Preparation of alumina supported Mo catalysts from molybdenum blue precursor

Alumina supported Mo catalysts were prepared by adsorption of molybdenum blue (MB) on two alumina supports. Sulfided catalysts were tested in HDN/HDS reactions of pyridine and thiophene and compared with catalysts prepared from ammonium heptamolybdate (AHM). Activities of catalysts prepared from MB were considerably higher in thiophene HDS and pyridine hydrogenation and lower in C–N bond hydrogenolysis.     

Clamped Hybridization Chain Reactions for the Self‐Assembly of Patterned DNA Hydrogels

DNA hydrogels hold great potential for biological and biomedical applications owing to their programmable nature and macroscopic sizes. However, most previous studies involve spontaneous and homogenous gelation procedures in solution, which often lack precise control. A clamped hybridization chain reaction (C‐HCR)‐based strategy has been developed to guide DNA self‐assembly to form macroscopic hydrogels. Analogous to catalysts in chemical synthesis or seeds in crystal growth, we introduced DNA initiators to induce the gelation process, including crosslinked self‐assembly and clamped hybridization in three dimensions with spatial and temporal control. The formed hydrogels show superior mechanical properties. The use of printed, surface‐confined DNA initiators was also demonstrated for fabricating 2D hydrogel patterns without relying on external confinements. This simple method can be used to construct DNA hydrogels with defined geometry, composition, and order for various bioapplications.     

轻元素调控的贵金属催化剂在能源相关领域的应用

贵金属广泛用于多相催化研究,对于诸多具有重要科学意义和工业应用价值的化学反应展现出优异的催化活性和选择性.引入轻合金元素(如C,H,B和N),可以调控贵金属的晶体结构和电子性质,是进一步提高贵金属催化性能的重要策略.与传统的金属合金催化剂相比,这种轻元素合金化的催化剂具有一些独特性:(1)轻元素由于原子尺寸很小,容易溶于金属晶格的间隙位点;(2)一些轻元素(如C,N和S)的电负性与金属的差别很大,能够在相邻原子间引起较大的电荷转移;(3)轻元素-金属合金中的电子相互作用主要由金属的d轨道和轻元素的sp轨道杂化主导,这与金属合金中的d-d轨道杂化显著不同.这些独特性为贵金属原子结构和电子结构的调控以及催化性能的优化带来了更多的可能性.轻合金元素研究的主要瓶颈在于其原子尺寸小、分布不均匀、难以直接观察和精准控制,从而限制了对活性提升机制和构效关系的研究.近几十年来,纳米合成技术和材料表征技术的长足发展使得轻合金元素改性的催化剂研究渐入佳境.此外,计算化学在结构分析和催化应用中的日趋成熟为揭示轻合金元素对贵金属晶体结构、电子结构和催化性质的调控作用提供了有力工具.本文综述了引入轻合金元素改性的贵金属催化剂在不同催化应用中的主要研究进展,总结了贵金属催化性能的主要影响因素(包括轻合金元素的种类、位置、浓度和有序度等),阐述了轻合金原子如何影响催化反应性能,介绍了轻元素的实验引入策略以及揭示轻元素合金效应的实验表征和理论研究方法.重点讨论了不同轻合金原子改性的贵金属基催化剂在催化反应中的广泛应用,并试图建立其结构特征与催化性能之间的密切联系.总的来说,轻合金原子的活性调控作用主要表现在以下几个方面:(1)晶相转变:轻元素的引入能够改变金属原子的堆积模式,产生有利于催化反应的晶相结构;(2)电荷转移:轻元素和母体金属的电负性差异能够导致电荷重新分布,影响金属的电子结构;(3)应力效应:轻元素的引入会导致金属晶格膨胀,产生拉伸应力,引起电子结构变化;(4)配体效应:轻元素的sp轨道和金属的d轨道杂化,引起d带中心下移,降低表面吸附性质;(5)集团效应:轻元素的引入能够孤立金属原子,产生特定的表面金属位点,有利于促进催化反应;(6)次表面化学:在氢相关的催化反应中,次表面的间隙轻元素能够阻止氢的渗入,抑制活性衰减或不利的副反应发生.最后,本文对于当前该领域存在的挑战和未来的发展前景进行了分析,以期促进该合金体系的合成、理解和催化应用,内容包括:(1)开发更精确可控的轻元素掺入策略;(2)合理阐明轻合金元素与宏观催化性能之间的关系;(3)发展新型的轻元素改性催化剂;(4)扩展轻元素改性催化剂的催化应用范围.     

