Astringency Sensitivity to Tannic Acid: Effect of Ageing and Saliva

Astringency is an important sensory characteristic of food and beverages containing polyphenols. However, astringency perception in elderly people has not been previously documented. The aim of the present work was to evaluate sensitivity to astringency as a function of age, salivary flow and protein amount. Fifty-four panellists, including 30 elderly people (age = 75 ± 4.2 years) and 24 young people (age = 29.4 ± 3.8 years), participated in this study. Astringency sensitivity was evaluated by the 2-alternative forced choice (2-AFC) procedure using tannic acid solutions. Whole saliva was collected for 5 min before and after the sensory tests. The results showed that the astringency threshold was significantly higher in the elderly group than the young group. No correlation was observed between the salivary protein amount and threshold value. However, a negative correlation between salivary flow and threshold was observed in the young group only. These results showed a difference in oral astringency perception as a function of age. This difference can be linked to salivary properties that differ as a function of age.     

Commercial Mannoproteins Improve the Mouthfeel and Colour of Wines Obtained by Excessive Tannin Extraction

In the production of red wines, the pressing of marcs and extended maceration techniques can increase the extraction of phenolic compounds, often imparting high bitterness and astringency to finished wines. Among various oenological products, mannoproteins have been shown to improve the mouthfeel of red wines. In this work, extended maceration (E), marc-pressed (P), and free-run (F) Sangiovese wines were aged for six months in contact with three different commercial mannoprotein-rich yeast extracts (MP, MS, and MF) at a concentration of 20 g/hL. Phenolic compounds were measured in treated and control wines, and sensory characteristics related to the astringency, aroma, and colour of the wines were studied. A multivariate analysis revealed that mannoproteins had a different effect depending on the anthocyanin/tannin (A/T) ratio of the wine. When tannins are strongly present (extended maceration wines with A/T = 0.2), the MP conferred mouthcoating and soft and velvety sensations, as well as colour stability to the wine. At A/T = 0.3, as in marc-pressed wines, both MF and MP improved the mouthfeel and colour of Sangiovese. However, in free-run wine, where the A/T ratio is 0.5, the formation of polymeric pigments was allowed by all treatments and correlated with silk, velvet, and mouthcoat subqualities. A decrease in bitterness was also obtained. Commercial mannoproteins may represent a way to improve the mouthfeel and colour of very tannic wines.     

富勒烯-苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸三元共聚物的合成及其摩擦学性能

纳米微球;富勒烯-苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸三元共聚物的合成及其摩擦学性能     

Exploring The Relative Astringency of Tea Catechins and Distinct Astringent Sensation of Catechins and Flavonol Glycosides via an In Vitro Assay Composed of Artificial Oil Bodies

Artificial oil bodies covered by a recombinant surface protein, caleosin fused with histatin 3 (a major human salivary peptide), were employed to explore the relative astringency of eight tea catechins. The results showed that gallate-type catechins were more astringent than non-gallate-type catechins, with an astringency order of epicatechin gallate > epigallocatechin gallate > gallocatechin gallate > catechin gallate > epigallocatechin > epicatechin > gallocatechin > catechin. As expected, the extension of brewing time led to an increase in catechin content in the tea infusion, thus elevating tea astringency. Detailed analysis showed that the enhanced proportion of gallate-type catechins was significantly higher than that of non-gallate-type catechins, indicating that tea astringency was elevated exponentially, rather than proportionally, when brewing time was extended. Rough surfaces were observed on artificial oil bodies when they were complexed with epigallocatechin gallate (a catechin), while a smooth surface was observed on those complexed with rutin (a flavonol glycoside) under an atomic force microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that catechins and flavonol glycosides induce the sensation of rough (puckering) and smooth (velvety) astringency in tea, respectively.     

二硫代二乙二醇水基抗磨剂的合成及性能研究

以硫磺、硫化钠、2-氯乙醇为起始原料合成了二硫代二乙二醇。以乙醇为溶剂,硫化钠187mmol,n(2-氯乙醇)：n(硫磺)：n(硫化钠)=1．8：1．2：1．0,回流反应30min,二硫代二乙二醇(其中硫醚硫含量为39．54％)产率达88．5％。含二硫代二乙二醇85．7％的水基抗磨剂具有优良的极压性(PB=804N),但抗磨性不理想(D30min^196N=0．72mm)。     

医用高分子材料表面的润滑改性进展

综述了医用高分子材料表面的润滑改性方法,对影响表面润滑性的因素进行了讨论,简述了材料表面润滑性的测定方法,润滑机理及润滑表面的形态,概述了表面润滑的医用高分子材料在临床中的应用。     

Natural Phenolic Compounds as Modifiers for Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Silica Hybrids

Silica is a popular filler, but in epoxidized natural rubber, can act as a cross-linking agent. Unfortunately, a high amount of silica is necessary to obtain satisfactory tensile strength. Moreover, a high amount of silica in ENR/silica hybrids is associated with low elongation at break. In our paper, we propose natural phenolic compounds, including quercetin, tannic acid, and gallic acid as natural and safe additional crosslinkers dedicated to ENR/silica hybrids to obtain bio-elastomers with improved mechanical properties. Therefore, toxic crosslinkers, such as peroxides or harmful accelerators can be eliminated. The impact of selected natural phenolic compounds on crosslinking effect, mechanical properties, color, and chemical structure of ENR/silica composite have been analyzed. The obtained results indicated that only 3 phr of selected natural phenolic compounds is able to improve crosslinking effect as well as mechanical properties of ENR/silica hybrids. Moreover, some of the prepared materials tend to regain mechanical properties after reprocessing. Such materials containing only natural and safe ingredients have a chance of becoming novel elastomeric biomaterials dedicated to biomedical applications.     

