Interpretation of acceleration measurements in inertial navigation

It is shown that, when the absolute and apparent accelerations are measured simultaneously, the problem of autonomous inertial navigation is reduced to the solvable inverse problem. Physical and geometrical (kinematic) conditions for solvability are formulated.     

Three-dimensional gravimetry based on the inertial navigation method

A technique with which the gravimetry problem is embedded in the problem of disposition of a three-component (three-dimensional) inertial navigation system on a stationary base is substantiated. Results of numerical simulation are presented.     

基于导航系统的光电吊舱补漂方法

稳定精度是光电吊舱稳瞄系统的重要指标,为了减少在稳瞄控制中陀螺漂移对稳定精度的影响,需对陀螺漂移进行补偿。提出一种基于导航系统的光电吊舱测漂和补漂方法,即在光电吊舱测漂阶段,通过机载导航系统的位置数据、姿态数据及吊舱轴角值计算地球自转在平台中的分量,测量出更加准确的陀螺漂移;在稳定控制回路中,通过导航系统分别补偿陀螺漂移及地球自转分量。该方法可将陀螺测漂过程中的地球自转分量和陀螺漂移有效分离,并在稳定控制回路中实时调整地球自转分量,从而提高稳瞄系统稳定精度。试验结果表明:通过对比10 min常规测漂和基于导航系统的测漂结果,稳定控制漂移累积误差中俯仰角由常规方法的1.80°减少到0.04°,航向角由0.77°减少到0.04°。     

纳米多晶硅薄膜电阻压力和加速度多功能传感器（英）

基于纳米多晶硅薄膜电阻的多功能传感器由压力传感器和加速度传感器构成。纳米多晶硅薄膜电阻构成的两个惠斯通电桥结构分别设计在方形硅膜表面和悬臂梁根部。采用MEMS技术和CMOS工艺在〈100〉晶向单晶硅片上实现压力/加速度传感器芯片制作,利用内引线技术将芯片封装在一个印刷电路板（PCB）上。在室温下,工作电压为5.0 V时,实验结果给出压力传感器灵敏度(a=0)为1.0 mV/kPa,加速度传感器灵敏度(p=0)为0.92 mV/g,可实现外加压力和加速度的测量,具有较好的灵敏度特性且交叉干扰较弱。     

纳米多晶硅薄膜电阻压力和加速度多功能传感器（英）

基于纳米多晶硅薄膜电阻的多功能传感器由压力传感器和加速度传感器构成。纳米多晶硅薄膜电阻构成的两个惠斯通电桥结构分别设计在方形硅膜表面和悬臂梁根部。采用MEMS技术和CMOS工艺在〈100〉晶向单晶硅片上实现压力/加速度传感器芯片制作,利用内引线技术将芯片封装在一个印刷电路板（PCB）上。在室温下,工作电压为5.0 V时,实验结果给出压力传感器灵敏度(a=0)为1.0 mV/kPa,加速度传感器灵敏度(p=0)为0.92 mV/g,可实现外加压力和加速度的测量,具有较好的灵敏度特性且交叉干扰较弱。     

Effect of headphone position on absolute threshold measurements

Pure-tone audiometry (measurement of absolute thresholds using pure tones) is the main test for the diagnosis of hearing loss. The aim of the present study is to determine whether the headphone placement over a listener’s ears has an influence on pure-tone audiometric tests, for a large frequency range, for Sennheiser HD600 and Telephonics TDH39 headphones. Audiograms (with 1 dB step, and including 10 frequencies up to 14 kHz) were performed several times on normal-hearing subjects, for different – or not different – headphone positions (allowing to dissociate between effects of headphone position and cognitive factors). Globally, the results seem to indicate that the reliability without headphone removing was quite close to the one observed with removing. The influence of removing did not appear more crucial for high frequencies. The rare frequencies for which a removing effect was seen seem to be function of the headphone model. Finally the results were quite different among the subjects.     

Mobile gravitoinertial system based on the three-component method of inertial navigation

A model of a ballistically unperturbed (stable) gravimetric system is suggested, the functioning of which is based on conversion of inertial information and (radial) position information about the object’s motion.     

