多层碳纳米球的研究

用弧光放电法制备了碳的巴基葱.用原子力显微镜（AFM）、扫描隧道显微镜（STM）和透射电镜（TEM）研究了在高定向石墨(HOPG)和金(Au)基底上的巴基葱的行为和电学特性.扫描隧道谱表明,巴基葱的电学特性具有与单壁碳纳米管相似的非线性特性.较小尺寸的巴基葱呈半导体特性,尺寸增大倾向金属线性.AFM/STM图像显示,在HOPG和Au基底上的巴基葱能够聚集成二聚体.利用较小尺寸巴基葱的电学非线性特性,有希望构造纳米电子学的单电子器件.     

二氧化钛超薄膜的组装

近年来LB膜技术和超微粒子研究的发展，将两者有效地结合起来组装了与量子电子学、非线性光学、光电化学、化学生物传感器有关的纳米量级无机半导体材料［‘－‘j．其中TIO。纳米薄膜材料已在太阳能电池反射膜、压电铁电薄膜、电致显示器件［‘j、可逆光电池和超导薄膜［’］研究中都显示了广阔的应用前景．这类薄膜制备多采用化学气相沉积（CVD）技术和原子层外延．也有人把LB技术应用于纳米粒子的组装来制备TIO。超薄膜［”’j二本文利用烷氧基钛在水／空气界面上发生的溶胶一凝胶化反应制备TIO。基胶态粒子及其固态凝聚膜，将其与…     

O／W微乳液中聚邻甲苯胺超微粒子的制备

聚邻甲苯胺具有较高的电导率、较好的贮存电荷的能力和良好的环境稳定性，因而具有较大的应用价值［’－‘j，其合成方法主要有电化学合成法和化学合成法［‘·’J．化学会成法所得聚邻甲苯肢的粒子一般大于100urn．近年来，以表面活性剂聚集体微乳液、溶致液晶为介质，制备超微粒子材料已为人们所关注「’－’］．以微乳液为介质进行聚合反应亦引起重视，但大部分微乳液聚合都是在四组分微乳液（表面活性剂、助表面活性剂、单体和水）中进行‘”·“‘．近年来，某些油溶性单体已成功地在无助表面活性剂的三组分微乳液中聚合［‘’·‘’1…     

金纳米粒子在氨基表面上的组装-pH值的影响

用原子力显微镜（AFM）和表面增强喇曼光谱（SERS）研究了pH值对金纳米粒子在Au／巯基苯胺自组装膜表面上组装效果的影响．AFM结果表明，金纳米粒子在表面上的覆盖度随pH值表现出规律性的变化，巯基苯胺自组装膜的SERS强度随pH值的变化也有类似的趋势．在磁性环境下，氨基未质子化，金粒子难以组装上，而在酸性条件下，氨基质子化带正电，金粒子与基底容易结合．我们认为金纳米粒子和氨基之间的作用属于静电力，pH值同时影响膜表面氨基的质子化程度和金纳米粒子表面的带电量．     

化学环境编码与分子相似度计算

分子相似度方法主要用于药物分子设计中先导化合物的选取及化合物物理、化学性质的预测,这种方法所依据的原理是：相似的化合物结构将具有相似的化学及物理性质［‘,’1．将已知具有某种性质的化合物的结构（常称为探针化合物）与诸多化合物进行比较,由此得到与之相似的化合物,这种邻近化合物有可能在分子设计中做先导化合物．近年来已报道过多种化合物相似度的计算方法,可粗略的归为以下几类：（l）结构碎片法［‘’‘j;（2）拓扑指数法卜·“;（3）量子化学方法［’,’j．本文提出一种新的化学环境编码方法,该方法有别于结构碎片…     

电化学沉积金纳米线结构及其电学特性

用电化学沉积方法，在有机介孔模板上制备出直径为90 nm的金纳米线.透射电子显微镜（TEM）分析结果表明，纳米线表面光滑并呈单晶结构.去除有机模板的金纳米线阵列用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）测试，纳米线顶端呈平台状，直径分布均一.我们利用原子力显微镜（AFM）测量了金纳米线阵列的微观结构，得到与SEM相一致的结果.在大气和室温条件下，用导电AFM针尖在接触模式下测量了单根纳米线的轴向I－V特性曲线，其结果为金属性.     

