气液色谱法研究双—(O,O''''—二正辛基二硫代磷酸酯)合镍(Ⅱ)与五员杂环化合物加合反应的热力学性质

气液色谱法是研究酸碱相互作用热力学性质的有效方法之一,适合于气液表面化学反应的研究,可以得到一些用其他方法难以获得的热力学参数,丰富了表面化学领域的研究,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。文献[1—4]利用气液色谱法测量了Ni[THDD]_2、Ni[(C_8H_(17)O)_2PS_2]_2与含氮、含氧有机碱加合反应的平衡常数、标准焓变和标准熵变值。作为酸碱加合反应研究的一部份,本文测定了Ni[C_8H_(17)O)_2PS_2]_2与五员杂环化合物呋喃、噻吩和吡咯反应的热力学参数。     

气液色谱法测定双-(4,6-二异丙基水杨酸)合铜(Ⅱ)与脂肪胺和醇加合反应的热力学性质

用气液色谱法,在不同的温度下,测定了以α-甲基萘作为固定液时,路易斯碱脂肪胺和醇的溶解平衡常数K_R⁰,以及它们与作为路易斯酸的过渡金属配合物双-(4,6-二异丙基水杨酸)合铜(Ⅱ)相互作用的表观分配常数K_R和加合反应的平衡常数K₁。再根据热力学公式: -RlnK₁=ΔH1/T-ΔS 进一步求出了加合反应的焓变ΔH和熵变ΔS。     

气液色谱法研究双-(O,O'-二正辛基二硫代磷酸酯)合镍(II)与伯醇加合反应的热力学性质

本文用气液色谱法研究了Ni[C8H17O)2PS2]2与C1-C4伯醇加合反应的热力学性质. 测定了317-353K范围内加合反应的平衡常数, 用作图法求得反应的ΔH和ΔS.ΔH、ΔS与伯醇的碳原子数之间呈线性关系. 用静电作用模型描述了加合物成键的实质.     

气液色谱法测定双-(4,6-二异丙基水杨酸)合铜(Ⅱ)与脂肪胺和醇加合反应的热力学性质

用气液色谱法,在不同的温度下,测定了以α-甲基萘作为固定液时,路易斯碱脂肪胺和醇的溶解平衡常数K_R~0,以及它们与作为路易斯酸的过渡金属配合物双-(4,6-二异丙基水杨酸)合铜(Ⅱ)相互作用的表观分配常数K_R和加合反应的平衡常数K_1。再根据热力学公式: 进一步求出了加合反应的焓变ΔH和熵变ΔS。     

气液色谱法研究双-(O,O′-二正辛基二硫代磷酸酯)合镍(Ⅱ)与伯醇加合反应的热力学性质

本文用气液色谱法研究了 Ni[(C_8H_(17)O)_2PS_2]_2与 C_1—C_4伯醇加合反应的热力学性质.测定了317—353K 范围内加合反应的平衡常数,用作图法求得反应的ΔH和ΔS.ΔH、ΔS 与伯醇的碳原子数之间呈线性关系:-ΔH=11.8+4.57X (kJ/mol)-ΔS=30.6+16.4X (J/mol·K)用静电作用模型描述了加合物成键的实质.加合反应的平衡常数可以用经验公式描述:lgK=-1.601-0.8572X+(619.1-237.8X)/T     

气液色谱法研究双-(O,O′-二正辛基二硫代磷酸酯)合镍(Ⅱ)与醛类加合反应的热力学性质

气液色谱法是研究酸碱相互作用热力学性质的有效方法之一。文献[1～3]利用气液色谱法测量了Ni(THDD)_2、Ni[(C_8H_(17)O)_2PS_2]_2与含氮有机碱加合反应的平衡常数、标准焓变和标准熵变值,得到了与光谱法相一致的结果。作为酸碱加合反应研究的一部分,本文测定了Ni[(C_8H_(17)O)_2PS_2]_2与醛类化合物的热力学参数。     

气液色谱法研究双-(O,0′-二正辛基二硫代磷酸酯)合镍(Ⅱ)与酮类加合反应的热力学性质

二烷基二硫代磷酸酯及其过渡金属配合物具有强杀菌性能及抑制酶水解作用,可以用作石油添加剂和高聚物防老剂,又是一类优良的萃取剂,用于钴镍、钴锰等的萃取分离^[1-2]。二硫代磷酸酯的金属盐与含氮、含氧的有机碱形成的加合物在液-液萃取中起着重要作用^[3],因此这类配物合的加合作用受到了广泛的注意。     