Recent Advances in Transition Metal-Based Catalysts for Ethylene Copolymerization with Polar Comonomer

The synthesis of polar functionalized polyolefin (PFP) offers improvement in mixing properties, polymer surface, and rheological properties with the potential of upgraded polyolefins for modern and ingenious applications. The synthesis of PFP from metal-based catalyzed olefin (non-polar in nature) copolymerization with polar comonomers embodies energy-efficient, atom-efficient, and apparently an upfront methodology. Despite their outstanding success during conventional polymerization of olefin, 3^rd and 4^th group (early transition metal)-based catalysts, owing to their electrophilic nature, face challenges mainly due to Lewis basic sites of the polar monomers. On the contrary, late transition metal-based catalysts have also made progress, in recent years, for PFP synthesis. The recent past has also witnessed several advancements in the development of dominating palladium-based catalysts while their lower resistance towards ligand functional groups has limited the practical application of abundant and cheaper nickel-based catalysts. However, the relentless efforts of the scientific community, during the past half-decade, have indicated rigorous progress in the development of nickel-based catalysts for PFP synthesis. In this review, we have abridged the recent research trends in both early as well as late transition metal-based catalyst development. Furthermore, we have highlighted the role of transition metal-based catalysts in influencing the polymer properties.     

重油加氢脱硫NiMo/V-Al_2O_3催化剂的失活研究

收集了工业上用于重油加氢脱硫的 Ｎｉ Ｍ ｏ／γ Ａｌ２ Ｏ３ 失活催化剂, 用超声波萃取, 超临界流体萃取（ Ｓ Ｆ Ｅ）等方法对其进行了处理, 用热重（ Ｔ Ｇ）、差热分析（ Ｄ Ｔ Ａ）、程序升温氧化质谱（ Ｔ Ｐ Ｏ Ｍ Ｓ）、扫描电镜能谱仪（ Ｓ Ｅ Ｍ  Ｅ Ｄ Ｓ）、 Ｘ 射线衍射仪（ Ｘ Ｒ Ｄ）、程序升温还原（ Ｔ Ｐ Ｒ）等方法对处理前后的催化剂进行了表征, 探讨了导致催化剂失活的主要原因． 结果表明, 积炭, 金属沉积是催化剂失活的主要原因, 经去除沉积的金属和烧炭后, 失活重油加氢催化剂的活性状态可得到恢复, 同时失活催化剂从工业反应器中的卸出方式也会对催化剂的性质产生影响．     

Low-Temperature H2 Reduction of Copper Oxide Subnanoparticles

Subnanoparticles (SNPs) with sizes of approximately 1 nm are attractive for enhancing the catalytic performance of transition metals and their oxides. Such SNPs are of particular interest as redox-active catalysts in selective oxidation reactions. However, the electronic states and oxophilicity of copper oxide SNPs are still a subject of debate in terms of their redox properties during oxidation reactions for hydrocarbons. In this work, in situ X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements of Cu₂₈O_x SNPs, which were prepared by using a dendritic phenylazomethine template, during temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) with H₂ achieved lowering of the temperature (T₅₀=138 °C) reported thus far for the Cu^II→Cu^I reduction reaction because of Cu−O bond elongation in the ultrasmall copper oxide particles.     

