不同方法提取海岸带沉积物中多氯联苯及有机氯农药测定的比较

针对海岸带沉积物基质的复杂性,以美国国家标准技术研究院研制的海洋沉积物标准样品(SRM 1944)为研究对象,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器进行测定。比较了索氏提取、加速溶剂萃取、超声波辅助提取对其中多氯联苯(PCBs)和12种有机氯农药(OCPs)的提取效率。结果表明:索氏提取的回收率在87.9%~104%之间,加速溶剂萃取在80.1%~106%之间,超声波辅助提取在78.6%~93.8%之间,并用实际海岸带浅层沉积物样品进行验证。     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱串联质谱法检测沉积物中痕量增塑剂

研究了加速溶剂萃取(ASE)对沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)物质的提取效果,建立了快速溶剂萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用(GC/MS)检测沉积物中16种邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的方法。用正己烷和二氯甲烷混合溶剂作为提取溶剂,加速溶剂萃取法萃取沉积物中16种PAEs,再用Florisil层析柱净化,最后用GC/MS对净化后提取液中的PAEs进行定量分析。结果表明:当萃取剂为二氯甲烷-正己烷(1∶1,V/V),萃取温度为80℃时,萃取效率最高,16种PAEs的回收率稳定在81.2%～128.5%之间,相关系数≥0.99,检出限为0.12～0.98 ng/g,相对标准偏差为1.1%～10.8%。加速溶剂萃取法与传统索氏提取法相比,既提高了萃取效率同时又减少了有机萃取溶剂的用量。在检测实际样品时,同时加入3种内标指示剂对方法的性能进行了验证,3种内标的回收率分别为106.0%±18.8%,87.4%±10.8%和81.4%±14.5%,样品中16种PAEs的检出率为100%。前处理方法处理简单,定性与定量分析准确可靠。     

加速溶剂萃取法提取中药材中黄芪甲苷

采用加速溶剂萃取仪(ASE)以甲醇为溶剂提取黄芪药材中的黄芪甲苷,利用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器(HPLC-ELSD)进行含量测定.考察了不同的提取温度、提取时间、循环次数等条件下的提取效果,确定了最佳的ASE提取条件.同传统的提取方法相比,ASE法溶剂用量少,耗时短,提取效率高.并通过回收率和精密度的测定,证明加速溶剂萃取技术完全可以用于中药材中的黄芪甲苷的提取.     

加速溶剂萃取技术提取桑叶中芦丁和槲皮素的工艺研究

桑叶,又名"铁扇子",芦丁和槲皮素均为桑叶的主要有效成分,具有疏散风热、消肺润燥、清肝明目的功效~([1]).现代药理研究证明,桑叶中功效成分具有降血压、抑制血糖上升等药理作用~([2]).目前,对桑叶中黄酮类化合物的提取方面已有报道~([3～5]),但大多提取时间较长、所需试剂量大.加速溶剂萃取技术是使用常规的溶剂、利用总加温度和提高压力提高萃取效率,大大缩短提取的时间并明显降低萃取溶剂的使用量.本实验探讨了加速溶剂萃取技术提取桑叶中黄酮类化合物的萃取条件,并采用HPLC梯度淋洗法测定了芦丁和槲皮素,方法快捷准确,重现性好,可以满足桑叶中黄酮类物质的测定.     

贻贝中多氯联苯分析的前处理方法研究

针对分析贻贝中痕量多氯联苯（PCBs），比较了索氏提取（SE）和加速溶剂萃取（ASE）两种提取方法，结果表明SE对贻贝中7种PCBs（PCB28、PCB52、PCB101、PCB118、PCB153、PCB138、PCB180）回收率范围在96％～125％，ASE回收率范围在102％～115％，两者提取效果相当，但与索氏提取相比，加速溶剂萃取是一种怏速、高效的提取方法此外采用凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）分别与Florisil和C18固相萃取（SPE）小柱联用净化，GPC与Florisil柱联用净化的凹收率范围在90％-112％，GPC与C18柱联用净化的回收率范围在74％-108％，结果表明GPC与Florisil柱联增净化优于GPC与C18柱联用净化。     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤中16种多环芳烃

利用加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤中16种多环芳烃的分析。研究了萃取时间、温度、压力、样品的粒度对萃取效率的影响及不同淋洗液在硅胶柱净化过程中对方法回收率的影响。实验结果表明,加速溶剂萃取方法对16种多环芳烃的萃取溶剂量小,萃取时间短萃取回收率分别在74%~95%之间;对标准样品的检出限为0.00004~0.02 mg/kg;方法RSD为4%~15%。用此方法测定了株洲土壤中的多环芳烃含量。     