铽离子探针法研究单宁酸与伴清蛋白相互作用

以pH 7.4、含有0.1 mol•L^－1 NaCl的0.01 mol•L^－1 Hepes为缓冲液, 在(25±0.2) ℃, 采用荧光光谱法研究了单宁酸(TA)与伴清蛋白(apoOTF)的相互作用. 由蛋白内源荧光测定表明: TA分别与apoOTF, Tb_N^3＋-apoOTF和Tb_N^3＋-apoOTF- Tb_C^3＋结合形成1∶1配合物, 其表观结合常数(K_A)分别为7.15×10⁵, 4.16×10⁶和3.77×10⁶ mol^－1•L. 以Tb^3＋敏化荧光测定表明：TA与Tb³⁺可形成1∶2配合物, 且TA与Tb³⁺的结合能力大于apoOTF与Tb³⁺的结合能力. TA-Tb₂^3＋配合物也可与该蛋白结合形成1∶1复合物, 其K_A为1.86×10⁵ mol^－1•L.     

Synthesis of Fullerene-Acrylamide Copolymer Nanoball and Its Lubrication Properties

A novel fuUerene-acrylamide copolymer was synthesized via radical polymerization. It is soluble in polar solvents such as water, dimethyl sulfoxide etc. The product was characterized by FTIR, UV-Vis and GPC. TEM analysis shows that the average particle diameter is about 46 nm. Four-ball tests show that the addition of a certain concentration of the fullerene copolymer to base stock (2 wt% triethanolamine and 0.5 wt% OPZ aqueous solution) can effectively raise the load-carrying capacity (PB value) and the antiwear ability. SEM analysis shows that the addition results in reducing diameter of wear scar and decreasing wear.     

啤酒中单宁的分光光度分析

单宁(鞣酸)具有涩味,啤酒中单宁含量直接影响饮用的口感[1,2]。测定鞣酸常用高锰酸钾滴定法[1]和钨酸钠一磷钼酸比色法[4],前者终点误差较大,后者消耗试剂多,灵敏度不高。本文以铁(Ⅲ)和1·0-邻二氮菲作试剂,探讨了测定啤酒中鞣酸的分光光度法,并将所测结果与钨酸钠-磷钼酸比色     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定废润滑油中12种金属元素

采用燃烧-灰化法于600℃处理废润滑油样品3h,残渣用盐酸(1+1)溶液溶解后浓缩至1～2mL,然后用0.1mol·L-1盐酸稀释定容至25mL,用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定样品中锌、铝、铁、钴、铅、镉、锰、镁、铜、钙、钡和钠的含量。为降低标准溶液的盐效应和测定波长因仪器长时间扫描可能产生的偏差,将这12种金属元素的混合标准溶液分成3组进行配制,测定波长相近的为1组,高浓度元素分散在各组中,测定时亦按这3组分别进行。在选定波长下测定,元素之间基本无干扰。方法已用于报废摩托车润滑油中这12种金属元素的测定,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.19%～10.50%之间,加标回收率为92.4%～107.4%。     

Removal of Tannic Acid by Chitosan and N-Hydroxypropyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride Chitosan: Flocculation Mechanism and Performance

The cationic organic flocculant chitosan and its derivative, N-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HTCC), were used in the flocculation of tannic acid, the impurity widespread in Chinese medicine water extractions. This study aimed at investigating the flocculation performance and mechanism of chitosan and HTCC on the tannic acid colloidal particles. The results showed that chitosan and HTCC effectively flocculated the tannic acid solution and the mechanism was mainly for the adsorption bridging and charge neutralization by hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, and hydrophobic interaction. Meanwhile, the charge neutralization of HTCC was stronger than that of chitosan. The optimal flocculation conditions of chitosan and HTCC on tannic acid were achieved.     

Tannic acid-coated zeolite Y nanoparticles as novel drug nanocarrier with controlled release behavior and anti-protozoan activity against Trichomonas gallinae

In this study, a pH-sensitive drug release system was prepared by zeolite Y nanoparticles and tannic acid. Zeolite Y nanoparticles were synthesized via hydrothermal synthesis of colloidal suspensions and after that, were coated with tannic acid. In order to evaluate its performance, metronidazole as an anti-protozoan drug was loaded into nanocarriers via immersing method to study the in-vitro drug delivery behavior. This nanocomposite carriers represented pH-sensitive behavior and had more and faster release in acidic medium. In-vitro effects of metronidazole-loaded nanoparticles was measured against Trichomonas gallinae trophozoites in Trypticase Yeast extract Maltose medium. The results suggested that metronidazole-loaded and tannic acid-modified zeolite Y nanoparticles could be a potential anti-trichomonal agent.     

