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Ohne ZusammenfassungHerrnC. Carathéodory in alter Freundschaft zum 70. Geburtstag am 13. September 1943 gewidmet.  相似文献   

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Barbara Ezawa Dr. 《ZDM》1997,29(1):11-20
This case-study investigates different aspects of the concept of cardinality of an eighteen-year-old student with mental retardation. At the age of six she could not relate number words, finger and objects in counting. These errors still persist in the classroom situation. This investigation shows that nevertheless her concept of cardinality is fairly highly developed. She knows that in counting she must match number words and objects one to one, the number word sequence she uses is stable, and her insight into the irrelevance of order of enumeration when counting, which she finds by trial, is a sign of the robustness of her cardinal concept. She also understands the relationships of equivalence and order of sets, and she solves arithmetical problems by counting on or down, which means that she understands the number words as cardinal and at the same time as sequence numbers. Errors occur in complex situations, where several components have to be considered. But her concept of cardinality is also incomplete: she has special difficulties concerning counting out objects bundled in tens. The same problems occur when she uses multidigit numbers: she does not see a ten-unit as composed of ten single unit items, that is to say, she replaces the hierarchic structure of the number sequence by a concatenated one. These difficulties must be interpreted as a consequence of her special weakness concerning synthetic thinking and simultaneous performing, as similar patterns can be seen in her spatial perception and in her speech. In the syntactic structure of her utterances, too, the combination of simple entities to complicated units is replaced by a mere concatenation. This means that due to brain dysfunction her behavior is determined by a particular pattern which repeatedly appears intrapersonally, and which is characteristic of some mentally retarded persons though not of all of them. Evidently mathematical thinking is also not a determined system, but a variable one. Mentally retarded students may therefore have great difficulties concerning some areas and at the same time make better progress in others. In particular, difficulties in counting objects are no obstacle to knowledge of cardinality.  相似文献   

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Das Pendel     
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Das Radium     
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Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt eine Weiterentwicklung des Duoplex-Algorithmus [1] dar. Dabei wird eine Ausgangsbasis (Triplexbasis) bestimmt, durch die sich der Rechenaufwand gegenüber dem Duoplexverfahren beim Lösen linearer Optimierungsaufgaben erheblich reduzieren kann. Eine größere Anzahl von Testbeispielen liefert zudem interessante statistische Ergebnisse was die Basis- und Nichtbasisvariablen in der Triplexbasis anbetrifft.
Summary This work represents a development of the Duoplex-algorithm. Thereby an initial basis (Triplexbasis) is determined. It reduces considerably the computational effort in solving linear optimation problems compared with the Duoplex-Method. Besides, a large number of test-problems are given providing interesting statistical results as to the basic and nonbasic variables in the Triplexbasis.
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Zusammenfassung Als Grundlage für die Theorie des Nichtnullsummen-Zwei-Personen-Spiels werden die Begriffe Gleichgewichtspunkt, Sattelpunkt, präventive und defensive Strategie, Felddominanz, Strategiendominanz und mehrere Unterbegriffe davon definiert. Mit ihrer Hilfe wird eine Anzahl von Sätzen bewiesen, die unmittelbar zu einer Lösung dieses Spieltyps führen: Es zeigt sich, daß es zwei Klassen von Nichtnullsummenspielen gibt: solche mit spielbedingten und solche mit persönlichkeitsbestimmten Lösungen. Erstere umfassen alle Spiele, die einen einzigen, nichtdominierten Gleichgewichtspunkt besitzen. Dieser ist die Lösung. Bei allen übrigen Spielen ist die Persönlichkeit der Spieler sozusagen selbst Teil des Spiels. Auch hierfür werden Lösungen angegeben.
Summary The following terms being the basis of the two-person non-zero-sum games will be defined: equilibrium point, saddle point, preventive and defensive strategy, field dominance, strategy dominance, and several other sub-terms. Using these terms a number of theorems leading directly to a solution of this type of games will be proved. It is shown that there are two types of non-zero-sum games: one type with game-determined solutions and another one with personality-determined solutions. The first one includes all games having a single non-dominated equilibrium point, which is the solution. In all other games the player's intention must be considered as part of the game. Here as well solutions are given.


Der Grundgedanke wurde von Professor Dr.W. Krelle auf der Jahrestagung der DGU vom 9. bis 11. September 1963 in Braunschweig vorgetragen und anschließend in Zusammenarbeit mit Diplom-MathematikerDieter Coenen in eine druckreife Form gebracht.  相似文献   

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Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

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