The absolute flatness measurements of two aluminum coated mirrors based on the skip flat test

Two methods based on the skip flat test are proposed to understand the absolute flatnesses of two aluminum coated mirrors, one with a circular aperture of 69 mm diameter, and the other with an elliptical aperture whose major and minor axes are 60 mm and 42 mm, respectively. For the mirror with the circular aperture, three measurements including one cavity measurement and two skip flat measurements are conducted. The measuring results are 0.079λ (PV) and 0.019λ (RMS). For the mirror with the elliptical aperture, two cavity measurements and one skip flat test are used. The measured results are 0.059λ (PV) and 0.014λ (RMS). The results agree well with those obtained with the mirrors measured at normal incidence, using high precision transmission flat as the reference. The agreements of the results indicate that the new methods could be used as two reliable ways to understand the absolute flatnesses of the aluminum coated mirrors.     

Review of absolute neutrino mass measurements

The discovery of neutrino flavor oscillations has firmly established that at least two of the three known neutrino mass eigenstates possess a non-vanishing rest mass. Complementary to cosmology and the search for neutrino-less double beta decay laboratory-based measurements of low-energy beta decays provide a direct and model-independent approach to measure the effective electron (anti-)neutrino mass. I have reviewed the recent progress of the field starting from the first molecular tritium spectrum measured with the current state of the art KATRIN experiment before discussing the development of new approaches to achieve the sensitivity required to cover the full neutrino mass parameter range allowed in the inverted mass ordering scheme. The new avenues opened by micro-calorimeteric measurements of the electron capture decay spectrum of ¹⁶³Ho (ECHo, Holmes and Numecs) and by the new technology of cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy in combination with molecular and atomic tritium sources have been presented.     

基于液面旋转平移法的绝对检验技术研究

绝对检验作为一种光学元件高精度检测方法,其中的两平晶绝对检验无法精确测量平移过程中的倾斜误差,导致恢复的面形中二次项出现偏差.液面在位置变化前后能够保持水平,在旋转平移过程中不会产生倾斜误差.推导了平移过程中倾斜误差和恢复面形中离焦项的关系,并通过仿真分析加以验证,当不存在倾斜误差时,残差面PV值小于1nm.在300m...     

Sounding rocket measurements of suprathermal ion acceleration

Transverse ion acceleration has been observed at rocket altitudes between 500 and 1000 km due to the injection of 100-200-eV argon plasma, auroral electron precipitation, and the injection of electromagnetic waves. Field-aligned currents necessary to neutralize the plasma injection payloads and those naturally occurring in the aurora could be responsible for the ions observed in the first two observations. Associated with the aurora, both bulk heating and tail heating are observed, sometimes simultaneously. In this case, either different masses are accelerated and/or different mechanisms are responsible. The bulk heating is closely correlated with the aurora structure while tail heating is not so well correlated. High-time-resolution rocket ion data have revealed that the transverse acceleration process is of very short duration (~100 ms) and occurs in a very limited volume (a few hundred kilometers along B and on the order of the ion gyrodiameter across B). Such impulse acceleration events are correlated with waves near the lower hybrid resonance. Wave injections of electromagnetic waves near the lower hybrid frequency result in the transverse acceleration of ambient ions     

First absolute mass measurements of short-lived isotopes

Absolute mass measurements of short-lived isotopes have been performed at the on-line mass separator ISOLDE at CERN by determining the cyclotron frequencies of ions confined in a Penning trap. The cyclotron frequencies for^{77,78,85,86,88}Rb and⁸⁸Sr ions could be determined with a resolving power of 3×10⁵ and an accuracy of better than 10⁻⁶, which corresponds to 100 keV for massA=100. The shortest-lived isotope under investigation was⁷⁷Rb with a half-life of 3.7 min. The resonances obtained for the isobars⁸⁸Rb and⁸⁸Sr were clearly resolved.     

Split-pulse spectrometer for absolute XUV frequency measurements

A split-pulse spectrometer based on pairs of time-delayed femtosecond pulses can give access to accurate frequency measurements in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectral domain. We demonstrate this approach by measuring the absolute frequency of a single-XUV-photon transition to a bound state of atomic argon excited with the ninth harmonic of an amplified Ti:sapphire laser.     