Evaluation of Anti-Biofilm Activity of Mouthrinses Containing Tannic Acid or Chitosan on Dentin In Situ

In contrast to enamel, dentin surfaces have been rarely used as substrates for studies evaluating the effects of experimental rinsing solutions on oral biofilm formation. The aim of the present in situ study was to investigate the effects of tannic acid and chitosan on 48-h biofilm formation on dentin surfaces. Biofilm was formed intraorally on dentin specimens, while six subjects rinsed with experimental solutions containing tannic acid, chitosan and water as negative or chlorhexidine as positive control. After 48 h of biofilm formation, specimens were evaluated for biofilm coverage and for viability of bacteria by fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, saliva samples were collected after rinsing and analyzed by fluorescence (five subjects) and transmission electron microscopy (two subjects) in order to investigate the antibacterial effect on bacteria in a planktonic state and to visualize effects of the rinsing agents on salivary proteins. After rinsing with water, dentin specimens were covered by a multiple-layered biofilm with predominantly vital bacteria. In contrast, chlorhexidine led to dentin surfaces covered only by few and avital bacteria. By rinsing with tannic acid both strong anti-adherent and antibacterial effects were observed, but the effects declined in a time-dependent manner. Transmission electron micrographs of salivary samples indicated that aggregation of proteins and bacteria might explain the antiadhesion effects of tannic acid. Chitosan showed antibacterial effects on bacteria in saliva, while biofilm viability was only slightly reduced and no effects on bacterial adherence on dentin were observed, despite proteins being aggregated in saliva after rinsing with chitosan. Tannic acid is a promising anti-biofilm agent even on dentin surfaces, while rinsing with chitosan could not sufficiently prevent biofilm formation on dentin.     

Crosslinking and degradation of PVP hydrogels as a function of dose and PVP concentration

Swelling was performed on dried membranes, normal ones and dried gel to unravel the role of crosslinking and degradation on polymeric structure during drying and hydration process. The comparison of the swelling results suggested that the network were formed only by PVP molecules. The complex mixture of macromolecules showed a irreversible behavior upon drying and hydration, probably as a function of PEG and/or agar entangling in effective physical crosslink. The best network regularity and useful properties was found at 20–30 kGy.     

Comparative Study of Different Measurement Methods for Characterizing Rheological Properties of Lubrication Layer

The lubrication layer plays a governing role in predicting the pumpability of fresh concrete. To determine the effect of measurement methods on the characterization of the rheological properties of the lubrication layer, different measurement systems, including Sliper, tribometer, and the utilization of a mortar rheometer, were employed. The rheological properties and workability of bulk concrete were measured in parallel to investigate the correlation between them and the rheological properties of the lubrication layer. The results show that the measured values of the rheological parameters of the lubrication layer differ due to the systematic deviation between different measurement methods. The results obtained by both tribometer and mortar rheometer were well-correlated, having a linear relationship with the rheological parameters of bulk concrete. The correlation coefficient between results gained with Sliper and rheological parameters of concrete or lubrication layer determined with other methods was not high enough. Addition friction led to the large accidental error and overestimated yield stress obtained with Sliper. The workability of concrete is only suitable for characterizing the rheological properties of bulk concrete.     

Flow Injection Analysis of Tannic Acid with Inhibited Electrochemiluminescent Detection

ABSTRACT

A flow injection method has been developed for the determination of tannic acid based on its inhibition of the electrochemiluminescence of luminol. The method is simple, rapid and sensitive with a detection limit of 2×10^?8 mol/l. It is effective to determine tannic acid in the range 5×10^?8 - 1×10^?5 mol/l. The variation coefficient of eleven determinations is 1.4% for 5×10^?6 mol/l. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of tannic acid in real Chinese gall and hop pellet samples.     

Thermo-Sensitive Dual-Functional Nanospheres with Enhanced Lubrication and Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a typical degenerative joint disease related to a lubrication deficiency of articular cartilage, which is characterized by increased friction at the joint surface and severe inflammation of the joint capsule. Consequently, therapies combining lubrication restoration and drug intervention are regarded as a promising strategy for the treatment of osteoarthritis. In the present study, thermo-sensitive dual-functional nanospheres, poly[N-isopropylacrylamide-2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine] (PNIPAM-PMPC), are developed through emulsion polymerization. The PNIPAM-PMPC nanospheres could enhance lubrication based on the hydration lubrication mechanism by forming a tenacious hydration layer surrounding the zwitterionic headgroups, and achieve local drug delivery by encapsulating the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium. The lubrication and drug release tests showed improved lubrication and thermo-sensitive drug release of the nanospheres. The in vitro test using cytokines-treated chondrocytes indicated that the PNIPAM-PMPC nanospheres were biocompatible and upregulated anabolic genes and simultaneously downregulated catabolic genes of the articular cartilage. In summary, the developed PNIPAM-PMPC nanospheres, with the property of enhanced lubrication and local drug delivery, can be an effective nanomedicine for the treatment of osteoarthritis.