分光光度法、分子荧光光谱法、液相色谱法、高效液相色谱–质谱联用法的应用进行综述,并分析了各检测方法的优缺点,展望了未来的发展方向。     

氢化物-气相色谱法测定食品添加剂磷酸中的总砷

最常用的测砷方法是分光光度法和原子吸收法。分光光度法对砷的检出限只达0.5μg;砷是普通空气一乙炔焰原子吸收法难以测定的元素之一,只能用火焰法检测,且存在着较复杂的干扰。     

连续流动-分光光度法测定地表水中挥发酚和总氰化物

为了解北京市门头沟区永定河受污染情况,采用连续流动-分光光度法(以下简称为连续流动分析法)测定该河上、下游河水中挥发酚和总氰化物的含量。实验结果表明:永定河水未受挥发酚和总氰化物的污染,两者均在《地表水环境质量标准》中规定的Ⅴ类地表水水质限值范围之内。利用连续流动-分光光度法测定的标准曲线线性关系良好,线性相关系数均为0.999 7;重现性好,精密度分别为0.75%和0.65%;检出限低,分别为0.16μg/L和0.28μg/L;准确度高,均在真值范围内;加标回收率在92.6%～105%。与手动法相比,光度法分析速度快、试剂消耗量少、可批量检测,并减少了化学试剂对操作人员的伤害,适用于地表水中挥发酚和总氰化物的测定。     

基于吹气分离富集的异烟酸-巴比妥酸分光光度法测定水中痕量氰化物

鉴于氰化物转化成氯化氰是HJ 484-2009中异烟酸-巴比妥酸分光光度法测定氰化物的独立中间环节,利用氯化氰沸点低(14℃)、稳定性好的特性,提出了基于吹气分离富集的异烟酸-巴比妥酸分光光度法测定水中痕量氰化物含量的方法。以空气为载气,以异烟酸质量浓度为17.20 g·L^-1、巴比妥酸质量浓度为8.40 g·L^-1的溶液为吸收液(pH 5.85),利用特定的分离富集装置,完成空气净化、氰化物转化成氯化氰、氯化氰分离、氯化氰吸收及转化成聚甲炔染料等一系列过程,采用分光光度计测定吸收液在600 nm处的吸光度。结果表明：当样品、吸收液的体积分别为60.0,5.00 mL,空气流量为0.10 L·min^-1,采用3级吸收,以总吸光度作为响应值时,氰化物转化系数为94.2%,富集倍数为11.3倍,检出限(3s/k)为0.1μg·L^-1,测定线性范围为0.4～28.3μg·L^-1;方法用于井水及河水中痕量氰化物的测定,氰化物质量浓度为1.2～8.9μg·L^-1,回...     

Recent developments in cyanide detection: A review

The extreme toxicity of cyanide and environmental concerns from its continued industrial use continue to generate interest in facile and sensitive methods for cyanide detection. In recent years, there is also additional recognition of HCN toxicity from smoke inhalation and potential use of cyanide as a weapon of terrorism. This review summarizes the literature since 2005 on cyanide measurement in different matrices ranging from drinking water and wastewater, to cigarette smoke and exhaled breath to biological fluids like blood, urine and saliva. The dramatic increase in the number of publications on cyanide measurement is indicative of the great interest in this field not only from analytical chemists, but also researchers from diverse environmental, medical, forensic and clinical arena. The recent methods cover both established and emerging analytical disciplines and include naked eye visual detection, spectrophotometry/colorimetry, capillary electrophoresis with optical absorbance detection, fluorometry, chemiluminescence, near-infrared cavity ring down spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry, electrochemical methods (potentiometry/amperometry/ion chromatography-pulsed amperometry), mass spectrometry (selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), gas chromatography (nitrogen phosphorus detector, electron capture detector) and quartz crystal mass monitors.     

Experimental designs and response surface modeling applied for the optimization of metal-cyanide complexes analysis by capillary electrophoresis

The development of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) methods for the determination of metal cyanide complexes in real samples showed some problems, such as the low detection signal of Au (CN)2- and the low resolution between Ni(II) and Fe(II) cyanides in gold processing solutions, and the lack of separation of Pt(CN)4(2-) and Pd(CN)4(2-) in the leachates from automobile catalytic converters. To optimize some analytical parameters, the present study thus focused on the application of experimental designs and multiregression models. The following factors were examined by a two-level factorial design: applied voltage, injection time, detection wavelength, buffer ion, ionic strength and buffer modifiers. For optimization of the CZE method, subsequent response-surface experiments with the important factors were made with the two kinds of leaching solutions. Optimal analytical conditions were obtained in each case, giving good detection signals and resolution for the components of the studied leachates.     

Rapid detection and characterization of reactive drug metabolites in vitro using several isotope‐labeled trapping agents and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

Reactive metabolites are believed to be one of the main reasons for unexpected drug‐induced toxicity issues, by forming covalent adducts with cell proteins or DNA. Due to their high reactivity and short lifespan they are not directly detected by traditional analytical methods, but are most traditionally analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) after chemical trapping with nucleophilic agents such as glutathione. Here, a simple but very efficient assay was built up for screening reactive drug metabolites, utilizing stable isotope labeled glutathione, potassium cyanide and semicarbazide as trapping agents and highly sensitive ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/TOFMS) as an analytical tool. A group of twelve structurally different compounds was used as a test set, and a large number of trapped metabolites were detected for most of them, including many conjugates not reported previously. Glutathione‐trapped metabolites were detected for nine of the twelve test compounds, whereas cyanide‐trapped metabolites were found for eight and semicarbazide‐trapped for three test compounds. The high mass accuracy of TOFMS provided unambiguous identification of change in molecular formula by formation of a reactive metabolite. In addition, use of a mass defect filter was found to be a usable tool when mining the trapped conjugates from the acquired data. The approach was shown to provide superior detection sensitivity in comparison to traditional methods based on neutral loss or precursor ion scanning with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, and clearly more efficient detection and characterization of reactive drug metabolites with a simpler test setup. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

