同时实现介电常数和磁导率为负的H型结构单元左手材料

基于用一种结构同时实现材料介电常数和磁导率为负的思想，提出了H型结构单元左手材料模型.采用矩形波导法测试表明，H型结构单元在微波频率范围出现左手透射峰，并且可以由参数t对左手特性区域进行调控.同时利用相位法、棱镜折射法和散射参量法从实验和理论证明了在左手透射峰区域材料的折射率为负值，介电常数和磁导率亦同时为负.相对由金属开口谐振环与金属线两种结构组合实现的左手材料，H型结构集磁谐振与电谐振于一体，结构简单、制备方便，对微波器件左手材料表现出更多的优越性.     

左手材料的反射特性与负折射率行为

利用平板波导法研究了不同入射角度下周期排列开口谐振环负磁导率材料、周期排列金属杆负介电常数材料以及左手材料微波反射特性，并利用劈尖法研究了左手材料的负折射特性.实验结果表明：负磁导率材料反射率曲线形成反射峰，其对应的反射峰频率与材料的谐振频率一致；负介电常数材料反射率接近0dB；左手材料出现单个反射较小的反射峰，其峰值反射率随入射角度的增大而变大，即反射能力增强，且反射峰与透射峰有相对频移.劈尖法测量还表明，左手材料在9800MHz频率附近出现负折射现象，其折射率n为-0.796. 关键词： 左手材料 反射 负折射率     

基于双层金属开口环谐振器结构的U波段左手材料

基于左手介质的传输线理论,经过估算尺寸后设计出相应的结构并仿真得到散射参量,然后利用Smith的参量提取方法提取有效介电常量、有效磁导率和折射率,对一种双层金属开口环谐振器结构的U波段左手材料的传输特性和电磁参量特性进行分析.数值仿真结果表明,该结构在48.8～59.9 GHz频带内有效介电常量和有效磁导率均为负值,同时在该频率范围内具有负折射特性,从而证实了该结构在U波段的左手特性,对左手介质在更高波段的研究具有一定的参考意义.     

基于双层金属开口环谐振器结构的U波段左手材料

基于左手介质的传输线理论,经过估算尺寸后设计出相应的结构并仿真得到散射参量,然后利用Smith的参量提取方法提取有效介电常量、有效磁导率和折射率,对一种双层金属开口环谐振器结构的U波段左手材料的传输特性和电磁参量特性进行分析.数值仿真结果表明,该结构在48.8～59.9GHz频带内有效介电常量和有效磁导率均为负值,同时在该频率范围内具有负折射特性,从而证实了该结构在U波段的左手特性,对左手介质在更高波段的研究具有一定的参考意义.     

左手材料的响应频段和单元尺寸关系的研究

目前左手材料的负折射现象只发生在微波波段,通常把发生负折射现象的这个频率波段称为响应频段.由于左手材料的响应频段的频率很低,而常用的波源是太阳光或者是可见光,因此左手材料的应用受到极大的限制.如何使左手材料的响应频段从低频移到高频或者说从微波波段移到可见光波段是迫切需要解决的问题.在周期性结构的左手材料中影响响应频段的因素很多,例如周期性结构的单元形状、单元尺寸等等.文中通过改变周期性结构左手材料的单元尺寸实现了响应频段的移动,同时经实验和计算机模拟得到了单元尺寸和响应频段的关系即随着单元尺寸变小响应频段 关键词： 左手材料 周期性结构 单元尺寸 响应频段     

基于矩形谐振环的新型复合周期结构左手材料研究

通过实验及仿真研究了基于矩形谐振环的新型三角形和三矩形开口谐振环金属线复合周期结构左手材料.仿真研究了以金属铜三角谐振环和三矩形谐振环（SRRs）为基本单元的周期结构负磁导率材料,结果显示两种谐振环均能产生很好的谐振效果,即能产生负磁导率;设计、制作并实验和仿真研究了三角谐振环和三矩形谐振环金属线复合周期结构左手材料,实验结果分别在9.5—13.3GHz和9.8—12.5GHz出现良好的负折射效应,与仿真结果具有较好的一致性.该研究对新型周期结构左手材料的研究、设计和研制具有重要的科学意义和应用前景. 关键词： 左手材料 负折射 三角形谐振环 三矩形谐振环     

新型八边形谐振环金属线复合周期结构左手材料奇异性质研究

通过实验及仿真研究了基于C环的新型八边形开口谐振环金属线复合周期结构左手材料.以金属铜八边形谐振环(SRRs)为基本单元的周期结构负磁导率材料,与闭口环(CSRRs)结果对比发现八边形谐振环能产生很好的谐振效果即能产生负磁导率;复合结构仿真结果显示,八边形谐振环金属线复合结构实现负折射具有可行性.设计、制作并实验和仿真研究了两种尺寸的八边形谐振环金属线复合周期结构左手材料,实验结果显示,分别在9.8—15 GHz和9.5—15 GHz出现良好负折射效应,表明小尺寸材料负折射频段较宽但整体能量透过率较小.通过与尺寸相近的传统C环样品实验对比发现八边形样品损耗较大,但其负折射区域能量分布比例较大,具有一定的优越性.该研究对新型周期结构左手材料的研究、设计和研制具有重要的科学意义,在国防、通信等领域也具有广阔的应用前景.     

