Based on MFe2O4 (M=Co,Cu, and Ni): Magnetically recoverable nanocatalysts in synthesis of heterocyclic structural scaffolds

Abstract

Catalysis research under magnetically recoverable nanocatalysts is a well-known topic in organic synthesis. In recent times, catalysis research has clearly experienced a renaissance in the area of utility of ferrite nanoparticles based on their ability to recovery and reusability. In this review, the focus is on the fabrication, characterization and of application the MFe₂O₄ (M=Co, Cu, and Ni) nanocatalysts in synthesis of heterocyclic structural scaffolds.     

Magnetically reusable nanocatalysts in biginelli synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones (DHPMs)

Abstract

Molecules containing dihydropyrimidinone (DHPMs) structures are very important in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry due to their excellent biological activities application in synthesis of natural products. Biginelli condensation reaction between an aldehyde, urea/thiourea and a carbonyl compound is the most popular strategy for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones. Magnetic recoverable nanocatalysts can be readily separated from reaction medium by using an external magnet, without the need for filtration, centrifugation or other tedious workup processes. In recent times, the catalytic potential of magnetically recoverable nanocatalysts was evaluated in a variety of Biginelli reactions. In this review, we focus on the application of magnetically recoverable gold nanocatalysts in Biginelli synthesis of dihydropyrimidinone derivatives.     

高分子支载手性催化剂在Michael反应中的研究进展

高分子手性催化剂用于不对称有机合成,它易与产物分离、可通过适当的处理后回收重复使用;具有毒性或气味的手性催化剂支载在高分子上后,使用更加安全和方便;而且,适当结构的高分子聚合物可以为不对称反应提供更有利的微环境,提高立体选择性.正是这些优点,高分子手性催化剂的研究越来越受到人们的关注.不对称Michael反应是形成手性碳-碳、碳-杂键的重要反应,在有机合成和药物合成中起着重要的作用.本文综述了近年来的高分子手性催化剂在Michael反应中的应用及最新进展.     

Synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives through unsymmetric Hantzsch reaction using organocatalysts

A novel and green approach for efficient and rapid synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives via unsymmetric Hantzsch reaction using organocatalysts at room temperature was reported. The process is a simple, environmentally friendly, rapid, and high yielding reaction for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives. The catalytic efficiency of various small organocatalysts such as l-proline, trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline, l-thiaproline, dl-phenylglycine, and (−)-cinchonidine was studied under aqueous, organic, and solvent free conditions.     

Solvent-free synthesis of 1-amidoalkyl-2-naphthols using magnetic nanoparticle-supported 2-(((4-(1-iminoethyl)phenyl)imino)methyl)phenol Cu (II) or Zn (II) Schiff base complexes

Two magnetic nanoparticle-supported 2-(((4-(1-iminoethyl)phenyl)imino)methyl)phenols were successfully synthesized, characterized, and applied in the one-pot three-component reaction of substituted benzaldehydes, 2-naphthol, and amides for synthesis of 1-amidoalkyl-2-naphthols. These three-component processes occurred under solvent-free reaction conditions at 80 °C. The magnetically recoverable supported Schiff base metal catalysts can be reused several times in the model reaction. The synthesized catalysts are also easily separated from the reaction mixture by applying an external magnet. This procedure offers the advantages of simple, operational procedure as well as no use of hazardous organic solvents.

     

Sucrose chelated auto combustion synthesis of BiFeO3 nanoparticles: Magnetically recoverable catalyst for the one‐pot synthesis of polyhydroquinoline

Sucrose chelated Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO₃) nanoparticles as a novel heterogeneous catalyst was synthesized by an auto combustion route. Different calcination temperatures (150 °C, 450 °C, 550 °C, 650 °C, 750 °C and 850 °C) have been employed to obtain single phased BiFeO₃ nanoparticles. The perovskite structure formation and disappearance of organic phase (sucrose) was obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). Phase determination and structural characterization was carried out by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The magnetic properties were analyzed by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) whereas surface area/pore volume was obtained by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyzed the particles size and morphology. Thermal stability was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and determination of constituent elements was carried out by X‐ray Photo‐Electron Spectroscopy (XPS). Raman spectroscopy confirmed the perovskite structure of the synthesized materials. The BiFeO₃ nanoparticles so obtained were employed as heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives. All the polyhydroquinoline derivatives were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR). For the very first time ever we have used BiFeO₃ as a recyclable magnetic nanocatalyst in the one‐pot four component cyclization reaction of benzaldehyde, ethylacetoacetate/methylacetoacetate, dimedone/cyclohexane‐1,3‐dione, and ammonium acetate for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives without solvent under refluxing conditions to provide excellent yields of products. BiFeO₃ nanocatalyst (without any functionalization/surface coatings) shows easy magnetic separation, recyclability, reusability along with excellent yield of polyhydroquinoline derivatives in an economic and benign way.     

