基于中红外光谱吸收技术的一氧化碳气体检测系统

基于中红外光谱吸收技术,利用一氧化碳(CO)气体分子在4.6 μm处的基频吸收带,采用新脉冲的红外光源和双通道的热释电探测器,研制了一种CO浓度检测系统。该系统主要由脉冲调制式宽带热光源、开放式椭球聚光镜/气室、双通道探测器、主控及信号处理模块构成。通过优化开放式椭球聚光镜/气室,气体吸收光程达到40 cm, 探测器输出电信号的幅度增加约为原来的2~3倍。因此,采用椭球聚光镜后,将在一定程度上提高系统的信噪比从而改善系统的性能指标。利用配备的CO气体样品,研究了该系统对CO气体的传感特性。实验结果显示,该系统的最小检测下限为10 ppm,在该浓度点的测量误差约为14%;在20~25 000 ppm范围内的测量误差小于7.8%;对0 ppm气体样品的连续50分钟测量结果的最大偏差约为3 ppm,标准差约为0.18 ppm。同基于量子级联激光器和分布反馈激光器的CO检测系统相比,该系统具有性价比高、光路结构简单等优势,从而在煤矿、环保等场合下的CO检测方面具有较好应用前景。     

基于可调谐激光二极管吸收光谱的乙炔在线检测系统

基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术,研制了一种近红外乙炔气体检测系统。通过分析近红外波段乙炔分子的吸收谱线特性,选择了1.534 μm附近乙炔分子的吸收峰作为吸收谱线。该系统主要由分布反馈激光器、激光器驱动器、单光程对射式气室、光电探测模块及数字式锁相放大器构成。为了测试该检测系统的性能,配备了乙炔气体样品并开展了气体检测实验。实验结果显示,该系统的最小检测下限为0.02%;在体积分数为0.02%～1%范围内,二次谐波幅值与乙炔气体浓度呈现出良好的线性关系。通过长达20 h的稳定性实验测试了检测系统稳定性。鉴于近红外波段石英光纤传输损耗很小,可以将气室及光路部分与电路部分分离,从而可以进行远程气体检测,这是基于量子级联激光器、热光源的乙炔检测系统难以实现的。该系统采用了自主研制的分布反馈激光器驱动器和锁相放大器,结构简单,性价比高,便与集成,在工业现场乙炔浓度检测方面有着良好的应用前景。     

一种中红外带间级联激光甲烷传感器的研制

甲烷(CH_4)是大气环境监测、工业过程控制、煤矿生产安全等多个领域中需重点监测的气体之一,研制CH_4传感器具有广泛的应用价值。利用CH_4分子在3.31μm附近的基频吸收带并选择其在3038.5cm~(-1)的吸收线作为目标谱线,研制了一种基于中红外室温、连续、单模带间级联激光器(ICL)的CH_4传感器。该传感器采用可调谐激光直接吸收光谱技术以及长光程(54.6m)吸收光谱技术测定CH_4气体浓度。自主研制了高灵敏、低功耗的激光器温度控制器和电流驱动器,编写了基于LabVIEW的数据产生、采集与处理程序。利用体积分数为2.1×10~(-6)的CH_4标准气体和气体稀释系统配备了不同浓度的CH_4气体样品,开展了传感器的性能测试实验。根据传感器标准差的分析结果,当采样周期为2.5s时,传感器的1σ检测下限约为1.1×10~(-8)。利用该传感器对室外大气中CH_4浓度进行了连续84h的监测,结果证实了所研制CH_4传感器的工程实用价值。     

基于TDLAS技术的全量程激光甲烷传感器

根据煤矿安全生产监控系统对测量甲烷浓度全量程高准确度的需要,基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术,设计了一种全量程一体化激光甲烷传感器.采用1 653.72nm分布式反馈半导体激光器作为系统光源,单板电路实现激光器驱动、温度控制、信号调制与解调、浓度反演.为兼顾高测量准确度和大动态测量范围,系统在低浓度时利用波长调制技术进行甲烷浓度在线检测;当气体浓度大于阈值时,自动切换到直接吸收检测技术.实验结果表明,该传感器在浓度范围为0~5%内误差小于±0.06%,在浓度范围为5~100%内误差小于真值的±6%,响应时间约为15s,满足矿井实际测量需要.     