新型八边形谐振环金属线复合周期结构左手材料奇异性质研究

通过实验及仿真研究了基于C环的新型八边形开口谐振环金属线复合周期结构左手材料.以金属铜八边形谐振环(SRRs)为基本单元的周期结构负磁导率材料,与闭口环(CSRRs)结果对比发现八边形谐振环能产生很好的谐振效果即能产生负磁导率;复合结构仿真结果显示,八边形谐振环金属线复合结构实现负折射具有可行性.设计、制作并实验和仿真研究了两种尺寸的八边形谐振环金属线复合周期结构左手材料,实验结果显示,分别在9.8—15GHz和9.5—15GHz出现良好负折射效应,表明小尺寸材料负折射频段较宽但整体能量透过率较小.通过与尺寸相近的传统C环样品实验对比发现八边形样品损耗较大,但其负折射区域能量分布比例较大,具有一定的优越性.该研究对新型周期结构左手材料的研究、设计和研制具有重要的科学意义,在国防、通信等领域也具有广阔的应用前景.     

可调谐一维特异材料(Metamaterial)的微波传输性质

利用变容二极管制作了可调谐一维左右手组合材料.并对其进行了传输系数测量.实验发现当电压升高时，左手通带将向高频方向移动，而禁带的终止频率保持不变.基于微波传输线理论，给出了这种左右手组合材料的色散方程，实验曲线与理论曲线能够很好地符合. 关键词： 调谐 特异材料 传输系数 变容二极管     

十字环型左手材料单元结构设计与仿真

提出了一种新型十字环型左手材料结构单元.该结构只需在介质板单侧蚀刻, 即可在二维方向上产生等效负介电常数和等效负磁导率.通过理论分析, 提出场-路结合的等效源分析法以计算等效介电常数、磁导率, 并据此对十字环型结构单元的左手特性激发机理进行了论证. 后采用Nicolson-Ross-Weir 等效参数法提取了十字环型单元阵列的相对介电常数和相对磁导率, 并通过棱镜实验对材料的负折射特性进行了验证.实验表明, 该左手材料在6.8-6.9 GHz频段具有二维入射左手特性. 此种左手材料制作工艺相对简单, 为左手材料在微波器件领域的应用提供了一种较为实用的设计方案.     

Experimental verification of negative refraction in a double cross metamaterial

We report on microwave experiments with a metamaterial composed of pairs of metallic crosses. The transmission properties of the structure show a left-handed transmission band at frequencies around 10.2 GHz. The validity of the negative effective index of refraction is verified by a Snell’s law refraction experiment performed on a wedge-shaped sample of the metamaterial. A second measurement of a similar wedge made from blank FR4 boards is done for reference. The results of the measurements show positive refraction over the whole measured frequency band for the FR4 wedge as well as the refraction of the incident radiation to negative angles within the designated left-handed frequency band for the metamaterial sample.     

Negative refraction and imaging beyond the diffraction limit by a two-dimensional left-handed metamaterial

We report our experimental results on two-dimensional left-handed metamaterials (LHM) exhibiting negative refraction and subwavelength imaging. Transmission and reflection spectra of LHM are studied and a left-handed transmission band is observed at the frequencies where both dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability are negative. Impedance matching is verified both with the experiments and simulations. The two-dimensional LHM structure is verified to have a negative refractive index. We employed three different methods to observe negative refraction; refraction through prism-shaped LHM, beam shifting method, and phase shift experiments. We further demonstrated subwavelength imaging and resolution using LHM superlenses. The effect of thickness on the resolving power is investigated experimentally.     

Investigation of negative index properties of planar metamaterials based on split-ring pairs

A low losses broadband planar negative refractive index metamaterial based on split-ring resonator (SRR) pairs is proposed and investigated experimentally and numerically at microwave frequency range. The transmission spectra of the single-layer SRR pairs were measured, and exhibited left-handed (LH) transmission passband clearly. The metal-dielectric-metal structure exhibits strong magnetic and electric responses simultaneously, and leads to negative permeability and negative permittivity. To further verify the LH properties of planer structure metamaterials, effect media parameters were retrieved, a refraction phenomenon based on a wedge-shaped model and negative phase advance between consecutive numbers of layers were also demonstrated.     

Negative refraction and left-handed properties in two-dimensional photonic crystals

We report on the negative refraction and left-handed behavior of two-dimensional photonic crystals. For the triangular two-dimensional photonic crystals there are two saddle points and a key point in the first Brillouin zone for the second band, which play important role to determine the refraction phenomena. There is no determined relation between the left-handed behavior and the negative refraction. The refraction phenomena depend on the band structure and the configuration of the incident light. For the first configuration, the first Brillouin zone can be divided into three parts. In part I there are negative refraction and left-handed behaviors. In part II there are normal refraction and left-handed behaviors. In part III there are normal refraction and right-handed behaviors. For the second configuration, the first Brillouin zone can only be divided into two parts. For these complex refraction phenomena, it is meaningless to define the phase refractive index, and it is necessary to define the effective refraction index by a Snell-like formula, and the value of the effective index is determined by the configuration and the band structure.     