False Detection of Cyanide Ion in Photographic Processing Waste Solutions Using Standardized Reference Methods

Abstract

Although cyanide compounds are not incorporated in photographic processing solutions, false detection of cyanide ion is often encountered during the determination of total cyanide by various standardized methods such as ISO, ANSI and JIS. Various organic compounds and nitrogen compounds in the processing solutions were examined because of this false detection. The results suggest that hydrogen cyanide is formed by a reaction between these compounds during the distillation process for the separation of total cyanide, even though ISO, ANSI and JIS were used. The results support the following three mechanisms of cyanide formation involved in the process: (1) Hydroxylammonium salts reacts with another ingredient, formaldehyde, to form formaldoxime, which then decomposes to HCN. (2) Hydroxylammonium is oxidized by air to form nitrite ion, which subsequently reacts with organic compounds such as aminocarboxylic acids and aromatic amines (the colour-developing agent) to form HCN. (3) Potassium permanganate oxidizes aromatic amines to form HCN.     

Ultra-sensitive trace analysis of cyanide water pollutant in a PDMS microfluidic channel using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Rapid and highly sensitive trace analysis of cyanide water pollutant in an alligator teeth-shaped PDMS microfluidic channel was investigated using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Compared with previously reported analytical methods, the detection sensitivity was enhanced by several orders of magnitude.     

β2-兴奋剂的样品前处理与分析检测方法研究进展

许多国家禁止β2-兴奋剂用于动物饲养,但违禁药品的使用屡有发生,因此β2-兴奋剂的分析检测引起了高度关注.该文综述了β2-兴奋剂分析的样品前处理方法,包括溶剂萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取等,并对常用的β2-兴奋剂检测方法(如色谱分析法、电化学检测法、酶联免疫法、化学发光法等)的研究进展进行了评述.     

实时直接分析质谱在农药检测中的应用

实时直接分析(Direct analysis in real time,DART)作为一种原位电离技术发展迅猛,其与质谱联用已成为热门的分析技术并广泛应用于法庭科学领域,如食品安全、爆炸物检测、毒物毒品分析和药物分析等方面。目前农药的常规检测方法已非常成熟,但引入原位电离-质谱联用技术可以拓宽检测范围,缩短检测时限。该文从实时直接分析质谱(DART-MS)技术的工作原理、检测条件优化及其在农药检测方面的应用进行综述,并对DART-MS的应用前景进行了展望。     

氮川三乙酸的样品前处理和检测方法研究进展

氮川三乙酸(NTA)及其盐是一类广泛用于工业生产的配合剂.由于NTA及其盐的大量使用和排放,导致其在生活用品、食品和环境水体中均有检出.然而,NTA及其盐具备较强的毒性和致癌作用,涉及NTA及其盐的使用和排放必须进行监测和限制.实际环境样品中NTA的含量低、共存基质复杂,导致其分析和监测存在困难.NTA的灵敏分析必须经...     

Simultaneous determination of cyanide and thiocyanate in plasma by chemical ionization gas chromatography mass-spectrometry (CI-GC-MS)

An analytical method utilizing chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed for the simultaneous determination of cyanide and thiocyanate in plasma. Sample preparation for this analysis required essentially one-step by combining the reaction of cyanide and thiocyanate with pentafluorobenzyl bromide and simultaneous extraction of the product into ethyl acetate facilitated by a phase-transfer catalyst, tetrabutylammonium sulfate. The limits of detection for cyanide and thiocyanate were 1?μM and 50?nM, respectively. The linear dynamic range was from 10?μM to 20?mM for cyanide and from 500?nM to 200?μM for thiocyanate with correlation coefficients higher than 0.999 for both cyanide and thiocyanate. The precision, as measured by %RSD, was below 9?%, and the accuracy was within 15?% of the nominal concentration for all quality control standards analyzed. The gross recoveries of cyanide and thiocyanate from plasma were over 90?%. Using this method, the toxicokinetic behavior of cyanide and thiocyanate in swine plasma was assessed following cyanide exposure.     

Continuous monitoring for cyanide in waste water with a galvanic hydrogen cyanide sensor using a purge system

A continuous monitoring system for cyanide with a galvanic hydrogen cyanide sensor and an aeration pump for purging was developed. Hydrogen cyanide evolved from cyanide solution using a purging pump was measured with the hydrogen cyanide sensor. The system showed good performance in terms of stability and selectivity. A linear calibration curve was obtained in the concentrating range from 0 to 15 mg dm³ of cyanide ion with a slope of −0.24 μA mg⁻¹ dm⁻³. The lower detection limit was 0.1 mg dm⁻³. The 90% response time of the sensor system was within 3.5 min for a 0.5 mg dm⁻³ cyanide solution, when the flow rate of the purging air was 1 dm³ min⁻¹. The system maintained the initial performance for 6 months in the field test. The developed galvanic sensor system was not subject to interference from sulfide and residual chlorine, compared with a potentiometric sensor system developed previously. The analytical results obtained by the present system were in good agreement with those obtained by the pyridine pyrazolone method. The correlation factor and regression line between both methods were 0.979 and Y=2.30×10⁻⁴+1.12X, respectively. This system was successfully applied for a continuous monitoring of cyanide ion in waste water.