光学与粒径耦合多分散性的动态光散射研究

研究了满足Rayleigh-Gans-Debye(RGD)近似条件的球形稀溶液的光学和粒径多分散性耦合的动态光散射技术检测问题.在分析中采用了球壳L和球核R-L都连续变化且壳层变化满足L=αR (其中α<1和R是壳球半径)的壳-核硬球模型.得出了在溶剂折射率n_m和壳层折射率n_s匹配时,即n_m=n_s,平均散射强度I(q)和等效扩散系数D_e(q)与散射矢q间的关系.给出了用以检测窄分散系统小多分散性 关键词：     

水平激励下颗粒物质的有效质量及耗散功率的研究

对颗粒物质的有效质量谱及耗散功率进行了数值研究,发现水平和垂直激励下颗粒体系的共振频率f_g与体积模量k均随压强P呈分段幂律变化,在高压强下遵循fg∝P~(1/6),k∝P~(1/3)的规律,在低压强下遵循fg∝P~(1/4),k∝P~(1/2)的规律.同时,在水平和垂直振动下,颗粒体系品质因子的倒数1/Q随P的变化呈指数衰减.在特定频率和压强下,颗粒体系的平均耗散功率p随振动强度Γ的变化曲线上存在一个特征振动强度Γ*,当ΓΓ*时,颗粒体系表现出类固态行为,平均耗散功率p随振动强度Γ呈幂律标度,p∝Γ~α(2α5);当ΓΓ*时,颗粒体系表现出类液态行为,体系的平均耗散功率p随振动强度Γ呈线性变化.由此得到了水平激励下颗粒体系类固体类流体转变的Γ-P相图.     

用光散射研究部分相容聚合物共混物的相间过渡层(英文)

在光散射的理论中 ,密度均方起伏η2在两相完全不相容的体系中 (界面间也不存在相互粘附 )η2 =Φ1Φ2 (α1-α2 )。对于界面间有相互作用或形成一定的相容区时 ,η2将变小 ,则有η2 =(α2 -α1) 2 (φ1φ2 -φ3/6)。α1、α2 为两组元分别的极化率 ,φ1、φ2 为两组元的体积分数。本文根据部分相容的聚合物共混体系中的分散相尺寸γ和积分不变量θ,可计算出φ3,并提出相间弥散层的概念 ,进而计算出弥散层的厚度 d,从而发展了光散射理论。激光小角散射计算的弥散层厚度 d与 X光小角散射计算的界面层厚度σb是相对应的。在计算中应用相关距离 ac代替分散性尺寸γ是可行的 (也可用均方旋转半径 R2g代替 )。文中给出了 PA6/PP合金的弥散层厚度 d和界面层厚度σb的计算结果 ,同时给出了 HIPS/Pc BR合金在熔体动态过程中两相间弥散层厚度的变化     

基于去偏振-偏振图像动态光散射的纳米棒尺度测量

二维纳米棒的布朗运动可以用平移扩散和转动扩散运动来描述.提出了一种基于去偏振-偏振图像的动态光散射(DIDLS)测量方法,通过分析纳米棒布朗运动的平移扩散和转动扩散在偏振激光入射下产生的垂直-垂直和垂直-水平偏振动态光散射信号,测量了纳米棒的尺寸和尺寸分布.研究了连续测量的偏振动态光散射信号图像间的相关系数函数,通过两次反演,计算出纳米棒的长度以及长径比,进而得到颗粒的二维尺度分布.分析了不同入射激光波长对测量结果的影响,提出自相关函数的基线值可以作为信噪比的判据.采用650,780,905 nm三种波长对直径为20 nm、长度为300 nm的纳米金棒进行了测量,得到了纳米金棒的平均尺寸和尺寸分布.     