加速溶剂萃取法测定土壤和大气颗粒物中的多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯

加速溶剂萃取法被越来越多地运用到环境有机污染物的分析。本文评价了一种平行加速溶剂萃取仪对分析土壤和大气颗粒物样品中多环芳烃(PAHs)和邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的影响。研究结果显示，对于PAHs,加速溶剂萃取循环3次后加标回收率(67.3%～121%)几乎不再增加，而PAEs循环2次回收率即趋于稳定(65.7%～108%)。污染物的浓度与加标回收率的结果一致，PAHs和PAEs分别萃取3次和2次，分别占总浓度的98.4%和98.8%。在土壤和颗粒物中均显示出PAHs更难以提取，这可能与颗粒物和两类污染物的结合力有关。土壤样品量也是影响PAHs逐次提取效果的潜在因素；但萃取3次的总浓度结果相近，与样品量无关。样品量对PAEs的萃取效果影响不明显。加速溶剂萃取与索式提取的结果十分相近，部分PAHs前者的结果略好于后者。运用建立的方法分析了标准物质SRM-2585,也显示了该方法的准确性。     

复杂基质中短链氯化石蜡前处理方法的建立和优化

短链氯化石蜡(Short-chain Chlorinated Paraffins,SCCPs)是组成复杂且应用广泛的一类有机氯代混合物。本文比较了4种前处理方法对复杂基质中SCCPs的提取效率。实验结果表明,对于固体基质加速溶剂萃取法回收率达到94.6%,优于超声提取法(回收率63.4%);对于液体基质固相萃取回收率达到70.2%,优于液-液萃取法(回收率57.1%)。在此基础上建立了使用加速溶剂萃取,复合弗罗里硅土和硅胶层析柱净化固体基质中SCCPs的前处理方法。利用所建立的方法,对我国济南地区超市食品样品中SCCPs的污染水平和各同系物组分进行研究。该方法对食品样品的回收率范围在63%和96%之间。     

响应面法优化烟草中有机氯农药残留的加速溶剂萃取

采用响应面法(RSM)优化了烟草中有机氯农药残留的加速溶剂萃取(ASE)条件,并利用气相色谱-质谱法进行定性定量分析.以有机氯农药平均回收率为指标,考察了加速溶剂萃取过程中提取溶剂、萃取温度、冲洗溶剂体积、循环次数和吹扫时间等因素对烟草中有机氯提取效果的影响.经响应面优化的最佳ASE条件为:提取溶剂为正己烷-丙酮(体积比9:1),萃取温度107 ℃,冲洗体积92%,吹扫时间92 s,循环次数3次.在优化条件下,烟草有机氯农药萃取回收率理论预测值为96.5%,验证值为94.9%.结果表明,响应面法适用于烟草中有机氯农药残留加速溶剂萃取条件的优化,经优化得到的萃取参数准确可靠,具有实用价值.     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法测定岩石中痕量正构烷烃(C21~C40)

建立了气相色谱法结合加速溶剂萃取技术测定岩石中痕量正构烷烃(C21~C40)的方法,对比了超声波萃取、加速溶剂萃取及索氏萃取3种提取方式,研究了提取溶剂及净化方式对正构烷烃测定的影响。实验结果表明:以丙酮-二氯甲烷(1∶1,V/V)为萃取剂,使用硅胶和中性氧化铝进行净化,各物质标准曲线相关系数均大于0.999,检出限为0.01~0.09μg/kg,对3个浓度的空白加标样进行回收实验和精密度实验,回收率在70.7%~91.7%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.8%~13%。方法可用于实际岩石样品中痕量正构烷烃的测定。     

Comparison of different extraction techniques for the determination of chlorinated pesticides in animal feed

The performances of Soxhlet extraction, dive-in Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), fluidized-bed extraction (FBE), and ultrasonic extraction (UE) for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in animal feed have been investigated. ASE and MAE provided significantly better extraction efficiency than Soxhlet extraction. The concentrations were 126.7 and 114.8%, respectively, of the values obtained by classical Soxhlet extraction, whereas the results from FBE and dive-in Soxhlet were comparable with those from the standard Soxhlet procedure. The reproducibility of FBE was the best, with RSDs ranging from 0.3 to 3.9%. Under the investigated operation conditions UE was not efficient, with the recoveries of target compounds being about 50% less than Soxhlet. Additionally, the performances of Soxhlet, dive-in Soxhlet, MAE, ASE and FBE were validated by determination of the certified reference material BCR-115. The results from the extraction techniques were in good agreement with the certified values.     

Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides from soils: a comparison between Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction techniques

The methods of simultaneous extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from soils using Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) were established, and the extraction efficiencies using the three methods were systemically compared from procedural blank, limits of detection and quantification, method recovery and reproducibility, method chromatogram and other factors. In addition, soils with different total organic carbon contents were used to test the extraction efficiencies of the three methods. The results showed that the values obtained in this study were comparable with the values reported by other studies. In some respects such as method recovery and reproducibility, there were no significant differences among the three methods for the extraction of PAHs and OCPs. In some respects such as procedural blank and limits of detection and quantification, there were significant differences among the three methods. Overall, ASE had the best extraction efficiency compared to MAE and Soxhlet extraction, and the extraction efficiencies of MAE and Soxhlet extraction were comparable to each other depending on the property such as TOC content of the studied soil. Considering other factors such as solvent consumption and extraction time, ASE and MAE are preferable to Soxhlet extraction.     

Determination of organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites in soil samples using headspace solid-phase microextraction

An analytical procedure was developed using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) for the determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their metabolites in sandy soil samples. The developed procedures involving fiber selection, temperature effect, absorption time, soil matrix and the addition of solvents of different polarity were optimized. Also, the results were compared to those achieved using Soxhlet extraction standard method. The 100-microm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and 65-microm PDMS-divinylbenzene showed good extraction efficiency for 18 organochlorine pesticides. An increase in the extraction efficiency of organochlorine pesticides and the metabolites was observed when the temperature increased, and an optimum temperature of 70 degrees C for extracting OCPs was obtained. The application of other hydrophilic solvents had different effects on the extraction of organochlorine pesticides and the metabolites. Higher responses of OCPs were obtained when 5 ml of water was added to the soil. Good linearity of OCPs between 0.2 and 4 ng/g soil was observed. The relative standard deviation was found to be lower than 25%. Also the limits of detection were between 0.06 and 0.65 ng/g, which were lower than those obtained using Soxhlet extraction. Moreover, the optimized HS-SPME procedure was applied to the analysis of OCPs in certified reference material (CRM) 804-050 soil and compared with Soxhlet extraction procedure. Results obtained in this study were in good agreement with those obtained using Soxhlet extraction. The mean values obtained using HS-SPME technique were in the range of 16.5 to 1459.6 mg/kg, which corresponds to the recoveries of 68% to 127% of the certified values of CRM soil.     

烟草中有机氯类农药多残留分析前处理方法对比研究

以烟草中有机氯类农药为研究对象,从检出限、回收率、重复性和色谱图4个方面系统比较了机械振荡萃取法、超声波溶剂萃取法、微波辅助萃取法和加速溶剂萃取法4种常用前处理方法。由于加速溶剂萃取法是在高温高压下进行萃取,在提取出残留农药的同时,也提取出更多的干扰物。机械振荡法、超声波溶剂萃取法和微波辅助萃取法各项结果差别较小,其中机械振荡萃取法回收率和重复性最好,但提取时间较长。考虑溶剂消耗和提取时间等方面的因素,微波辅助萃取是较理想的样品前处理方法。     

土壤中有机氯农药残留分析用标准样品的制备

介绍了土壤中有机氯农药残留分析用标准样品的制备方法。土壤样品经风干、研磨、筛分、混匀后装瓶。样品经索氏提取、弗罗里硅土小柱净化后,采用气相色谱-质谱法对残留的有机氯农药进行测定。结果表明,采自沈阳地区的土壤中的有机氯农药含量分布较为均匀,是一种理想的环境标准样品候选物样品。该研究为土壤中有机氯农药残留分析用标准样品的研制奠定了基础。     

Multi-residue determination of organochlorine pesticides in vegetables in Kirklareli,Turkey by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