可溶性醌胺聚合物的合成

酿胺聚合物（PAQ）是一类新型聚合物，适用于配制防水、防锈涂料，对金属有很大的亲和性［‘j．但溶解性较差［‘j．本文从分子设计出发，将一St一O一键、不对称多烷基取代脂环引人聚合物主链及侧基，增大PAQ分子内旋转自由度等提高其溶解度，合成了6种PAQ．对苯配（PBQ）按文献［3」制备，mP115～116’C；a，。二氨基丙基聚甲基硅氧烷（St—O重复次数n一8，胺值388，日本东丽化学公司）；异佛尔酮二胶（IPDA，AR，日本东京化成工业株式会社）；a，。一二氨基乙氧基聚甲基硅氧烷（St－O重复次数n二7），二缩三（1，2一丙二醇）双…     

EMT与β沸石的异丁烷／丁烯烷基化反应性能比较

异丁烷／丁烯烷基化反应是生产高辛烷值汽油的重要途径［‘j．目前,工业生产烷基化汽油使用HF或H。SO。作为催化剂,存在严重的环保和安全问题．用固体酸催化剂替代液体酸的研究已有30多年历史．90年代初,一种新型六方相八面沸石（现称为EMT）被合成出来［‘j,这种沸石是具有两维交叉直孔道体系的大孔沸石［’‘,且其H型结构具有强酸性“’,因而很快受到人们的重视．St6cker等人‘’‘使用半批量式反应器的研究表明,HEMT是一种优良的异丁烷／丁烯烷基化催化剂．另外,Corma等人＊‘使用固定床反应器的研究表明,HS沸石对该烷基…     

石墨—聚四氟乙烯复合涂层电极的研制及应用

由导电相与绝缘相构成的复合电极在流动体系中具有高的响应电流和高的信噪比．聚多氯乙烯类高分子材料具有高的化学稳定性和憎水及憎油性，是理想的构成复合电极的材料．多年来已有一些文献［’－’j报道了用这类材料制作复合电极的方法，但均为模压成型法，制得的电权均为尺寸较大的盘状或块状电极，将此电极用于流通体系往往需要精密设计和加工流通池，很不方便．我们曾用复合镀的方法制备过铜“‘和钻［’怕9聚四氟乙烯复合电极，但这种方法不适用于以石墨为导电相的聚四氟乙烯复合电极的制备．本文报道了采用涂层的方法制备此种电极的技…     

纳米金刚石球晶的激光溅射产生与透射电镜表征

在高温高压合成金刚石技术日趋成熟的同时，气相沉积（CVD）条件下实现常压金刚石膜的合成已倍受人们的关注．利用脉冲激光溅射石墨，发现可在一定的基底上获得一类具有某些金刚石特征的薄膜，即类金刚石碳膜（DLC）［‘－‘j．这为在常规条件下合成金刚石带来了新的希望．但DLC只具有金刚石的某些特征，而基本上不具备晶体的有序结构［”’j．我们曾报道了在激光液相溅射的产物中观察到众多的碳球D‘，并通过高分辨透射电镜（HREM）、选区衍射（SAED）及其它相关实验，确定了其具有金刚石结构．且实验部分实验所用的激光是Q开关Nd…     

Sequential electrochemical oxidation and site-selective growth of nanoparticles onto AFM probes

In this work, we reported an approach for the site-selective growth of nanoparticle onto the tip apex of an atomic force microscopy (AFM) probe. The silicon AFM probe was first coated with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) through a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Subsequently, COOH groups were selectively generated at the tip apex of silicon AFM probes by applying an appropriate bias voltage between the tip and a flat gold electrode. The transformation of methyl to carboxylic groups at the tip apex of the AFM probe was investigated through measuring the capillary force before and after electrochemical oxidation. To prepare the nanoparticle terminated AFM probe, the oxidized AFM probe was then immersed in an aqueous solution containing positive metal ions, for example, Ag+, to bind positive metal ions to the oxidized area (COOH terminated area), followed by chemical reduction with aqueous NaBH 4 and further development (if desired) to give a metal nanoparticle-modified AFM probe. The formation of a metal nanoparticle at the tip apex of the AFM probe was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA).     