Zn、Mo对CuCo基催化剂合成低碳醇性能的促进作用

采用超声辅助的反相共沉淀法制备CO加氢合成低碳醇用CuCo基催化剂,研究过渡金属Zn、Mo助剂对CuCo基催化剂结构与性能的影响,借助N2吸附（BET）、X射线衍射（XRD）、程序升温还原（H2-TPR）和程序升温脱附（CO-TPD）等测试技术对催化剂进行表征.结果表明,Zn、Mo均在一定程度上增加了催化剂的比表面积、...     

甲醇制备甲酸甲酯、甲缩醛和聚甲醛二甲醚的催化反应研究进展

由甲醇向下游衍生合成甲酸甲酯、甲缩醛和聚甲醛二甲醚等反应过程,不仅可以有效延伸甲醇产业链,消化业已形成的甲醇过剩产能,而且还可以带来巨大的经济和环境保护方面的效益,近年来受到研究者的广泛关注,与之相关的催化研究和开发也已取得长足的进步和发展。述评概述了近年来由甲醇出发制备甲酸甲酯、甲缩醛以及聚甲醛二甲醚等过程在催化剂制备和反应机理探索方面的研究进展,侧重介绍了贵金属催化剂上甲醇选择氧化制甲酸甲酯、钒基催化剂上甲醇选择氧化制甲缩醛以及分子筛催化剂上甲醇或甲缩醛与三聚甲醛合成聚甲醛二甲醚等催化反应过程。最后,对甲醇催化转化利用的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

悬浮床加氢裂化水溶性催化剂的筛选与表征

催化加氢作用, 当金属组分A和组分B浓度分别为 15 μg/g ～ 25 μg/g 和 1100 μg/g～1300 μg/g时催化剂具有较好的催化加氢活性。两元水溶性催化剂硫化后的XPS、XRD和TEM分析结果表明：活性组分经硫化反应后生成了金属硫化物,但组分A硫化率不足50％;组分B易硫化结晶,其晶粒成为组分A的硫化物晶粒或颗粒分散的“载体”,使组分A的硫化物具有较高的分散度,提高了催化剂的加氢活性;A-B双金属水溶性催化剂经硫化反应后所形成的颗粒尺寸在100 nm左右,说明两元金属催化剂在硫化结晶过程中确实存在相互分散和抑制晶粒增长的作用。     

有序多孔过渡金属氧化物及其负载贵金属催化剂对挥发性有机物氧化的催化性能

大部分的挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染环境,危害人身健康.目前,我国虽然已开展了治理 VOCs污染的工作,但还缺乏有效的、拥有自主知识产权的 VOCs治理技术,因此研发新型高效 VOCs处理技术迫在眉睫.催化氧化法是公认的最有效消除 VOCs的途径之一,而高性能催化剂的研发是实现该过程的关键.近年来,人们围绕消除 VOCs的高效且价廉的催化剂的研发开展了卓有成效的工作,许多过渡金属氧化物、混合或复合金属氧化物及其负载贵金属催化剂均被认为是有效的催化氧化材料.与体相材料相比,多孔材料具有发达的孔道结构和高的比表面积,一方面有利于反应物的扩散、吸附和脱附,因而具有更高的催化活性和选择性;另一方面有利于活性组分(如贵金属等)在多孔材料表面的高分散,抑制活性组分的烧结,因而具有更好的催化稳定性.本文简述了近年来多孔金属氧化物在环境污染物消除领域的研究进展,阐述了以有序介孔或大孔过渡金属氧化物、钙钛矿型氧化物和负载贵金属催化剂的制备及其对典型 VOCs(如苯系物、醇类、醛类及酮类等)氧化的催化性能,重点介绍了四类催化材料,包括有序介孔过渡金属氧化物或复合氧化物(Co3O4, MnO2, Fe2O3, Cr2O3和 LaFeO3等)催化剂,有序介孔金属氧化物负载贵金属(Au/Co3O4, Au/MnO2和 Pd/Co3O4等)催化剂,三维有序大孔过渡金属氧化物或复合氧化物(Fe2O3, LaMnO3, La0.6Sr0.4MnO3和 La2CuO4等)催化剂,以及三维有序大孔金属氧化物负载贵金属(Au/Co3O4, Au/LaCoO3, Au/La0.6Sr0.4MnO3和 AuPd/Co3O4等)催化剂的制备及其物化性质与对苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙醇、丙酮、甲醛、甲烷或氯甲烷等 VOCs氧化的催化性能之间的相关性.借助二氧化硅或聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯微球等硬模板,采用纳米浇铸法可制备出二维或三维的有序单一或多级孔道结构的金属氧化物.研究表明,多孔金属氧化物的催化性能远优于其体相甚至纳米催化剂的.有序多孔材料的优异催化性能与其拥有大的比表面积、高的吸附氧物种浓度、优良的低温还原性、独特的孔道结构、活性组分的高分散以及贵金属与氧化物载体之间的强相互作用等有关.探明影响催化剂活性的因素有利于从原子水平上认识催化过程,为新型高效催化剂的设计与制备奠定基础.本文还指出了此类研究中存在的一些问题,例如利用硬模板法制备多孔材料的缺点是目标催化剂的收率低,硬模板浪费严重,大规模制备多孔催化剂势必增加制备成本,这些问题有待于妥善解决.与此同时,还展望了 VOCs消除技术的未来发展趋势,采用多种技术联用的方法有望最大程度地提高 VOCs的消除效率.     