Magnetic nano-Fe3O4-supported 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH): synthesis and application in the catalytic reduction of α,β-epoxy ketones

A novel magnetically recoverable organic hydride compound was successfully constructed by using silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles as a support. An as-prepared magnetic organic hydride compound, BNAH (1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide), showed efficient activity in the catalytic reduction of α,β-epoxy ketones. After reaction, the magnetic nanoparticle-supported BNAH can be separated by simple magnetic separation which made the separation of the product easier.     

纳米磁性颗粒负载的银催化剂催化苯乙烯环氧化反应

采用简单浸渍和液相还原法制备了Ag/KOH-γ-Fe2O3催化剂,并采用X射线衍射、透射电镜和X射线光电子能谱等方法对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,在乙酸乙酯介质中,以叔丁基过氧化氢为氧化剂,该催化剂具有较高的催化苯乙烯环氧化活性,KOH的添加可大幅度提高环氧化反应活性和选择性.表征结果显示,反应前后催化剂性质没有发生明...     

Recent advances in iron(III) chloride catalyzed synthesis of heterocycles

Heterocyclic compounds particularly five, six and seven membered ring containing heterocycles are the most abundant which constitute a staggeringly diverse and important class of molecules that occur ubiquitously in a variety of synthetic drugs, bioactive natural products, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Owing to the glorious past and impressive present of the biologically active heterocyclic scaffolds, these skeletons have long been a subject of immense interest. Hence, substantial efforts have been made to the development of new and innovative synthetic strategies for the synthesis of these heterocycles involving use of different metal catalysts, organic and inorganic reagents etc. Among the different types of metal catalysts used, iron catalysts are one of the cheap and easily available. In recent time, several new and innovative iron(III) chloride catalyzed synthesis of heterocycles with structural diversity are coming in the forefront of the literature by the scientific community. This review highlights the advancements made so far by iron(III) chloride for the synthesis of different assemblies of small heterocycles covering the year 2014–2018.     

Effect of guest molecule flexibility in access to dendritic interiors

[structure: see text] Dendrimers are attractive scaffolds for catalysis, since catalytic sites can be isolated and the catalysts are recoverable and reusable. Herein, we show that conformationally constrained molecules have better access to dendritic cores compared to the more flexible counterparts. The results reported here should have implications in utilizing dendrimers as scaffolds for artificial selectivity in catalysis.     

离子液体中的串联有机合成反应

近年来迅速发展起来的串联反应为解决传统的有机合成反应提供了有效的途径. 将离子液体应用于串联反应, 反应不仅具有串联反应的优点, 如反应条件温和, 目标产物的选择性好、产率高, 中间体无需分离, 操作简单等, 还具有离子液体的诸多优点: 离子液体/催化剂可循环使用, 产品容易分离、纯度高等.     

A review on multi-component green synthesis of N-containing heterocycles using mixed oxides as heterogeneous catalysts

The use of mixed oxides is a well-appreciated approach in the fields of material science and synthesis, due to remarkable tunable surface properties such as acidic and basic characteristics, oxidation/reduction capabilities, and high agility of lattice oxygen, which makes them ideal choices as heterogeneous catalysts. The activity of the mixed oxides broadly relies on the nature of support and active material used and on the preparation method, calcination temperatures. Wide range of techniques for preparation of mixed oxide materials are adoptable, viz. sol-gel, co-precipitation, wet impregnation, microwave irradiation and hydrothermal methods. Use of mixed oxides as solid catalysts have gained popularity in many valued organic transformations, via alkylation, oxidation, condensation, dehydration, dehydrogenation, cycloaddition and isomerization. Application of mixed oxides in the area of green organic synthesis is a valuable strategy, which contributed significantly to the design of many novel heterocyclic scaffolds. The chemistry of N-heterocycle scaffolds, which generally possess five and six membered rings, is an interesting area for both synthetic and medicinal chemistry research constituting over 60% organics used in various arenas. The position and number of nitrogen atoms in the rings, distinguish them as pyrroles, pyrazoles, imidazoles, triazoles, pyridines and pyramidines classes. In this review, we focus on the scope, importance and versatile applications of mixed metal oxides and their synergetic effects as heterogeneous catalysts in the synthesis of variety of N-heterocyclic derivatives. The scientific aspects of the mixed oxides as catalytic active materials to design efficient synthetic protocols for the organic transformations is also discussed.     