二氧化硫浓度的双光路紫外吸收测量法

利用紫外吸收原理建立了双光路测量SO2 浓度的数学模型 ,讨论了其关键参数和数据误差 ,设计出在 0～9999ppm范围内 ,在线测量标准误差小于± 5 0 ppm的系统。     

基于银纳米线电极-rGO敏感材料的柔性NO2气体传感器

使用银纳米线作为材料制备柔性叉指电极,用还原氧化石墨烯(reduced graphene oxide, rGO)作为气体敏感材料制备出柔性气体传感器,并研究其对二氧化氮气体的响应特性以及柔韧性能.实验结果表明,制备的以银纳米线作为电极的r GO气体传感器可以实现室温下对浓度为5-50 ppm (1 ppm=10^–6)的NO2气体的检测,对50 ppm的NO2的响应能够达到1.19,传感器的重复性较好,恢复率能够保持在76%以上,传感器的灵敏度是0.00281 ppm^-1,对浓度为5 ppm的NO2气体的响应时间是990 s,恢复时间是1566 s.此外,传感器在0°-45°的弯曲角度下仍表现出优异的电学特性与气体传感性能,所制备的器件具有相对稳定的导电性和较好的弯曲耐受性.     

基于红外光谱吸收的煤矿瓦斯光纤传感网络

基于气体在其特征吸收波长下光的吸收随浓度变化的原理,通过对甲烷气体红外吸收光谱的分析,设计了一套检测甲烷气体浓度的多点光纤传感网络。该系统采用分布反馈式半导体激光器(DFB LD)作为光源,高灵敏度、低噪声的InGaAs PIN作为光电探测器,结合空分复用技术复用了16个甲烷气体传感器,采用滤波、前置放大等电路对微弱信号进行处理,经PCI数据采集卡采集各路信号后,再用软件编写程序对采集信号进行快速傅里叶变换等分析。研究表明,该网络各传感器的灵敏度均达到200 ppm(μｇ·mL-1),长时间的精确度和稳定性均可满足实际要求,单个传感器的响应时间小于2 s,系统巡检一周的时间小于32 s。通过理论分析得出,该系统各传感器可放置于离地面20公里以上的矿井中,且该系统可在多场合进行多点的实时检测。     

基于双窄带LED光源的红外甲烷传感器的研制

利用甲烷气体分子在3.3μm处的主吸收峰,研制了一种基于非色散红外光谱技术的红外甲烷传感器.传感器的光学部分由峰值波长为3.4μm的测量发光二极管、峰值波长为2.7μm的参考发光二极管、截止波长为3.6μm的光电二极管及球面反射面组成;电路部分包括发光二极管驱动电路、光敏信号处理电路、温度测量电路、微处理器.采用短脉冲供电控制逻辑的工作模式,降低红外光源的上电时间,将光学测量器件的功耗降至16mW.实验研究了温度变化对传感器甲烷浓度测量结果的影响,通过数据分析及线性拟合,得出了温度补偿算法公式.补偿后的传感器及检测系统平台实验结果表明:传感器平均功耗为23.56mW,在-20～50℃的温度范围内温度变化对测量值的影响不超过真值的3%,湿度影响不超过真值的4%,响应时间小于25s,工作稳定性时间大于60天,性能指标均满足或优于AQ6211-2008煤矿用非色散红外甲烷传感器行业标准相关要求.与热辐射红外光源或激光检测原理的甲烷传感器相比,基于双窄带发光二极管的红外甲烷传感器功耗降低70%以上,能够满足便携式、无线化应用场合低功耗的技术要求.     