第一过渡系列金属元素单核水氧化催化剂的最新进展

水的氧化是光合作用的重要步骤,其提供用于二氧化碳固定的电子和质子,以及生物圈所必需的氧气.在将太阳能转换为化学能的人工光合作用中,设计合成高效稳定的水氧化催化剂是研究的关键.目前的催化体系主要是基于钌和铱等贵金属的金属氧化物纳米颗粒和多核金属配合物.基于钌和铱的单核催化体系近年来也得到了广泛的发展.最近几年,第一过渡系列金属元素单核水氧化催化剂快速得到重视.作为配合物中心原子,它们不仅具有丰富的氧化态,而且因相对充足的蕴藏和较低的开采冶炼成本,其具有钌和铱等贵金属不可比拟的重大优势和广阔的应用前景.本文总结了近几年第一过渡系列金属元素单核水氧化催化剂的进展,并在此基础上,简单讨论了氧—氧键的生成,为进一步设计新颖、具有高催化效率和高稳定性的单核水氧化催化剂提供了理论依据.     

在复合金属氧化物催化剂上丙烷直接氧化制丙烯酸

丙烷直接氧化制丙烯酸是近年来催化氧化的热点课题。MoVTe(Sb)NbO复合金属氧化物催化剂是该反应最重要的一类催化剂。本文对该类催化剂的制备化学包括活化方式以及决定催化性能的主要活性相结构等方面的新近认识进行了系统评述;依据丙烷催化转化的反应途径,总结了有关催化剂元素组分在反应中的作用与功能的最新进展,调变催化剂的粒子尺寸与形貌、晶相组成与结构、表面酸碱性与氧化还原性是获得优良催化性能的关键因素。     

Key aspects of crystalline Mo-V-O-based catalysts active in the selective oxidation of propane

Mo-V-O-based complex metal oxide catalysts were synthesized hydrothermally for the first time, characterized structurally and tested in the selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid, and the results obtained were compared on the basis of catalyst crystal structures in order to clarify key aspects of alkane selective oxidation over multifunctional metal oxide catalysts. The catalysts tested were black solids of rod-shaped crystals, which had a layer structure in the direction of fiber axis and various high dimensional arrangements of metal octahedra in the cross-section plane. A strong dependency on the octahedra arrangements and a facet dependency were observed, and the roles of metal elements in the course of selective oxidation of propane were clarified by comparing the catalytic performance of various Mo-V-O-based catalysts. We discuss the multi-functional character derived from high dimensional structures of the catalysts and mechanism of the selective oxidation of propane.     