磁性纳米粒子负载钯催化剂在C-C键偶联反应中的应用

磁性纳米粒子(MNPs)负载钯催化剂因具有高的催化活性及易于原位磁分离回收等优点而得到快速发展,成为一类具有广泛应用前景的纳米催化剂,在学术及工业领域均受到广泛的关注。 本文对近年来MNPs负载钯催化剂在Suzuki、Heck等C-C偶联反应中的应用研究进行简要阐述,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

Studies on Atropo-Enantioselective Synthesis of the Natural Chiral Axial Biaryls

Ary-aryl bond formation plays an important role in modern organic synthesis. These bonds are very often occurred in natural products such as alkaloids as well as in numerous biologically active parts of pharmaceutical and agrochemical specialties. In addition, they are also the scaffolds of some of the most efficient and selective ligands for asymmetric catalysts, especially when atropisomery is possible. In this report, we report the structure and the enantioselective synthesis of some natura…     

Surface Functionalization of Magnetite Nanoparticles with Sulfonic Acid and Heteropoly Acid: Efficient Magnetically Recoverable Solid Acid Catalysts

New magnetically recoverable solid acid catalysts for acid‐catalyzed reactions were designed via the surface chemical functionalization of silica‐coated magnetite nanoparticles (SCMNPs) with sulfonic acid groups. First, the SCMNPs were covalently functionalized with 3‐aminopropyl groups to achieve Amp‐SCMNPs. Then, reaction of the Amp‐SCMNPs with 1,4‐butane sultone followed by acidification with phosphotungstic acid (HPW) or diluted sulfuric acid produced magnetically recoverable solid acid catalysts, HPW‐ampsul‐SCMNPs and H‐ampsul‐SCMNPs, respectively. Both catalysts were characterized by various physicochemical analyses such as Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission (ICP‐OES) spectroscopies, vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analyses. Finally, the catalytic activities of the prepared catalysts were examined in the esterification of acetic acid with butanol and acetalization of benzaldehyde with ethylene glycol. Excellent catalytic efficiencies were obtained in both cases. The catalysts were consecutively recovered and reused five times without significant loss of their activities.     

Sulfamic acid immobilized on amino‐functionalized magnetic nanoparticles: A new and active magnetically recoverable catalyst for the synthesis of N‐heterocyclic compounds

Sulfamic acid immobilized on amino‐functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs/DETA‐SA) was successfully fabricated and characterized using various techniques. Diameters of approximately 15 nm for the MNPs/DETA‐SA were observed from scanning electron microscopy images. The as‐fabricated nanocomposite was applied as an efficient and magnetically reusable catalyst for the synthesis of 2,3‐dihydroquinazoline‐4(1H)‐one and polyhydroquinoline derivatives. All products were obtained in good to excellent yields. Recovery tests confirm that the catalyst can be readily recovered using an external magnet and reused many times without significant loss of its catalytic activity.     

Chiral vanadyl salen complex anchored on supports as recoverable catalysts for the enantioselective cyanosilylation of aldehydes. Comparison among silica, single wall carbon nanotube, activated carbon and imidazolium ion as support

The activity and enantiomeric excess (ee) (in some cases >85%) obtained for the asymmetric addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to aldehydes using different heterogeneous chiral catalysts are compared. A library of recoverable catalysts was developed by immobilization of a chiral vanadyl salen complex having a terminal carbon-carbon double bond onto a series of scaffolds including silica, single-wall carbon nanotubes, activated carbon and room-temperature ionic liquids. The covalent linkage has been achieved by radical initiated addition of mercapto groups to CC. The highest enantiomeric excesses, similar to those obtained in the homogeneous phase, were achieved using silica as support or with the homogeneous tetra-tert-butyl salen catalyst dissolved in an imidazolium ionic liquid. The use of silica as support permits an easier separation and reuse of the catalyst from the reaction media.     

Metal-Organic Frameworks as Versatile Heterogeneous Solid Catalysts for Henry Reactions

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have become one of the versatile solid materials used for a wide range of applications, such as gas storage, gas separation, proton conductivity, sensors and catalysis. Among these fields, one of the more well-studied areas is the use of MOFs as heterogeneous catalysts for a broad range of organic reactions. In the present review, the employment of MOFs as solid catalysts for the Henry reaction is discussed, and the available literature data from the last decade are grouped. The review is organized with a brief introduction of the importance of Henry reactions and structural properties of MOFs that are suitable for catalysis. The second part of the review discusses the use of MOFs as solid catalysts for the Henry reaction involving metal nodes as active sites, while the third section provides data utilizing basic sites (primary amine, secondary amine, amides and urea-donating sites). While commenting on the catalytic results in these two sections, the advantage of MOFs over other solid catalysts is compared in terms of activity by providing turnover number (TON) values and the structural stability of MOFs during the course of the reaction. The final section provides our views on further directions in this field.     

Synthesis of 3-Arylselanyl Benzothiophenes through Visible-Light-Mediated Radical Cyclization

A novel method for synthesizing 3-arylselanyl benzothiophenes through visible-light-mediated radical cyclization was developed. Diaryl selenides were used as aryl selenium sources under the irradiation of white-light-emitting diodes (5 W). The reactions were conducted under mild conditions, where the desired products were obtained at room temperature (23 °C) without the need for catalysts or additives. This simple method allows for an efficient route for synthesizing benzothiophene derivatives, which are crucial scaffolds in organic synthesis.