基于腔增强激光光谱的水中溶解甲烷传感系统

为探测水中甲烷气体浓度,研制了一种基于离轴积分腔输出光谱的水中溶解甲烷传感系统。系统由分布式反馈激光器(中心波长为1 653 nm)、激光器温度控制模块、激光器电流驱动模块、谐振腔/气室、光电探测器、数据采集模块、数据处理模块和气液分离模块构成。利用配备的甲烷气体样品和纯氮气(N2),分别开展系统有效光程标定、直接吸收光谱信号的标定和稳定性测试等实验。使用浓度为10×10-6的甲烷气体样品标定了系统有效光程,约为1 906 m。将纯氮气作为目标气体,测量系统的稳定性。Allan方差分析结果表明,当积分时间为2 s时,系统检测灵敏度为92.8×10-9,当积分时间增加到134 s,系统的灵敏度可提高到13.2×10-9。利用该系统开展自来水、雨水和湖水样品中溶解甲烷的浓度检测实验,结果证实了该技术及系统的工程实用价值。该研究及相关结果为水质检测和天然气水合物等清洁能源的勘探开发奠定了良好的基础。     

数字正交锁相放大器的研制及其在甲烷检测中的应用

利用可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术检测气体浓度时,为了从红外传感信号中提取一次及二次谐波信号来表征气体浓度,研发了一种基于数字信号处理器的数字正交锁相放大器.介绍正交锁相放大原理,设计谐波提取算法,给出数字正交锁相放大器的软硬件实现方案.利用配备的浓度为1%~5%的甲烷样品以及研制的锁相放大器,开展气体实验.实验结果显示,当甲烷浓度为5%时,在二次谐波对应的频率点处,测得的系统信噪比为34dB,表明设计的锁相放大器具有较好的性能;测得的二次与一次谐波信号峰峰值的比值与气体浓度成线性关系;考虑动态配气以及气体沿管道传输的时间,检测系统的响应时间约为96~98s;气体浓度为20 000ppm时,测试浓度波动范围为-92ppm~+118ppm;根据Allan方差预测的系统检测下限为29.52ppm.与模拟锁相放大器以及商用锁相放大器相比,本文研制的数字正交锁相放大器硬件结构简单、体积小、成本低、易于集成,在红外气体检测领域具有很好的应用前景.     

Design and Performances of a Carbon Monoxide Sensor Using Mid-Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy Technique at 4.6 µm

Based on infrared absorption spectroscopy technique, a carbon monoxide sensor was developed using the fundamental absorption band of carbon monoxide molecule at the wavelength around 4.6 µm. The developed sensor consists of pulse-modulated wideband incandescence, open ellipsoid light-collector gas-cell, dual-channel detector, and control and signal-processing module. With the prepared standard carbon monoxide gas sample, sensing characteristics on carbon monoxide were investigated using the sensor. Experimental results reveal that the limit of detection is about 10 ppm, the relative error at the limit of detection point is less than 14%, and that is less than 7.8% within the low concentration range of 20～180 ppm. The maximum absolute errors of 50 min long-term measurement on the 0 and 14 ppm CO gas samples are about 3 and 3.17 ppm, respectively, and the standard deviations are as small as 0.18 and 1.25 ppm, respectively. Compared with the reported carbon monoxide detection systems utilizing quantum cascaded lasers and distributed feedback lasers, the proposed sensor shows potential applications in carbon monoxide detection under the circumstances of coal-mine and environmental protection, by virtue of high performance, low cost, simple optical structure, and so on.     