Direct Hydroboration of BB Bonds: A Mild Strategy for the Proliferation of BB Bonds

Synthetic access to electron‐precise boron chains is hampered by the preferential formation of nonclassical structures. The few existing strategies for this involve either strongly reducing reagents or transition‐metal catalysts, both with distinct disadvantages. The synthesis of new furyl‐ and thienyl‐substituted diborenes is presented, along with their direct hydroboration with catecholborane (CatBH) to form a new electron‐precise B? B bond and a B₃ chain. The reaction is diastereoselective and proceeds under mild conditions without the use of strong reducing agents or transition‐metal catalysts commonly used in B‐B coupling reactions.     

金属氧化物对铁系催化剂在CO变换反应中的稳定性和活性的影响(英文)

铁系催化剂一直是合成氨及制氢工业中一氧化碳变换反应最常用的催化剂。运用X射线衍射（XRD）、程序升温还原（TPR）及活性评价技术研究了添加金属氧化物对铁系催化剂的晶相结构、催化剂的稳定性和催化活性的影响。结果表明,不同的金属氧化物对催化剂结构的稳定作用和活性影响不同,其中CeO2和Bi2O3都能增强铁系催化剂的稳定性,提高催化剂的活性。     

Synthesis and Structure of Dimeric β-Diketiminato Co(Ⅱ) Chloride Complex

Introduction Recently, late-transition-metal complexes have been extensively used as both inorganic and organometallic catalysts[1]. Some complexes have been developed as the novel olefin polymerization catalysts[2-4] and copolymerization catalysts for ethylene and polar comonomers[5] due to their lower oxophilicity and presumed greater functional tolerance. Moreover, compounds with imine ligands have received more attention and have been reported for the synthesis method, structure, mechanism and application[6-9]. In this contribution, we report the synthesis of the dimericβ-diketiminato Co(Ⅱ)chloride complex:     

Heterogeneous Metal–Organic-Framework-Based Biohybrid Catalysts for Cascade Reactions in Organic Solvent

In cooperative catalysis, the combination of chemo- and biocatalysts to perform one-pot reactions is a powerful tool for the improvement of chemical synthesis. Herein, UiO-66-NH₂ was employed to stepwise immobilize Pd nanoparticles (NPs) and Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB) for the fabrication of biohybrid catalysts for cascade reactions. Distinct from traditional materials, UiO-66-NH₂ has a robust but tunable structure that can be utilized with a ligand exchange approach to adjust its hydrophobicity, resulting in excellent catalyst dispersity in diverse reaction media. These attractive properties contribute to the formation of MOF-based biohybrid catalysts with high activity and selectivity in the synthesis of benzyl hexanoate from benzaldehyde and ethyl hexanoate. With this proof-of-concept, we reasonably expect that future tailor-made MOFs can combine other catalysts, ranging from chemical to biological catalysts for applications in industry.     

FTO反应Fe基催化剂载体的研究进展

在合成气一步法制备低碳烯烃(FTO)反应中铁基催化剂因成本低、易得、操作温度范围宽等诸多优点而备受关注。载体具有自身特定的结构性质、表面酸碱性、电子特性、缺陷位、孔道限域效应和表面物化可调节性,这些性质对FTO反应性能均有显著影响。双功能催化剂也是FTO反应突破Anderson-Schulz-Flory(ASF)分布的有效手段,但Fe基双功能催化剂设计时需要考虑反应原理。本文对近10年关于Fe基FTO反应催化剂的载体研究发展进行了综述,力求寻求这些研究中的规律性知识,以期对未来FTO反应铁基催化剂的制备和研究提供帮助。     

Recent advances in integrating platinum group metal-free catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Platinum group metal (PGM)-free catalysts are promising low-cost materials for the oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). A variety of chemical precursors and synthesis methods have been proposed to increase their catalytic activity. In comparison, significantly less attention has been dedicated to the integration of these PGM-free catalysts into operating electrodes by investigating the role of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) fabrication on the PEMFC performance. We discuss here some remarkable performance improvements recently achieved by tuning catalyst loading, ionomer content, and ink solvent composition, and call for further explorations of the ink processing and MEA fabrication to improve performance.