光散射聚集速率测定中T矩阵方法的应用

聚集速率是评估胶体体系特性及稳定性的关键参数, 静态光散射和动态光散射则是测量聚集速率的两个重要方法. 然而, 用静态光散射和动态光散射测量聚集速率时, 需要知道有关单粒子和双粒子聚集体光散射特性的数据. 为此, 通常需要把动、静两种方法结合, 才能消去这个数据. 以前各种近似理论曾用来解决这个问题, 但因粒子尺寸和形状的限制, 结果并不理想. 而T矩阵方法可以不受粒子大小和形状的限制计算其光散射特性. 本工作用T矩阵方法直接计算静态光散射和动态光散射所必须的粒子散射特性, 并将该法得到的聚集速率与动静态光散射结合法得到的聚集速率进行了比较, 两者结果很接近. 本工作为简化静态光散射和动态光散射测量聚集速率, 扩展其应用范围开辟了新途径. 关键词： T矩阵')" href="#">T矩阵 光散射法 聚集速率     

固体的光散射讲座 第四讲 非线性喇曼散射

非线性喇曼散射是指由于分子的偶极矩或激活介质的宏观极化矢量与光电场强度呈非线性关系,所引起的喇曼散射过程.在自发散射过程的理论描述中,振动着的分子体系的偶极矩可以写成其中q为分子振动的简正坐标,u为分子体系的固有偶极矩,α(q)称为分子体系的极化率,β(q)等则可称为超极化率.显然,上式中第二项所引起的喇曼散射是线性的,第三项以后各项所引起的喇曼散射则属于非线性的,其中由β(q)所引起的喇曼散射则称为超喇曼散射[1,2] 当人射光较弱时,自发的线性及非线性喇曼散射效应都非常弱,而且它们是非相干的散射.当人射的泵浦光较强时,再…     

HL-2A装置多道远红外激光干涉仪

目前国际上大中型磁约束装置基本运行在n0～（10^19～10^20）m^-3高密度区，加之装置的大尺寸结构和窗口限制，作为主要干涉诊断光源是在0．1～0．5mm波长范围的FIR激光波段，因为该波段的激光束具有较小的折射效应（折射角αm∝cn0λ^2）。FIR波段激光辅助诊断有多方面应用：（1）FIR激光干涉测量等离子体电子密度及其时-空分布，多数大中型装置都有这种诊断；（2）FIR激光偏振／干涉仪测量电子密度分布同时可获得极向场分布进而推演出电流密度分布（或q分布）；     

球形微腔共振模式下的内场分布简

基于Mie理论研究了球形光学微腔的光学特性,通过计算内场和散射场展开系数随着尺寸分布的变化确定了共振发生的位置,给出了计算球形微腔散射场和内场的计算公式,并数值模拟了结构共振情形下的内场分布情况,分析了微腔内的光振荡特性.     

光全散射法测量微粒尺寸分布的研究

本文从光全散射法的基本原理出发,提出了测量微粒尺寸分布的独立道模式光全散射测量法和非独立模式光全散射测量法,解决了以往光全散射法只能测量微粒的平均直径,不能给出尺寸分布,并且测量范围小,测量结果有多值性的缺陷,独立模式光全散射测量法还能用于测量多峰分布微粒的尺寸分布,数值计算和实验研究表明用本文方法,测量结果准确,可靠。     

动态光散射及电子显微镜纳米颗粒测量方法的比较研究

本文以聚苯乙烯纳米颗粒作为测量对象,分别采用最为常见的扫描电子显微镜法(SEM)和动态光散射法(DLS)测量其粒径。结果表明:电子显微镜法可观察颗粒形貌及结构,但测量误差偏大;动态光散射法可精确测量颗粒粒径及其分布状态。分析讨论了这两种测量方法的优缺点,对纳米颗粒测量具有重要的指导作用。     

Phase separation in dilute solutions of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)

The appearance of spherical particles resulting from phase separation in dilute solutions of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) has been observed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The particles have a relatively narrow size distribution. The size of particles increases with increasing concentration of polymer, and decreasing heating speed. Electron microscopy confirms the existence of spherical particles with size and polydispersity in agreement with DLS.     

Synaptic vesicles studied by dynamic light scattering

The size polydispersity distribution of synaptic vesicles (SVs) is characterized under quasi-physiological conditions by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Highly purified fractions of SVs obtained from rat brain still contain a small amount of larger contaminant structures, which can be quantified by DLS and further reduced by asymmetric-flow field-flow (AFFF) fractionation. The intensity autocorrelation functions g ₂(t \tau) recorded from these samples are analyzed by a constrained regularization method as well as by an alternative direct modeling approach. The results are in quantitative agreement with the polydispersity obtained from cryogenic electron microscopy of vitrified SVs. Next, different vesicle fusion assays based on samples composed of SVs and small unilamellar proteoliposomes with the fusion proteins syntaxin 1 and SNAP-25A are characterized by DLS. The size increase of the proteoliposomes due to SNARE-dependent fusion with SVs is quantified by DLS under quasi-physiological conditions.     