Mid-infrared carbon dioxide sensor with wireless and anti-condensation capability for use in greenhouses

A mid-infrared carbon dioxide sensor with wireless and anti-condensation capability was experimentally demonstrated for greenhouse application. The sensor included an optical module integrated in a multi-pass gas chamber using the dual-channel detection method to suppress environmental noise. Considering the condensation phenomenon in the greenhouse, the optical chamber was protected with a breathable waterproof coverage. The field test demonstrated that the internal optical framework was kept in stable relative humidity, ensuring the sensor’s applicability in the greenhouse. For wireless communication, received signal strength indication was used to ensure the reliability of link quality and enable smart power regulation. In related experiments, there was a satisfying performance in terms of stability and error detection within the measurement range of 30???5000?ppm. Without increasing the integral time, the limit of detection of the sensor was at least 30?ppm, which was acceptable for greenhouse application. A field test was carried out in Town Shelin of Jilin Province, China and the test showed the proposed sensor had relatively good prospect for application in fine agriculture.     

基于可调谐多模二极管激光吸收光谱的二氧化碳浓度测量

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)具有高分辨率、高灵敏度和快速测量等特点,是气体探测中的主流技术。使用多模二极管激光器作为光源,将多模二极管激光吸收光谱技术与关联光谱技术相结合有助于提高测试可靠性和稳定性,同时还可有效解决单模二极管激光器长时间工作时中心波长随外界温度或机械特性的变化而发生偏移的问题。以1 570 nm多模二极管激光器为光源,利用多模二极管激光关联光谱和波长调制的气体测量技术(TMDL-COSPEC-WMS),通过计算待测气体和参考池气体之间二次谐波信号峰值高度之间的关系,实现了对二氧化碳浓度的测量。实验中二氧化碳浓度测量范围在0.6%～30%之间,计算结果表明,二氧化碳浓度与真实浓度值之间具有良好的线性关系,其线性度为0.998 7,线性拟合的斜率为1.061±0.016 8。对二氧化碳与氮气混合气体的连续测量结果表明,系统的探测极限达到335 ppm·m,对同一样品在20 min内的20次连续测量的标准偏差为0.036 7%,表明了系统良好的稳定性,所有测量结果都显示了系统用于二氧化碳气体监测的有效性。     

基于便携式柱面镜多通池的二氧化碳高灵敏度探测研究

二氧化碳作为大气中重要的温室气体，与气候变化和人类活动密切相关，因此对其浓度的探测具有重要意义。利用近红外可调谐二极管激光器结合自主设计的便携式小型化柱面镜光学多通吸收池，实现了二氧化碳气体的高灵敏探测。通过Matlab编写光线传输矩阵，优化设计了基于柱面镜的光学多通吸收池，相比于传统Herriott型多通池，具有腔镜利用面积高、在相同体积内可实现有效光程长等特点，在物理基长为15 cm的情况下，实现了14 m的有效光程。实验中使用中心波长为1.57 μm的DFB二极管激光器，采用直接吸收光谱方法对CO₂气体进行了探测研究，并用Allan方差对系统性能进行了分析。结果表明，在平均时间为5 s时，系统的探测灵敏度为33.1 μL·L-1，平均时间为235 s时，系统的探测灵敏度可达到5.3 μL·L-1。此外，利用该系统实现了大气中CO₂的探测，得到大气中的CO₂浓度为383.4 μL·L-1。基于柱面镜多通池搭建的可调谐激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)系统，结合了柱面镜多通池可在小体积内实现长光程和可调谐激光吸收光谱技术高灵敏度、高分辨率、快速响应的优点，大大减小了系统体积，提高了系统探测灵敏度，在气体探测领域有广泛的应用。     

Carbon Dioxide Measurement Based on Multimode Diode Laser Correlation Spectroscopy Employing Wavelength Modulation Techniques

The use of a tunable multimode diode laser system based on correlation spectroscopy and wavelength modulation spectroscopy to measure the concentration of the carbon dioxide in ambient air through the 2 υ₁ + 2υ₂ + υ₃ absorption lines around 1570 nm is reported. The carbon dioxide concentrations are derived from the relationship between the normalized second-harmonic signal peak heights of the measurement and reference signals. The validation of the system is conducted by a set of experiments with controlled carbon dioxide and nitrogen mixtures. The correlation and standard deviation between the measured and actual carbon dioxide concentrations are 0.9973 and 4.03%, respectively, over the tested range. A detection limit of 340 ppm m was achieved using 30 successive measurements during 30 min. All these results demonstrated potential utility of the system for carbon dioxide sensing.     

