Influence of cavity configuration on the pulse energy of a high-pressure molecular fluorine laser

We report an investigation of a high-pressure molecular fluorine laser operating at 158 nm. Several cavity configurations were studied, including one employing a roof prism as the high reflector. A maximum VUV pulse energy of 237 mJ, corresponding to a specific output of 3.3 J/1 was obtained when the laser was operated as a double-ended device. With single-ended operation the largest output energy was 176 mJ at a specific output of 2.5 J/1.     

Factors affecting the low-dose gamma irradiation of hydrocarbons

The effect of differing conditions on the extent and nature of the damage produced in organic substances by γ-irradiation at low dose rates has been examined by a new chromatographic method which makes detection possible in a region where all other standard techniques fail. Use is made of the fact that certain surface active dyes profoundly affect the shape of a chromatographic band in a manner related to the composition of the material undergoing chromatography.

Taking length of outline per unit area as a measure of the shape of the band on paper impregnated with such dyes, a method of chromatography has been evolved, having a completely standardized development technique for all mixtures which does not require the separation of the components of the mixture.

This outline/area index varies with the temperature according to the nature of the polar groups of the compounds present in the mixture under investigation and with the concentration of the individual components.

It is thus possible to construct a three dimensional diagram having as axes, temperature, concentration and index. The diagram obtained is absolutely characteristic of the composition of a given mixture.     

Factors affecting the morphology of benzoyl peroxide microsponges

Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) is primarily used in the treatment of mild to moderate acne. However, its application is associated with skin irritation. It has been shown that encapsulation and controlled release of BPO could reduce the side effect while also reducing percutaneous absorption when administered to the skin. The aim of the present investigation was to design and formulate an appropriate encapsulated form of BPO, using microsponge technology, and explore the parameters affecting the morphology and other characteristics of the resultant products employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Benzoyl peroxide particles were prepared using an emulsion solvent diffusion method by adding an organic internal phase containing benzoyl peroxide, ethyl cellulose and dichloromethane into a stirred aqueous phase containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Different concentrations of BPO microsponges were incorporated in lotion formulations and the drug release from these formulations were studied. The SEM micrographs of the BPO microsponges enabled measurement of their size and showed that they were spherical and porous. Results showed that the morphology and particle size of microsponges were affected by drug:polymer ratio, stirring rate and the amount of emulsifier used. The results obtained also showed that an increase in the ratio of drug:polymer resulted in a reduction in the release rate of BPO from the microsponges. The release data showed that the highest and the lowest release rates were obtained from lotions containing plain BPO particles and BPO microsponges with the drug:polymer ratio of 13:1, respectively. The kinetics of release study showed that the release data followed Peppas model and the main mechanism of drug release from BPO microsponges was diffusion.     

Factors affecting the loudness of modulated sounds.

Loudness matches were obtained between unmodulated carriers and carriers that were amplitude modulated either periodically (rates between 2 and 32 Hz, modulation sinusoidal either on a linear amplitude scale or on a dB scale; the latter is called dB modulation) or with the envelope of the speech of a single talker. The carrier was a 4-kHz sinusoid, white noise, or speech-shaped noise. Both normally hearing subjects and subjects with cochlear hearing loss were tested. Results were expressed as the root-mean-square (rms) level of the modulated carrier minus the level of the unmodulated carrier at the point of equal loudness. If this difference is positive, this indicates that the modulated carrier has a higher rms level at the point of equal loudness. For normally hearing subjects, the results show: (1) For a 4000-Hz sinusoidal carrier, the difference was slightly positive (averaging about 0.7 dB). There was no significant effect of modulation rate or level over the range 20-80 dB SL. (2) For a speech-shaped noise or white noise carrier, the difference was close to zero, although for large modulation depths it tended to be negative. There was no clear effect of level (over the range 35-75 dB SPL) or modulation rate. For the hearing-impaired subjects, the differences were small, but tended to be slightly negative for both the 4000-Hz carrier and the noise carriers, when the modulation rate was above 2 Hz. Again, there was no clear effect of overall level. However, for dB modulation, the differences became more negative with increasing modulation depth. For modulation rates in the range 4-32 Hz, the results could be fitted reasonably well using the assumption that the loudness of modulated sounds is based on the rms value of the time-varying intensity of the response of the basilar membrane (taking into account the compression that occurs in the normal cochlea). The implications of the results for the fitting of multi-band compression hearing aids and for the design of loudness meters are discussed.     