全局耦合网络上的两种类集团的聚集-湮没反应动力学

利用Monte-Carlo模拟研究了全局耦合网络上扩散限制的不可逆聚集-湮没过程的动力学行为. 在系统中, 同种类集团相遇, 将发生聚集反应; 不同种类的集团相遇, 则发生部分湮没反应. 模拟结果表明:1) 当两种粒子初始浓度相等时, 系统长时间演化后, 集团浓度c(t)和粒子浓度g(t)呈现幂律形式, c(t)～t^{- α}和g(t)～t^-β, 其中幂指数α 和β 满足α=2β 的关系, 且α=2/(2 + q); 集团大小分布随时间的演化满足标度律, a_kt)=k^-τt^-ω\varPhi (k/t^z), 其中τ≈-1.27q, ω≈(3 + 1.27q)/(2 + q), z=α/2=1/(2 + q); 2) 当两种粒子初始浓度不相等时, 系统经长时间演化后, 初始浓度较小的种类完全湮没, 而初始浓度较大的那个种类的集团浓度c_A(t)仍具有幂律形式, c_A(t)～t^-α, 其中α=1/(1+q), 其集团大小分布随时间的演化也满足标度律, 标度指数为τ≈-1.27q, ω≈(2 + 1.27q)/(1 + q)和z=α=1/(1 + q). 模拟结果与已报道的理论分析结果相符得很好.     

基于颗粒粒度信息分布特征的动态光散射加权反演

宽分布和双峰分布颗粒的准确反演是动态光散射技术至今未能有效解决的难题,尤其峰值位置比小于2:1且含有大粒径颗粒(350 nm)的双峰分布.造成这一难题的主要原因包括:1)单角度测量数据的粒度信息含量不足;2)常规反演方法对测量数据的噪声抑制以及粒度信息利用缺乏针对性.对测量数据(即光强自相关函数)的研究发现,数据噪声主要分布在长延迟时段,而粒度信息集中分布在衰减延迟时段.基于此,本文提出了采用粒度信息分布为底数、调节参数为指数的权重系数对自相关函数进行加权反演的约束正则化方法.由于采用了与粒度信息分布一致的权重系数,该方法既充分利用了衰减延迟时段的粒度信息,又有效地抑制了长延迟时段的数据噪声.不同噪声水平下,宽分布和双峰分布颗粒体系的反演结果表明,与常规反演方法相比,这一方法可以获得更为准确的宽分布和近双峰分布的反演结果.     

Smith Purcell effect in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures

We report a new experimental technique to study the form of the hot electron distribution function in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures. A weak periodic surface potential induces Smith-Purcell-FIR-radiation of the electric field driven hot electrons in the 2-dimensional electron gas directly reflecting their velocity distribution. The FIR- radiation is detected by a magnetic field tuned InSb-detector. In samples with very low electron concentration and high mobility the emission spectra show a significant shift to higher energies and develop a steep high energy slope with increasing electric field when we use the geometry with grating vector q directed parallel to the electric field (q ∥ E). In the geometry q ⊥ E smooth decays are observed at lower energies. Comparison of the results with theory gives experimental evidence of a non-equilibrium shape of the distribution caused by the onset of LO-Phonon emission. In addition, the hot electron mean free path of the heated distribution is derived by investigating the experimental emission spectra as a function of the grating period length. The influence of a limited hot electron mean free path on the spectral width is described in terms of a Fourier-analysis of the interaction potential. In drift direction a mean free path of λ = 200 nm is obtained, whereas the mean free path is smaller in the direction perpendicular to the drift direction.     

