中红外光谱法无创伤检测血糖的新进展

应用中红外光谱法对手指、血液以及干燥后的血液进行了测定,并同时与血糖仪测定的血糖作对比研究。研究结果表明,对红外光谱图进行分析时,选择1455cm-1附近的谱峰作为基准峰,可使1120cm-1附近的谱带得到准确度较高的相对强度。干燥后的血液与手指的光谱图大致相似并且与实测的血糖值的投点图具有相近的斜率,说明中红外光谱法检测人体血糖具有较高的可靠性。对同一手指进行不同时间的测定,以1120cm-1谱带强度来表征血糖的浓度,其随时间的增加而增加,是因为人体内的葡萄糖不仅存在于血液中,而且也存在于皮肤的分泌物中,而分泌物会随时间的增加而增加。根据测定的1120cm-1谱带的相对强度与实测血糖值所得的线性关系图表明,洗手后10min的准确度要高于4min。     

FTIR遥测大气中CO2浓度变化及研究其影响因素

通过FTIR遥测北京空气中CO2浓度的变化,发现北京秋季白天CO2浓度的升高主要是由于机动车尾气的排放所引起的.CO2在白天由于光合作用和对流传输,浓度相对较低,浓度值为410μg·mL-1左右.而晚上则由于土壤和生物呼吸以及工业生产等产生的CO2在近地层大气中积累,CO2浓度值偏高,为610μg·mL-1左右.温度越高,CO2的浓度越低,而风速越小,公路边的CO2浓度越高.CO2浓度变化还受到湿度、风速等其他天气条件的影响.     

利用外接CO_2激光源的中红外ATR光谱仪原位无创探测人体血糖浓度

糖尿病是一种严重威胁人类健康的疾病,取血检测人体血糖浓度造成病患痛苦甚至感染。因此人体血糖浓度的无创检测技术在糖尿病的临床诊断、监测和治疗上具有重要的意义,也是一个具有挑战性的热点研究课题。在目前报道的各种测试方法中,中红外光谱测试技术受到了广泛重视。利用常规光源的中红外ATR光谱仪进行无创血糖检测时,由于探测光在人体组织中穿透深度低,难以到达含有体液的间质层乃至含有血液信息的真皮层,结果导致测试数据与人体实际血糖浓度的相关性差,限制了临床应用。考虑到高强、高纯的中红外激光在人体组织中具有较深的穿透深度,且CO2激光器的1 035cm-1的发射光非常接近葡萄糖在1 029cm-1处的基频特征吸收峰,因此本文使用外接CO2激光器作为中红外ATR光谱仪的自定义外接光源,组装了新型中红外测试系统。利用此设备,测试了人手指在1 035cm-1激光辐照下的吸光度,同时利用普通光源扫描了人手指的中红外吸收光谱,记录其在1 492cm-1的吸光度。利用常规医学方法测定了人体实际血糖值。结果显示,人手指处受1 035cm-1激光辐照的吸光度与常规光源的红外光谱中1 492cm-1处吸光度的相对强度与人体血糖浓度同步改变,两波数处吸光度的比值与人体实际血糖浓度具有一定的正相关性(R=0.812 5)。测量结果可作为人体血糖值的一个新型指标,显示了外接CO2激光源的中红外ATR光谱仪在无创探测人体血糖浓度方面的临床诊断潜力。     

Generation of Ultrahigh-Velocity Collisionless Electrostatic Shocks Using an Ultra-Intense Laser Pulse Interacting with Foil-Gas Target

Ultra high-velocity collisionless shocks are generated using an ultra-intense laser interacting with foil-gas target,which consists of copper foil and helium gas.The energy of helium ions accelerated by shock and the proton probing image of the shock electrostatic field show that the shock velocity is 0.02c,where c is the light speed.The numerical and theory studies indicate that the collisionless shock velocity exceeding 0.1 c can be generated by a laser pulse with picosecond duration and an intensity of 10~(20) W/cm~2.This system may be relevant to the study of mildly relativistic velocity collisionless shocks in astrophysics.     