利用非线性Sagnac干涉法提高短脉冲信噪比

理论研究了影响Sagnac干涉法信噪比提升能力和效率的各项因素。通过控制脉冲的空间分布和衰减片透过率,能够有效提高Sagnac干涉法的效率。Sagnac干涉法提升信噪比的能力与入射脉冲的信噪比有关：入射脉冲信噪比越高,信噪比提升的量级就越大。在SILEX-Ⅰ超短超强脉冲激光装置上建立了实验平台。3 TW压缩器输出的超短超强脉冲光经衰减片进入Sagnac干涉仪,非线性介质为5 cm长的熔石英材料,衰减片透过率为55%。当入射脉冲能量为6.6 mJ时,利用三阶自相关仪测量得到脉冲的信噪比从使用Sagna干涉仪前的10-6提高到了10-7,此时出射脉冲的能量为1.6 mJ,效率为24%。该方法对光束口径没有限制,能够用于大能量条件下短脉冲信噪比的提升。     

Nonlinear Sagnac interferometry for improving signal-to-noise ratio of short pulse

理论研究了影响Sagnac干涉法信噪比提升能力和效率的各项因素.通过控制脉冲的空间分布和衰减片透过率,能够有效提高Sagnac干涉法的效率.Sagnac干涉法提升信噪比的能力与入射脉冲的信噪比有关:入射脉冲信噪比越高,信噪比提升的量级就越大.在SILEX-Ⅰ超短超强脉冲激光装置上建立了实验平台.3 TW压缩器输出的超短超强脉冲光经衰减片进入Sagnac干涉仪,非线性介质为5 cm长的熔石英材料,衰减片透过率为55％.当入射脉冲能量为6.6 mJ时,利用三阶自相关仪测量得到脉冲的信噪比从使用Sagna干涉仪前的10-6提高到了10-7,此时出射脉冲的能量为1.6 mJ,效率为24％.该方法对光束口径没有限制,能够用于大能量条件下短脉冲信噪比的提升.     

Factors affecting the adsorption of trichloroethylene onto activated carbons

In this work, an experimental study aimed at the assessment of the factors affecting the adsorption of trichloroethylene (TCE) from water solutions onto activated carbons is presented. The influence of sorbent properties, such as B.E.T. surface area, micropore volume, chemical composition and acid/basic surface functional groups on TCE adsorption capacity is experimentally assessed by testing a set of 12 sorbents. Moreover, the effect of the presence of other species in solution, such as sodium acetate and tetrachloroethylene (PCE), is studied through parametric TCE adsorption isotherms realization. The experimental results show that the TCE adsorption capacity is promoted by a high B.E.T. surface area, micropore volume and C content and it is significantly affected by the presence of a non-ionic compound of similar structure (PCE), however it does not depend on the presence of an organic salt (sodium acetate). These results confirm that neither TCE-carbon ionic interaction nor sorbent ionization phenomena are involved in the TCE adsorption, since its mechanism is based on dispersion forces (London-Van Der Walls interaction). A thorough analysis of the experimental data set suggests that, in consideration of the TCE adsorption mechanism, the maximization of basal plane extent (as the B.E.T. surface area) and its effective fraction (as the C content) is a valid criterion to select or synthesize a new suitable sorbent for TCE adsorption from waters.     

高能闪光照相中影响光程确定的几个因素

 利用闪光照相基本原理和成像原理，在直接记录法和转换屏记录法的情况下，研究了闪光照相中影响X射线在材料中光程确定的主要因素。结果表明，影响光程确定的几个因素是：散射效应、光源角分布效应、立体角效应和能谱效应。对于高能闪光照相，散射效应是影响光程确定的最主要因素，散射的存在使光程的测量值比实际值降低20%～40%。因此必须在做CT之前，对散射的影响进行修正。     

高能闪光照相中影响光程确定的几个因素

利用闪光照相基本原理和成像原理,在直接记录法和转换屏记录法的情况下,研究了闪光照相中影响X射线在材料中光程确定的主要因素。结果表明,影响光程确定的几个因素是：散射效应、光源角分布效应、立体角效应和能谱效应。对于高能闪光照相,散射效应是影响光程确定的最主要因素,散射的存在使光程的测量值比实际值降低20%～40%。因此必须在做CT之前,对散射的影响进行修正。     

Modern methods of improving the range accuracy of CTFM sonars

In a CTFM (continuous transmission frequency modulated) sonar, the error in range measurement is usually dominated by the low resolution of the range coding frequency of the system. Modern real time spectrum analysers using 1024 point DFTs (discrete Fourier transforms) can display the range codes of the sonar at a resolution approximately equal to 0.2%. To produce a range code accurate to half of the resolution, the linearity of the CTFM sweep must, however, be kept as low as 0.01%. This requirement creates several difficulties in the design of the frequency sweep when both non-linearity and stability of the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and of the controlling voltage ramp are to be considered. A practical approach for achieving the above specifications is described. Properties of electronic components and of state of the art devices and the restrictions of their operating conditions are discussed. Illustrations are given for two measuring instruments: an underwater sonar system for quantitative assessment of fish population, and a diagnostic sonar.     