TAT peptide immobilization on gold surfaces: a comparison study with a thiolated peptide and alkylthiols using AFM, XPS, and FT-IRRAS

A TAT peptide was used to functionalize a gold surface by three different methods: adsorption from solution, microcontact printing, and dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). The composition and structure of the modified gold was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform -infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (FT-IRRAS). We used two well-studied alkylthiols, mercaptohexadecanoic acid and 1-octadecanethiol, as a comparison in order to understand the structure of the TAT peptide monolayers prepared by the three methods. AFM studies allowed us to assess the homogeneity after each modification protocol. XPS was used to characterize the chemical composition of the gold surface after each functionalization procedure. The XPS results showed that surfaces modified with the TAT peptide by the three methods exhibit similar surface chemistry. Finally, FT-IRRAS experiments allowed us to conclude that the structure of the alkyl chains of the TAT peptides is fairly disordered and different after each procedure. Regardless of the type of surface functionalization method used, the monolayer of TAT peptide formed on the surface was of "liquidlike" nature.     

Friction of single polymers at surfaces

Atomic force microscope (AFM) single molecule force spectroscopy has been used to investigate the friction coefficient of individual polymers adsorbed onto a solid support. The polymer chains were covalently attached to an AFM tip and were allowed to adsorb on a mica surface. Different polymers (ssDNA, polyallylamine) were chosen to cover a range of friction coefficients. During the experiment, the AFM tip was retracted in- and off-plane which results, depending on the chosen conditions, in a desorption of the polymer from the surface, a sliding across the surface, or a combination of both. Thus, the obtained force-extension spectra reveal detailed information on the mobility of a polymer chain on a surface under experimentally accessible conditions. This study demonstrates that absorbed polymers with comparable desorption forces may exhibit drastically different in plane mobility.     

Scanning-induced growth on single crystal calcite with an atomic force microscope

We report observations of localized growth on the (1014) surface of single-crystal CaCO3 in supersaturated solutions while scanning with the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM). At low contact forces, AFM scanning strongly enhances deposition along preexisting steps. This enhancement increases rapidly with increasing solution supersaturation, and is capable of filling in multilayer etch pits to produce defect-free surfaces at the resolution of the AFM. Attempts to achieve similar deposition rates in the absence of scanning require high supersaturations that produce three-dimensional crystal nuclei, which are important defects. Localized deposition produced by drawing the AFM tip back and forth across step edges can produce monolayer deposits extending well over a micron from the scanned area. These tip-induced deposits provide convincing evidence for the importance of ledge diffusion in calcite crystal growth.     

Development of a biologically relevant calcium phosphate substrate for sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy

A novel biologically relevant composite substrate has been prepared consisting of a calcium phosphate (CaP) layer formed by magnetron sputter-coating from a hydroxyapatite (HA) target onto a gold-coated silicon substrate. The CaP layer is intended to mimic tooth and bone surfaces and allows polymers used in oral care to be deposited in a procedure analogous to that used for dental surfaces. The polymer cetyl dimethicone copolyol (CDC) was deposited onto the CaP surface of the substrate by Langmuir Blodgett deposition, and the structure of the adsorbed layer was investigated by the surface specific technique of sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. The gold sublayer provides enhancement of the SFG signal arising from the polymer but plays no part in the adsorption of the polymer. The surface morphology of the substrate was investigated using SEM and AFM. The surface roughness was commensurate with that of the thermally evaporated gold sublayer and uniform over areas of at least 36 mum(2). The chemical composition of the CaP-coated surface was determined by FTIR and TOF-SIMS. It was concluded that the surface is primarily calcium phosphate present as a mixture of amorphous, non-hydroxylated phases rather than solely stoichiometric hydroxyapatite. The SFG spectra from CDC on CaP were closely similar, both in resonance wavenumbers and in their relative intensities, with spectra of thin films of CDC recorded directly on gold. Application of previous analysis of the spectra of CDC on gold therefore enabled interpretation of the polymer orientation and conformation on the CaP substrate.     