气液色谱法测定双(1,3)-二苯基丙二酮合铜(Ⅱ)配合物和杂茂环加合反应的热力学性质

气液色谱法是研究作为Lewis酸A的过渡金属配合物与作为Lewis碱的有机化合物B相互作用的热力学参数的有效方法,但以往工作大都采用非极性的直链角鲨烷作固定液。为将此法扩展到包含苯基配体的过渡金属配合物体系,我们采用一种新的固定液——多苄基联苯,测定了双(1,3)-二苯基丙二酮合铜(Ⅱ)与呋喃、噻吩的加合反应的热力学参数。     

Analysis of thermodynamic parameters of glass forming metallic melts

The temperature dependence of the Gibbs free energy difference (G) between the undercooled liquid and the corresponding equilibrium solid has been analysed for metallic glass forming systems in the frame of the expression obtained by expanding free energies of the undercooled liquid and solid phases in the form of Taylor's series expansion. The enthalpy difference (H) and the entropy difference (H) between the undercooled liquid and solid phases have also been analysed. The study is made for five different metallic glass forming materials, Au₇₇Ge_13.6Si_9.4, Au_53.2Pb_27.5Sb_19.3, Au_81.4Si_18.6, Mg_85.5Cu_14.5 and Mg_81.6Ga_18.4 and a very good agreement is found between calculated and experimental values of G. The ideal glass transition temperature (T _k) and the residual entropy (S _R) of these materials have also been studied due to their important role in assigning the glass formation ability of materials.The authors are grateful to Prof. P. Ramachandrarao, N. M. L. Jamshedpur and Prof. S. Lele, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, B. H. U. for their interest in the present work. The part of work was done under C. S. I. R. project and we are also thankful to C. S. I. R., New Delhi for financial support.     

Analysis of Thermodynamic Parameters of Glass Forming Polymeric Melts

The temperature dependence of the Gibbs free energy difference (ΔG), enthalpy difference (ΔH) and entropy difference (ΔS) between the undercooled meltand the corresponding equilibrium solid has been analysed for glass forming polymeric materials by calculating ΔG, ΔH and ΔS within the framework of the hole theory of liquids. The study is made for nine samples of glass forming polymeric melts; polypropylene oxide (PPO), polyamid-6 (PA-6), polytetramethylene oxide (PTMO), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutadiene (PB) and three simple organic liquids: tri-α-naphthyl benzene (tri-α-NB), o-terphenyl (o-ter) and phenyl salicylate (salol) in the entire temperature range T _m (melting temperature) to T _g (glass transition temperature). The ideal glass transition temperature (T _K) and the residual entropy (ΔS _R) of these samples have also been studied due to their important role in the study of the glass forming ability of materials. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Synergism in the extraction of scandium

Synergism in the extraction of scandium by a mixture of di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid and a β-diketone has been studied. The nature of the extracted species has been investigated. The effect of temperature on extraction has been studied and synergism has been explained on the basis of thermodynamic parameters of the extraction process.     

蛋白质变性机理与变性时的热力学参数研究进展

生物大分子是近年来生命科学的研究热点和难点之一,而对蛋白质变性的研究有助于深刻揭示生命现象的机理.利用光谱学和热力学可以分别从微观和宏观角度对蛋白质变性进行研究,并由此得到表征蛋白质变性的热力学参数.这对深入了解蛋白质的折叠与伸展、变性机理、结构稳定性及生命体的新陈代谢等问题具有很大意义.近年来,国内外学者在此方面做了大量的工作,主要涉及蛋白质在水溶液中的变性机理、在有变性剂存在下水溶液中的变性机理及在含有其它物质水溶液中的变性机理.用来表征蛋白质变性的热力学参数有热容、变性自由能、变性焓和变性熵等.本文对这些研究进行了概述.     

Activation energies for metastable to stable phase transition of 4,4'-di-n-heptyl- oxyazoxybenzene

Complexes of adenine, AdH, with cobalt, nickel and copper chlorides were prepared and their thermodynamic functions were determined. The complexing processes are endothermic in nature. The thermal behaviour of complexes was followed up by using TG and DTA analyses. The stoichiometry of thermal decomposition of the investigated complexes was suggested. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thermodynamics of propanal polymerization and thermodynamic functions of polypropanal from 0 K to 370 K at standard pressure

The heat capacityC _p ^o of polypropanal was studied in a vacuum adiabatic calorimeter between 11 and 330 K, and in an ADKTTM automatic differential calorimeter from 320 to 370 K. The thermodynamic parameters of melting and glass transition of polypropanal were also determined. From the results, the thermodynamic functions of the polymer were calculated in the range 0 K to 360 K. The enthalpy of depolymerization of polypropanal to the starting monomer was measured in a DAK-1-1 differential automatic microcalorimeter. From the results of this study and literature data on the thermodynamic properties of propanal., the enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs function of bulk polymerization of propanal were estimated from 0 K to 330 K. Ceiling limiting temperatures of transitions of the liquid monomer to crystalline and high-elasticity polymer were determined.