影响阳极杆箍缩二极管窗口前向辐射剂量的因素

简介了杆箍缩二极管(RPD)基本物理过程,从轫致辐射方向性、二极管能量耦合、电子箍缩效率、二极管构型等方面综述了国内外对RPD窗口前向辐射剂量影响因素的研究进展,报道了相比于石墨阴极,采用LaB6爆炸发射阴极RPD在相同实验条件下使得距离光源1 m处辐射剂量提高12%以上的实验结果,并进一步讨论提高RPD辐射剂量的可能技术途径。     

影响阳极杆箍缩二极管窗口前向辐射剂量的因素

简介了杆箍缩二极管(RPD)基本物理过程,从轫致辐射方向性、二极管能量耦合、电子箍缩效率、二极管构型等方面综述了国内外对RPD窗口前向辐射剂量影响因素的研究进展,报道了相比于石墨阴极,采用LaB6爆炸发射阴极RPD在相同实验条件下使得距离光源1 m处辐射剂量提高12%以上的实验结果,并进一步讨论提高RPD辐射剂量的可能技术途径。     

Factors affecting the NQR line width in nitramine explosives

A number of factors associated with crystal quality contribute to the nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) line width. Imperfections such as dislocations, voids, strain and impurities can be electrical sources that distort the electric field gradient at nearby quadrupolar nuclei and broaden the observed NQR line. We measured the¹⁴N NQR line widths in powdered samples of the nitramine explosives hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) and 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane and show correlations with sample purity, particle size distribution and density. Cast plastic-bonded explosives containing either RDX or HMX were also studied and their line widths compared with those of the powdered samples.     

Factors affecting the depth of draw in a cold-forming operation

Stamping of a flat sheet into a hollow, seamless item involves tensile, frictional, bending, and compressive effects. A quantitative analysis of stresses developed in the sheet during such a “deep drawing” operation is presented indicating that the maximum depth of draw depends on the ratio of tensile stress and compressive yield stress in the plane of the sheet. Several materials are examined and their performance in deep drawing analyzed in terms of proposed criteria for deep drawing. Techniques are discussed which can be used to increase the depth of draw of polymeric material.     

水中脉冲放电产生过氧化氢及其影响因素

采用介质涂覆的球-筒电极结构,用以脉冲电压条件下在水中产生放电,通过比色法检测放电产生的过氧化氢,研究了不同电压脉冲幅值、脉冲宽度（储能电容的大小）、水的电导率以及脉冲频率对过氧化氢产生速率的影响,实验结果表明过氧化氢的产率随电压脉冲幅值的增大而增大。当电压脉冲幅值足够高时,水中放电由流注放电形式转换为电弧放电形式,此时过氧化氢产率也大幅提高,而在相同电压条件下,随水的电导率的增大,过氧化氢的产率减小。在相同电压下,脉冲频率的增大,导致放电平均功率增大,水中放电产生过氧化氢的浓度提高。在3.3 W功率时,120 min后水中过氧化氢浓度达到0.2 mmol/L,从而证明了所用电极结构的优越性。     

水中脉冲放电产生过氧化氢及其影响因素

采用介质涂覆的球-筒电极结构,用以脉冲电压条件下在水中产生放电,通过比色法检测放电产生的过氧化氢,研究了不同电压脉冲幅值、脉冲宽度(储能电容的大小)、水的电导率以及脉冲频率对过氧化氢产生速率的影响,实验结果表明过氧化氢的产率随电压脉冲幅值的增大而增大。当电压脉冲幅值足够高时,水中放电由流注放电形式转换为电弧放电形式,此时过氧化氢产率也大幅提高,而在相同电压条件下,随水的电导率的增大,过氧化氢的产率减小。在相同电压下,脉冲频率的增大,导致放电平均功率增大,水中放电产生过氧化氢的浓度提高。在3.3 W功率时,120 min后水中过氧化氢浓度达到0.2 mmol/L,从而证明了所用电极结构的优越性。     

Factors affecting the induction of Lambda prophages by millimeter microwaves

The induction of lambda prophages by millimeter microwaves has been found to be strongly dependent on frequency and dose and on the oxygen tension in the environment of the cells. An increase of a factor up to 10⁵ over non-irradiated cells has been observed.