Reflection Phenomena in Particle Sizing by static and dynamic light scattering

Using a monodisperse poly(methyl methacrylate) dispersion it was shown that light reflection at the sample cuvette walls may greatly influence the results of both static (SLS) and dynamic (DLS) light scattering experiments. Considering SLS, this reflection phenomenon mostly causes an overestimation of the scattered intensity at high scattering angles, which may give rise to the emergence of an additional, artificial peak in the lower region of the particle size distribution. On the other hand, the influence of reflection on DLS experiments was shown to be particularly important in the upper region of the particle size distribution. The experimentally observed phenomena were explained from basic principles of both particle sizing methods. Finally, it was shown that the disturbing effect of reflection could be avoided by modifying either the hardware or the software of the SLS and DLS techniques.     

Ultrasonic Measurement of Sub-Micron Particles

Based on technology described in a Du Pont patent for an offline system, we have developed a prototype in-line ultrasonic cell for measuring particle size distribution. We have used this cell to verify the Allegra-Hawley model of ultrasonic attenuation in dilute (< 5 % vol) slurries of sub-micron ceramic particles, and we are developing a model that can cope with the multiple scattering effects occuring at higher concentrations. In this paper we present the results of attenuation measurements for ultrasound (2–50 MHz) in slurries with concentrations ranging from 0.5 010 to 38 010 (vol). The attenuation is proportional to slurry concentration up to 5 010 (vol) and is predicted by single scattering models. Above approximately 100% concentration, the attenuation is actually lower than expected. For the dilute slurries we find excellent agreement between our measurements and the Allegra-Hawley calculations, and the effects of the particle size distribution are evident in the ultrasonic attenuation spectrum. These ultrasonic data can be inverted to determine the particle size and concentration in aqueous slurries of sub-micron particles.     

动态光散射和透射电镜法研究pH和NaCl对 丝胶蛋白微观结构的影响

应用近红外光谱法、动态光散射法及透射电镜扫描法,研究了pH和NaCl浓度对丝胶蛋白聚集微观结构的影响。近红外光谱显示丝胶蛋白在酰氨Ⅰ带1 700～1 600 cm-1附近有较强吸收峰。通过zeta电势法测定丝胶蛋白的表观等电点为pH 3.7。应用动态光散射法测定了在不同pH和NaCl浓度下丝胶蛋白颗粒的分散粒径,pH 4及高NaCl浓度时,丝胶蛋白聚集颗粒粒径大且分散系数大;pH 3或pH 8及低NaCl浓度时丝胶蛋白聚集颗粒粒径和分散系数相对较小。采用透射扫描电镜观察丝胶蛋白在pH 3或pH 8条件下聚集形成松散的松针状微观结构,在pH 4或者高NaCl浓度下会聚集形成相对紧密的微观结构。pH 4时可以观察到丝胶蛋白的椭圆形单聚体大小约为(60±6)nm(n=10)。并探讨了静电斥力、氢键和范德华吸引力对丝胶蛋白微观结构形成的影响,为丝胶蛋白作为生物材料的应用提供了理论依据。     

Colloidal Analysis of Particles Extracted from Microalloyed Steels

Different colloidal particle characterization methods are examined for their suitability to determine the particle size distribution of particles extracted from steels. Microalloyed steels are dissolved to extract niobium and titanium carbonitride particles that are important for the mechanical properties of these steels. Such particles have sizes ranging from several nanometers to hundreds of nanometers depending on the precipitation stage during the thermomechanically controlled rolling process. The size distribution of the particles is analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), and hollow fiber flow field-flow fractionation (HF5) and compared to data obtained for reference particles as well as data from electron microscopy, the standard sizing technique used in metallurgy today. AUC and HF5 provide high-quality size distributions, average over large particle numbers that enables statistical analysis, and yield useful insights for alloy design; however, DLS fails due to a lack of resolution. Important aspects in the conversion and comparison of size distributions obtained for broadly distributed particle systems with different measurement principles and the role of surfactants used in sample preparation are discussed.     

Appearance of an artifact peak in the particle size distribution measured by DLS at low concentrations

The dynamic light scattering (DLS) method allows the determination of the particle size distribution of suspensions. At high dilutions, an artifact peak appears in the size distribution, which does not correspond to actual particles, but is caused by crossing the scattering volume boundaries by individual particles. The parameters of this peak are analyzed, the causes of its appearance and its effect on determined particle sizes are studied.