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Zusammenfassung In einem adiabatischen Vakuum-Kalorimeter wurde zwischen 11 und 330 K und in einem automatischen ADKTTM DSC-Kalorimeter zwischen 320 und 370 K die WärmekapazitätC _p von Polypropanal untersucht. Es wurden auch die thermodynamischen Parameter für Schmelzen und Glasumwandlung von Polypropanal bestimmt. Ausgehend von diesen Ergebnissen wurden für den Temperaturbereich 0 K bis 360 K die thermodynamischen Funktionen des Polymers berechnet. In einem DAK-1-1 automatischen Differential-Mikrokalorimeter wurde die Enthalpie der Depolymerisierung zum Ausgangsmonomer gemessen. Anhand dieser Ergebnisse und Angaben in der Literatur über die thermodynamischen Eigenschaften von Polypropanal wurde die Enthalpie-, die Entropie- und die Gibbsche Funktion der Massepolimerisation von Propanal für den Bereich 0 K bis 330 K geschätzt. Weiterhin wurden die Maximumtemperaturen der Umwandlung des flüssigen Monomers in ein kristallines und hochelastisches Polymer ermittelt.

     

Mechanistic insight into the activity of tyrosinase from variable-temperature studies in an aqueous/organic solvent

The activity of mushroom tyrosinase towards a representative series of phenolic and diphenolic substrates structurally related to tyrosine has been investigated in a mixed solvent of 34.4% methanol-glycerol (7:1, v/v) and 65.6% (v/v) aqueous 50 mM Hepes buffer at pH 6.8 at various temperatures. The kinetic activation parameters controlling the enzymatic reactions and the thermodynamic parameters associated with the process of substrate binding to the enzyme active species have been deduced from the temperature variation of the kcat and KM parameters. The activation free energy is dominated by the enthalpic term, the value of which lies in the relatively narrow range of 61+/-9 kJ mol(-1) irrespective of substrate or reaction type (monophenolase or diphenolase). The activation entropies are small and generally negative and contribute no more than 10% to the activation free energy. The substrate binding parameters are characterized by large and negative enthalpy and entropy contributions, which are typically dictated by polar protein-substrate interactions. The substrate 4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid exhibits a strikingly anomalous temperature dependence of the enzymatic oxidation rate, with deltaH(double dagger) approximately = 150 kJ mol(-1) and deltaS(double dagger) approximately = 280 J K(-1) mol(-1), due to the fact that it can competitively bind to the enzyme through the phenol group, like the other substrates, or the carboxylate group, like carboxylic acid inhibitors. A kinetic model that takes into account the dual substrate/inhibitor nature of this compound enables rationalization of this anomalous behavior.     

Adsorption of Promethazine hydrochloride with KSF Montmorillonite

Adsorption of Promethazine hydrochloride (PHCl) onto KSF Montmorillonite from aqueous solution has been investigated. Experiments were conducted at various pH values, ionic backgrounds and solution temperatures. The pseudo-second-order equation successfully predicted the adsorption among the tried kinetics models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion). Langmuir, Freundlich and DR adsorption models were used to describe equilibrium isotherms and the isotherm constants were obtained. The increase in solution temperature caused a decrease in the adsorption capacity values found from Freundlich and DR isotherm. The adsorption type can be explained by combined ion exchange and physisorption. Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption of Promethazine hydrochloride (PHCl) onto KSF were also evaluated. The surface morphologies of KSF and PHCl loaded KSF were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). FTIR measurements of samples were also conducted.     

Calorimetric study of thermodynamics of production of polybutene-1, polypentene-1, 4-methylpentene-1 and properties of reagents between 0 and 670 K

The heat capacitiesC ₀ ^p of polybutene-1, polypentene-1, poly-4-methylpentene-1 and 4-methylphentene-1 were studied calorimetrically from 6 to (500–700) K. Temperatures, enthalpies of melting of various crystalline forms and the parameters of the glass transition were determined. The thermodynamic functionsH ⁰(T)?H⁰(0), S⁰(T) andG ⁰(T)?H⁰ (0) were calculated between 0 K and (500–700) K. From the calorimetric values obtained and literature data, the thermodynamic characteristics of the following processes were estimated for the corresponding alkenes-1, andcis-andtrans-alkenes-2: the polymerization of alkenes-1, the monomer-isomerization polymerization ofcis- andtrans-alkenes-2 to polyaklenes-1 and the isomerization ofcis- andtrans-aklenes-2 to alkenes-1 in the same temperature interval at standard pressure.