Measurement of cosmogenic radionuclides in meteorites with a sensitive gamma-ray spectrometer

Summary A large-volume HPGe gamma-ray spectrometer in a NaI(Tl) well has been set up underground at 70 m.w.e. depth for whole body counting of cosmogenic radionuclides in meteorites. The detectors are housed in a 20 cm thick lead shield with a lining of cadmium and OFHC copper. The scintillator is simultaneously operated in anticoincidence as well as in coincidence in selected energy channels to achieve low background levels (in the range of counts per day) and high specificity. In this way a large number of radionuclides such as²⁶Al,⁴⁴Ti,⁶⁰Co,²²Na,⁵⁴Mn, and shorter-lived nuclides produced in extraterrestrial materials like meteorites and lunar rocks can be analysed. Results on Bouvante and Bereba achondrites and Dhajala and Torino chondrites are presented. Due to the relevance of its scientific content, this paper has been given priority by the Journal Direction.     

Measurement of Ultrashort Laser Pulse Width in a Wide Spectrum Range Using Dimethyl Sulfoxide by Optical Kerr Effect Technique

We illustrate that applying the optical Kerr effect technique to dimethyl sulfoxide （DMSO） can determine the width of laser pulses in a wide spectrum range that is transparent. Different from many other simple molecular liquids, such CS2, and toluene, DMSO responds to both 130 fs 800 nm laser pulses and 248 fs 400 nm laser pulses with electronic motions only. Therefore, the observed signal as a function of time reflects the temporal distribution of the intensity. We verify our illustration by both the autocorrelation technique and spectra analysis.     

Dynamical Trajectories of Simple Mechanical Systems as Geodesics in Space with an Extra Dimension

We show the advantages of representing thedynamics of simple mechanical systems described by anatural Lagrangian, in terms of geodesics of aRiemannian (or pseudo-Riemannian) space with anadditional dimension. We demonstrate how generaltrajectories of simple mechanical systems can be putinto one-toone correspondence with the geodesics of asuitable manifold. Two different ways in which thegeometry of the configuration space can be obtained froma higher dimensional model are presented and compared:(1) by a straightforward projection, and (2) as a spacegeometry of a quotient space obtained by the action of the timelike Killing vectorgenerating a stationary symmetry of a background spacegeometry with an additional dimension. The second modelis more informative and coincides with the so-called optical model of the line-of-sight geometry. Onthe base of this model we study the behavior of nearbygeodesics to detect their sensitive dependence oninitial conditions — the key ingredient ofdeterministic chaos. The advantage of such a formulation isits invariant character.     

Towards a Measurement of the n=2 Lamb Shift in Hydrogen-like Nitrogen Using an Electron Beam Ion Trap

Hyperfine Interactions - Using a 14C16O2 laser the 2s 1/2–2p 3/2 (fine structure – Lamb shift) transition has been induced in 14N6+ ions trapped in an electron beam ion trap. Prospects...     

Diffusion of an Extra Ga Atom in GaAs(001)(2*4) Rich-As Surface

采用键序势计算了单个镓原子在GaAs(001) fi2(2￡4)富砷表面的迁移的势能面,发现了一些低能量的吸附位,这些吸附位与实验观测的结果一致. 同时也发现了多个可能的迁移路径,并根据迁移路径上的相对能量指出单个镓原子更优先在表面上平行于砷二聚体的两条路径上迁移. 这一结果可由吸附的镓原子所导致的应变予以理解. 此外,有限温度下单个镓原子迁移的动力学模拟结果支持了所计算的势能面.     