Effect of honeycomb-patterned surface topography on the adhesion and signal transduction of porcine aortic endothelial cells

Surface topography has vital roles in cellular response. Here, to investigate the mechanism behind cellular response to surface topography, we prepared honeycomb (HC)-patterned films from poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) with micropatterned surface topography by casting a polymer solution of water-immiscible solvent under high humidity. We characterized the adsorption of fibronectin (Fn) on the film using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The response of porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs) to adsorbed Fn molecules onto HC-patterned films was observed by immunofluorescence labeling of vinculin and the actin fiber of PAECs cultured for 1 and 72 h in serum-free medium. The expression of focal adhesion kinase autophosphorylated at the tyrosine residue (pFAK) at 1 h culture was determined using an immunoprecipitation method. Fn adsorbed selectively around the pore edges to form ring-shaped aggregates. The immunostaining results revealed that PAECs adhered to the HC-patterned films at focal contact points localized around pore peripheries. These points correspond to adsorption sites of Fn. The expression of pFAK after 1 h on the HC-patterned film was 3 times higher than that on a corresponding flat film, indicating that the signaling mediated by the binding between Fn and the integrin receptor was more highly activated on the HC-patterned film. These results suggest that the cellular response to HC-patterned films (e.g., adhesion pattern and phosphorylation of FAK) originates from the regularly aligned adsorption pattern of Fn determined by the pore structure of the film.     

Nanotribology under electrochemical conditions: influence of a copper (sub)monolayer deposited on single crystal electrodes on friction forces studied with atomic force microscopy

Friction force measurements performed by means of an atomic force microscope (AFM) under electrochemical conditions on a pure Au(111) electrode surface and one modified with a foreign metal are presented; after deposition of a (sub)monolayer copper on a Au(111) single crystal electrode a large increase of the friction force is observed compared to the pure Au(111) electrode surface; the extent of the increase not only depends on the copper coverage, but also on the normal load and may be explained by a higher energy dissipation due to motion of the sulfate anions adsorbed on the copper atoms induced by the AFM tip.     

Thermal Effect on Positive Patterned Self-Assembled Monolayer Grown from a Droplet of Alkanethiol

Atomic force microscope technique is widely used for the spatial narrow deposition of molecules inside the bare space of preexisting self-assembled monolayer (SAM) matrix. Using molecular dynamics simulation, we studied the formation of positively patterned SAM from a globule of 1-octadecanethiol (ODT) on predesigned SAM matrix of 1-dodecanethiol (DDT) and effect of temperature on it. The alkyl chains of ODT SAM were densely packed and ordered by means of chemisorption through sulfur atoms. The circular SAM of ODT contained defects due to the molecules those were standing upside down or trapped inside ODT SAM. We found that with the increase of temperature, these defects moved out by flipping of inverted ODT molecules or building spaces to be adsorbed on Au surface. The ODT molecules on the top of the pile of stable circular SAM or those are upside down and trapped disperse in a unique fashion namely serial pushing through which molecules firstly make a free space to enter inside the adsorbed thiol molecules and then push neighboring molecules to get enough space to be adsorbed on the gold surface. The stability of ODT SAM was confirmed by analyzing different structural properties such as tilt angle, tilt orientation. and backbone orientation. We also calculated the diffusion coefficient of the ODT molecules which were on the top of SAM island. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Direct imaging of meniscus formation in atomic force microscopy using environmental scanning electron microscopy

Environmental scanning electron microscopy was used to image meniscus formation between an AFM tip and a surface. At high relative humidity, 70%-99%, the meniscus formed is 100 to 1200 nm in height, orders of magnitude larger than predicted by the Kelvin equation using spherical geometry. The height of the meniscus also demonstrates hysteresis associated with increasing or decreasing relative humidity.     

Atomic force microscopy study of salivary pellicles formed on enamel and glass in vivo

This study was performed to evaluate the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in examining the surface of the adsorbed layer of salivary proteins (salivary pellicle) formed in vivo on dental enamel and glass surfaces. Enamel and glass test pieces were attached to the buccal surfaces of the upper first molar teeth in two adults using removable intraoral splints. The splints were carried intraorally over periods ranging from 10 min to1 h. Using the contact mode of AFM, pellicle structures could be recognised on intraorally exposed specimens compared to nonexposed enamel and glass surfaces. The surface of the adsorbed salivary pellicle was characterised by a dense globular appearance. The diameter of the globulelike protein aggregates adsorbed onto enamel and glass varied between 80 and 200 nm and 80 and 150 nm, respectively. The structure of the adsorbed protein layer was clearly visible on glass surfaces, even though minor differences in the protein layer between glass and enamel specimens were observed. This study indicates that AFM is a powerful tool for high-resolution examination of the salivary pellicle surface structure in its native (hydrated) state. AFM avoids artefacts due to fixing, dehydration and sputter-coating which occur with scanning electron microscopic analyses. Received: 29 November 2000 Accepted: 14 December 2000