An evaluation method based on absolute difference to validate the performance of SBNUC algorithms

Scene-based non-uniformity correction (SBNUC) algorithms are an important part of infrared image processing; however, SBNUC algorithms usually cause two defects: (1) ghosting artifacts and (2) over-correction. In this paper, we use the absolute difference based on guided image filter (AD-GF) method to validate the performance of SBNUC algorithms. We obtain a self-separation source using the improved guided image filter to process the input image, and use the self-separation source to obtain the space-high-frequency parts of the input image and the corrected image. Finally, we use the absolute difference between the two space-high-frequency parts as the evaluation result. Based on experimental results, the AD-GF method has better robustness and can validate the performance of SBNUC algorithms even if ghosting artifacts or over-correction occur. Also the AD-GF method can measure how SBNUC algorithms perform in the time domain, it’s an effective evaluation method for SBNUC algorithm.     

Carbon clusters for absolute mass measurements at ISOLTRAP

The cyclotron frequencies of singly charged carbon clusters C_n ⁺ (n ≥ 2) were measured with the Penning-trap mass spectrometer ISOLTRAP at ISOLDE/CERN. The present limit of mass accuracy δm/m = 1.2 ^. 10^-8 and the extent of the mass-dependent systematic shift (δm/m)_sys = 1.7(0.6) ^. 10^-10/u ^. (m - m _ref) of the setup were investigated for the first time. In addition, absolute mass measurements by use of pure clusters of the most abundant carbon isotope ¹²C are now possible at ISOLTRAP. Received: 21 March 2002 / Accepted: 16 May 2002 / Published online: 31 October 2002 RID="a" ID="a"Present address: CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland; e-mail: klaus.blaum@cern.ch     

A null method for making absolute measurements of the reflectivity of transparent solids with high precision

A null method is described for making absolute measurements of the surface reflectivity of transparent solids with high precision ( ≈ 1 part in 10⁴). The phase sensitivity of a two beam interferometer is used to separate signatures of different order produced by multiple reflections in the air gap of a Fabry-Perot etalon constructed from the specimen. Then, by using two apertures in front of the etalon and two moving mirrors, signatures of different order are brought simultaneously to the output port of the interferometer. A difference signal is produced by subtracting the two signatures either optically or electronically, and the apertures are adjusted to produce a null output. The experimental value of the reflectivity is determined by the ratio of the areas of the two apertures and is independent of the photometric accuracy of the detector. The method should also be suitable for investigating weak structure in the reflectivity of transparent solids at the level of ≈ 10⁻⁵ or less.     

强度调制的啁啾光纤光栅加速度传感器

设计了一种基于啁啾光纤布拉格光栅的新型加速度传感器,该传感器主要由矩形悬臂梁构成的传感机构和光纤光谱仪及光电探测器组成。导出了啁啾光纤布拉格光栅的反射谱带宽与加速度的关系;通过光谱仪检测啁啾光纤布拉格光栅反射谱的带宽或检测光电探测器输出的电压,即可获得加速度的大小。实验结果表明,该啁啾光纤布拉格光栅反射谱带宽及光电探测器输出的电压对温度变化不敏感,且在0~700 m/s2测量范围内,反射谱带宽与加速度间具有良好的线性关系。由于反射谱带宽展宽造成了光纤布拉格光栅反射率的降低,因此光电探测器输出电压的线性响应范围只能达到0~35 m/s2,带宽和电压灵敏度分别达到0.005 6 nmm-1s-2和0.785 6 m Vm-1s-2。     

强度调制的啁啾光纤光栅加速度传感器

设计了一种基于啁啾光纤布拉格光栅的新型加速度传感器,该传感器主要由矩形悬臂梁构成的传感机构和光纤光谱仪及光电探测器组成。导出了啁啾光纤布拉格光栅的反射谱带宽与加速度的关系;通过光谱仪检测啁啾光纤布拉格光栅反射谱的带宽或检测光电探测器输出的电压,即可获得加速度的大小。实验结果表明,该啁啾光纤布拉格光栅反射谱带宽及光电探测器输出的电压对温度变化不敏感,且在0~700m/s2测量范围内,反射谱带宽与加速度间具有良好的线性关系。由于反射谱带宽展宽造成了光纤布拉格光栅反射率的降低,因此光电探测器输出电压的线性响应范围只能达到0~35 m/s2,带宽和电压灵敏度分别达到0.005 6nm·m-1·s-2和0.785 6m V·m-1·s-2。     

Possible measurements of the gravitational acceleration with neutral antimatter

The interest in measuring the gravitational acceleration using neutral antimatter is discussed as well as the advantages compared with using charged antimatter, and a few possible experimental schemes are briefly discussed.