The aim of this study was to investigate the level of organochlorine pesticides use for treatment of tomatoes, eggplants and cucumbers in Kirklareli, Turkey. Eighteen organochlorine pesticides were identified in vegetable samples using microwave or Soxhlet extraction, and results were obtained by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The optimized conditions were 1 mL/min for flow rate in the mobile phase, 1 μL for injection volume and 70 V for fragmentation potential. The analytical parameters show that the microwave oven extraction procedure provided the best results when compared to the Soxhlet extraction procedure. Samples were prepared for analysis with hexane?dichlormethane (1: 1, v/v, 40 mL) using a solid-phase extraction method. The limits of detection and quantitation for the eighteen analytes were between 0.02–0.26 and 0.06–0.87 μg/L, respectively, and the relative standard deviations of the migration time ranged from 2.4 to 8.9%. The recoveries of surrogate spiked in vegetable samples ranged from 70 to 116%, respectively. The obtained concentrations of pesticides in all vegetables studied were proved in the range of ND–123 μg/kg. The organochlorine pesticide sum was below the legal limit, except for Endrin and Methoxychlor, which requires a further elucidation of the organochlorine pesticides pollution sources in the region. These studies on accumulation of organochlorine pesticides were necessary for accomplishing a comprehensive ecological risk assessment.     

快速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法同时测定含脂羊毛中的28种有机氯拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的残留量

建立了快速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法同时测定含脂羊毛中28种有机氯、拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂残留量的方法。在80 ℃、10.34 MPa条件下用正己烷饱和的乙腈快速提取样品,提取物经冷冻除脂、浓缩、固相萃取净化处理后直接用气相色谱分析。结果表明:16种有机氯杀虫剂在0.005～1.0 mg/L范围内,9种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂及三氯杀螨醇、三氯杀螨砜在0.01～2.0 mg/L范围内,氟氯苯菊酯在0.02～4.0 mg/L范围内,其峰面积与质量浓度呈良好的线性关系。28种有机氯、拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的平均回收率为67.2%～107.7%,相对标准偏差为2.6%～29.0%。结果表明：该方法具有操作简便、快速方便、灵敏度高等特点,完全可满足含脂羊毛中28种有机氯拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂残留量初筛检测的要求。     

Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine biological tissues using microwave-assisted extraction

Growing concern on the environmental impact of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has created the need for rapid and quality assured analytical methods to quantify PBDEs in a spectrum of matrix types. This study presents the first validated method for the quantification of major PBDE congeners (47, 99 and 100) in marine biological tissues using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The recovery of polychlorinated biphenyls and various organochlorine pesticides has also been ascertained. Analytical accuracy, precision, limits of detection and cleanup efficiency were evaluated for PBDE congeners, and empirical data justifies the use of MAE for the extraction and analysis of PBDEs in biological matrices. MAE was also compared to Soxhlet extraction efficiency for PBDEs in the standard reference materials SRM2978 and SRM1588a and gave comparable results (<15% variation).     

茶叶中9种有机氯和拟除虫菊酯农药残留的前处理方法研究

建立了一种简便准确的前处理方法用于茶叶中5种有机氯农药和4种拟除虫菊酯类农药的测定。对索氏提取、超声提取、加速溶剂萃取和振荡提取4种提取方法的参数条件进行优化和对比,并对前处理的净化条件进行优化,建立了丙酮-正己烷(7∶3,体积比)溶液振荡提取串联Envi-Carb和LC-AliminaN小柱净化后,经丙酮-正己烷(1∶9)溶液洗脱,浓缩后用GC-MS法测定。茶叶样品中9种农药的加标回收率(n=6)为82%～108%,相对标准偏差为1.2%～4.5%,方法的检出限(以3倍信噪比计)为0.46～12.13ng/g。     

Supercritical fluid extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls and pesticides from soil. Comparison with other extraction methods.

A comparison is made of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with two other techniques widely used for the extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides in soil. Extraction conditions for the SFE of PCBs and pesticides were first determined. An experimental approach was set up to determine the influence of different extraction parameters such as pressure, extraction time, static and dynamic extraction, restrictor type and collection solvent for off-line SFE. The use of carbon dioxide at 50 degrees C and 20 MPa, 10 min static followed by 20 min dynamic extraction with collection in iso-octane were been found to be the optimum conditions. Two types of soil, with a low and high content of organic carbon, respectively, spiked with 16 PCBs and organochlorine pesticides with a wide range of volatility and polarity at a level of 5 ng/g dry matter, were used as test materials. Conventional solvent extraction gives a good extraction yield for soil with a low content of organic carbon, but for peat soil the recoveries decrease dramatically to 30% for DDE, DDT and PCB 138 and 153. The recoveries with Soxhlet extraction are good, but an extra clean-up step before analysis is necessary. SFE gives good extraction yields for PCBs and organochlorine pesticides, varying between 85 and 105% with a reproducibility of 5% for each component for both types of soil. SFE is a fast, clean and reproducible method for the extraction of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides from these two soil matrices.