基于光纤电流传感器的韦尔代常数优化测量法

韦尔代常数(Verdet)是决定光纤电流传感器(FOCT)灵敏度的重要因素之一。根据萨格纳克(Sagnac)干涉原理计算得到校准信号,并测量FOCT的实际输出信号,通过比较这两组信号建立目标函数,基于单纯形算法进行参数优化,从而得到石英光纤的韦尔代常数。实验结果与经典模型计算结果基本吻合。FOCT的输出信号经过测量电路会引入相位差;另外受到调制器和外界环境的影响,干涉回路的工作点会产生漂移,导致输出信号不对称而产生直流量。考虑到以上因素,提出的这种方法还能同时测量出电路的相位差、干涉回路的工作点以及反映非线性畸变的直流量。     

Filamentation of an Ultrashort Laser Pulse in a Medium with Artificial Nonlinearity

JETP Letters - The introduction of a small amount of subwavelength gold nanoparticles (extinction coefficient ∼0.01–1 cm−1) to water allows the efficient control of filamentation...     

净信号预处理结合径向基偏最小二乘回归在血糖无创检测中的应用

为了提高人体血糖近红外光谱定量分析模型的预测精度,结合净信号预处理(NAP)算法和径向基偏最小二乘(RBFPLS)回归建立了一种适合于人体血糖测量的非线性建模方法NAP-RBFPLS。本文首先利用NAP对近红外光谱进行预处理来有效地提取原始光谱中仅与葡萄糖信号相关的光谱信息,从而有效地减弱了人体血液中水、白蛋白、血红蛋白、脂肪等成分的吸收干扰以及人体体温的变化、测量仪器本身的漂移、测量环境的变化和测量条件的变化引起的干扰因素与血糖变化的偶然相关问题;然后把净信号预处理后的近红外光谱数据通过RBFPLS建立了非线性定量分析模型来解决由于人体强散射引起的血糖浓度与近红外光谱之间的非线性关系,并与偏最小二乘(PLS)、基于净信号预处理的偏最小二乘(NAP-PLS)和RBFPLS这三种建模方法建立的定量分析模型进行了对比分析。实验结果表明,这两种方法相结合建立的非线性校正模型对预测集的预测精度有了很大的提高,这将对人体血糖浓度无创检测技术的研究具有实际应用价值。     

Observing the Stimulated Raman Gain Spectra of Solutions Using an Infrared Pump Pulse with Narrow Linewidth and a Low-Noise CW Probe Laser

Stimulated Raman gain (SRG) spectroscopy using infrared pump pulses with narrow linewidth and a low-noise cw probe infrared laser was proposed. High-resolution Raman spectra of solutions were obtained. The SRG spectra of crystal GaP, benzene, and toluene were measured to confirm the spectral resolution and sensitivity over the terahertz (THz) region. We discuss the polarization dependence of the spectral measurement of carbon tetrachloride. Our system can detect organic molecules in aqueous solutions.     

Noninvasive photoacoustic angiography of animal brains in vivo with near-infrared light and an optical contrast agent

Optical contrast agents have been widely applied to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of optical imaging with near-infrared (NIR) light. However, because of the overwhelming scattering of light in biological tissues, the spatial resolution of traditional optical imaging degrades drastically as the imaging depth increases. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we present noninvasive photoacoustic angiography of animal brains in vivo with NIR light and an optical contrast agent. When indocyanine green polyethylene glycol, a novel absorption dye with prolonged clearance, is injected into the circulatory system of a rat, it obviously enhances the absorption contrast between the blood vessels and the background tissues. Because NIR light can penetrate deep into the brain tissues through the skin and skull, we are able to successfully reconstruct the vascular distribution in the rat brain from the photoacoustic signals. On the basis of differential optical absorption with and without contrast enhancement, a photoacoustic angiograph of a rat brain is acquired that matches the anatomical photograph well and exhibits high spatial resolution and a much-reduced background. This new technology demonstrates the potential for dynamic and molecular biomedical imaging.     