双曲色散型单轴左手介质中的折射

研究了横磁波在各向同性右手介质和双曲色散型单轴左手介质界面处波矢和能流的折射。计算发现,当入射角在很大范围内变化时,波矢的折射角和能流的折射角几乎不变。调节光轴角可使波矢折射角和能流折射角随入射角变化不敏感的现象更明显,经分析计算给出光轴角的调节范围。这一现象是由双曲色散型单轴左手介质的各向异性及负的主折射率引起的,可以用来实现光束准直、光束整合、光束压缩以及方便的光束耦合。如果光从双曲色散型单轴左手介质向各向同性右手介质入射,还能实现超棱镜(superprism)现象。计算了横磁波穿越界面时的透过率,证实双曲色散型单轴左手介质可能实现上述应用。     

1.7—2.7GHz宽频带小单元异向介质设计及其介质参数提取

提出一种单元电尺寸小、工作频带宽、损耗小、结构简单的异向介质设计方案，在1.7—2.7 GHz上所设计的异向介质结构单元电尺寸小于0.035，相对带宽达到45.5%，在整个工作频带上单个结构单元传输损耗小于0.75 dB.对由上述异向介质单元构成的半无限大异向介质平板的电磁波反射、透射特性进行了数值仿真分析，并提取出了电磁波在该异向介质平板中传播时的波数、相速、折射率以及该异向介质平板的有效介电常数和有效磁导率等一系列电磁特性参数，仿真与计算结果表明复波数的实部、相速以及折射率的实部在1.7—2.7 GHz的范围上为负值，并且在相同频带上，有效介电常数和有效磁导率的实部同时为负值，从而有效地验证了“后向行波效应”、“负折射效应”、“双负效应”等异向介质特有的电磁特性，对上述异向介质的存在性给予有力证明. 关键词： 异向介质 宽频带 小单元 介质参数     

Phase-shift, refraction and focusing based on the metamaterial technologies

We address the problem of positive phase-shifting, negative refraction and focusing via a flat lens on the basis of the metamaterial technologies. With this aim, three examples are considered which differ by the technology employed and the operating frequency. The first one concerns negative-zero-positive refraction by using a prism-shaped electromagnetic metamaterial which consists of omega-type inclusion arrays operating at microwaves. The experimental verification was done in this case by angle-resolved transmission measurements. Second, we report on the phase-shift properties of a negative index transmission line which operates at Terahertz frequencies. In order to experimentally demonstrate the left-handed character of the propagation along the line, resulting in a phase advance, we used time domain experiments. At last, focusing by double refraction in a flat negative index lens was demonstrated by the theoretical and experimental mapping of the intensity of the electric field. Such a mapping of the E-field was carried out at near infrared (1.5 μm) by analysis in the time domain and scanning by near field optical microscopy. To cite this article: D. Lippens, C. R. Physique 10 (2009).     

Negative refraction and left-handed electromagnetism in microwave photonic crystals

We demonstrate the negative refraction of microwaves in a metallic photonic crystal prism. The spectral response of the photonic crystal prism, which manifests both positive and negative refraction, is in complete agreement with band-structure calculations and numerical simulations. The validity of Snell's law with a negative refractive index is confirmed experimentally and theoretically. The negative refraction observed corresponds to left-handed electromagnetism that arises due to the dispersion characteristics of waves in a periodic medium. This mechanism for negative refraction is different from that in metamaterials.     

Negative refraction with low absorption using EIT in a four-level left-handed atomic system

We suggest a scheme for obtaining negative refraction with low absorption in a left-handed atomic system. Under the appropriate conditions, the atomic system displays negative refraction with negative permittivity and permeability (left-handedness) in a common frequency range, simultaneously. And the imaginary parts of permittivity and permeability show transparently propagate in the same frequency range. Finally, the negative refraction show low absorption due to the EIT effect, and the figure of merit demonstrated this in this resonant atomic system.     

Topology optimization of multilayer left-handed material based on the genetic algorithm

Owing to the special properties, left-handed materials (LHM) have important potential applications in engineering. However, in the current stage, the design of LHM is primarily based on several basic prototypes such as meta-material and transmission line structures. In the present work, the topology optimization technology is introduced to design a type of multilayer LHM. A type of one-dimensional material with periodic unit cell is studied and the topology of its microstructure is designed by using the technology of enumerative search and genetic algorithm (GA), respectively. The material is composed of metal and ferrite films, and several types of negative refraction materials are obtained numerically. These obtained materials with periodic unit cells can exhibit negative refractive index in some frequency spectrums, and the results show that the GA could achieve good designs efficiently in a larger design space.