Near-infrared methane sensor based on a distributed feedback laser

In this article, a near-infrared methane detection system using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy technology was designed and implemented. The distributed feedback laser was driven by a self-developed temperature and current controller to allow scanning the selected absorption wavelength at 1654?nm. Laser temperature fluctuation was lower than 0.01%, and the output emission wavelength was linear and stable. The emitted beam passed a reflective gas chamber and was received by the Indium Gallium Arsenide photodiode detector. Through a data acquisition card, a digital lock-in amplifier was developed to extract the second harmonics with real-time monitoring and adjustment. Based on Allan deviation analysis, the limit of detection was about 48?ppm with a path length of 30?cm, at an integration time of 6?s. The experimental results revealed a maximum detection error of less than 3% at a gas concentration higher than 100?ppm. The fluctuations rates in long-term (9?hr) stability measurements for 1?×?10³?ppm and 1?×?10⁴?ppm methane samples were 0.8% and 0.48%, respectively, indicating good stability for the sensor. In the control module design, compared with previous reports on methane detection systems, the current system uses a self-developed temperature controller, a current driver and a signal processor, to allow real-time display and adjustments. The potential for adjustable wavelength scanning is available for multi-gas detection based on a single detection system.     

基于无线传感器网络及GPRS的水质监测系统设计

提出了一种基于ZigBee无线传感器网络和GPRS技术的多参数远程实时水质监测系统。无线传感器网络以CC2430通信模块为核心。传感器节点采集到的数据经路由节点汇总至协调器节点,通过GPRS模块及时远传至监控中心。设计信号调理电路,将传感器电极输出的微弱电信号进行放大、滤波。采用时间同步机制实现网络节点的同步唤醒,大幅提高网络的稳定性。对系统进行了多天连续测试。通信距离为100米时,网络的平均丢包率低于1%。pH值、溶氧度的平均相对偏差低于1%。测试结果表明,系统具有灵活、实时性好、准确性高、稳定可靠等优点,具有很强的实用价值。     

基于内腔光纤激光器的痕量气体光谱检测

因为器件性价比高、可复用、远距离探测,抗电磁辐射等优势,基于内腔光纤激光器的气体光谱检测方法受到了广泛的关注.通过精心设计气室和反射镜,建立了内腔光纤激光器气体检测系统.在锯齿波电压驱动下,F-P可调谐滤波器连续调谐,实现了波长扫描,可获得多条气体吸收谱线,一次扫描相当于多次测量,极大的提高了测量灵敏度.实验结果表明,...     

In situ sensor for cycle-resolved measurement of temperature and mole fractions in IC engine exhaust gases

We present a multi-species mole fraction and temperature sensor for in situ exhaust gas diagnostic of internal combustion (IC) engines. The sensor is based on Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) and incorporates four optical channels - two miniature White cells and two double-traversal cells - with base lengths of 6?cm. It has been demonstrated at a hot air test stand and in the exhaust manifold of a single-cylinder research engine, with measured temperatures of up to 1000?K. Stable operation was achieved with absorption lengths of up to 192?cm (test stand) and 97?cm (engine). Employing time-division multiplexed detection, six species were measured simultaneously in the engine exhaust, at wavelengths ranging from 1.4?µm to 5.2 µm: water vapor (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH₄), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and nitric oxide (NO). The effective measurement rate was as high as 1?kHz, and cycle-to-cycle variations were clearly detected. We show the correlation of the air-fuel equivalence ratio with the spectroscopically measured mole fraction of each species. At a cycle-resolved rate, detection limits for the legally regulated species NO and NO₂ were 1?ppm and 4?ppm, respectively. The sensor is intended to help improve the understanding of IC engine emission behavior during fast transients.