1-亚硝基-2-萘酚为配合剂流动注射固相富集原子吸收光谱法测定铜和钴

本文研究了用１－亚硝基－２－萘酚为配合剂，Ｃ１８键合硅胶为固相富集材料，流动注射在线固相萃取预富集火焰原子吸收测定痕量和钴的方法。该方法自动化程度高，选择性强，方法的采样速度达９０ｈ＾－１时，铜和钴的订九分别达２０倍和１８倍，检出限分别达１．８μｇ／Ｌ和３μｇ／Ｌ。用这一方法来测定生物样品淡菜、钢样ＮＢＳ－３６４和ＮＢＳ－３６２等标准样品，结果与标准值相符。     

Numerical Study of Entropy Generation in Fully Developed Turbulent Circular Tube Flow Using an Elliptic Blending Turbulence Model

As computational fluid dynamics (CFD) advances, entropy generation minimization based on CFD becomes attractive for optimizing complex heat-transfer systems. This optimization depends on the accuracy of CFD results, such that accurate turbulence models, such as elliptic relaxation or elliptic blending turbulence models, become important. The performance of a previously developed elliptic blending turbulence model (the SST k–ω–φ–α model) to predict the rate of entropy generation in the fully developed turbulent circular tube flow with constant heat flux was studied to provide some guidelines for using this class of turbulence model to calculate entropy generation in complex systems. The flow and temperature fields were simulated by using a CFD package, and then the rate of entropy generation was calculated in post-processing. The analytical correlations and results of two popular turbulence models (the realizable k–ε and the shear stress transport (SST) k–ω models) were used as references to demonstrate the accuracy of the SST k–ω–φ–α model. The findings indicate that the turbulent Prandtl number (Pr_t) influences the entropy generation rate due to heat-transfer irreversibility. Pr_t = 0.85 produces the best results for the SST k–ω–φ–α model. For the realizable k–ε and SST k–ω models, Pr_t = 0.85 and Pr_t = 0.92 produce the best results, respectively. For the realizable k–ε and the SST k–ω models, the two methods used to predict the rate of entropy generation due to friction irreversibility produce the same results. However, for the SST k–ω–φ–α model, the rates of entropy generation due to friction irreversibility predicted by the two methods are different. The difference at a Reynolds number of 100,000 is about 14%. The method that incorporates the effective turbulent viscosity should be used to predict the rate of entropy generation due to friction irreversibility for the SST k–ω–φ–α model. Furthermore, when the temperature in the flow field changes dramatically, the temperature-dependent fluid properties must be considered.     

Quenching Properties of an Arc in a Double Flow with a Vortex

The effect of a vortex in a gas flow on an air-blast arc is investigated. The radial density of a vortex in the compressible flow is evaluated with a simple model. The experiments show that the width of a low pressure channel on the axis of the nozzle is comparable to the theoretical values. The measured electric field strength profile is strongly influenced by the presence of such a vortex. In addition, the thermal interrupting capability is drastically lowered by vortex superimposed on the axial gas flow.     

连续流动分析法测定不同冰冻时间的淡水总氮浓度

采用AA3连续流动元素分析仪对不同冰冻时间的标准水样和自然水样的总氮含量进行了测定。结果表明.供试水样在-20℃条件下冰冻30d的总氮浓度稳定,但自然水样较标准水样波动幅度大。     

Measurement of Wave-Front Aberrations in Lithography Lenses with an Overlay Inspection Tool

Measurement methods using overlay inspection tools have been established for wave-front aberrations in optical lithography lenses used for integrated circuit manufacturing. Three-beam interferometry and asymmetric two-beam interferometry can transform the wave-front aberrations at selected points on the lens pupil to lateral image shifts for fine grating objects. A technique of overlapped exposures makes the image shifts of inner lines of the grating images optically measurable, even if the images are too fine to be resolved optically. These methods are available in the fields of integrated circuit manufacturing and lithography tool assembling. This paper sums up measurement methods for wave-front aberrations. It is experimentally estimated that the methods are equally matched with the phase measuring interferometry widely used in the tool assemblies respecting accuracy and precision.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15–17, 2000 at the International Conference Center, Tokyo, Waseda University, Japan.