Two‐Dimensional Nanomaterials for Photothermal Therapy

Two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are currently explored as novel photothermal agents because of their ultrathin structure, high specific surface area, and unique optoelectronic properties. In addition to single photothermal therapy (PTT), 2D nanomaterials have demonstrated significant potential in PTT‐based synergistic therapies. In this Minireview, we summarize the recent progress in 2D nanomaterials for enhanced photothermal cancer therapy over the last five years. Their unique optical properties, typical synthesis methods, and surface modification are also covered. Emphasis is placed on their PTT and PTT‐synergized chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy. The major challenges of 2D photothermal agents are addressed and the promising prospects are also presented.     

Chitosan coated molybdenum sulphide nanosheet incorporated with tantalum oxide nanomaterials for improving cancer photothermal therapy

In recent years, two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D) prominent for site specific photothermal treatment (PTT), which are one of the most interesting strategy due to their maximizing cancer cell killing efficiency without the normal cells. Several robust methods are established for 2D material synthesis and improving the photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE), biocompatibility, and photostability in cancer PTT. Such preferred mechanism like nanomaterial decoration on to their surface would enable access to tunable 2D nanomaterial properties to improve cancer PTT. Here, we first time report a robust route for deposition of tantalum (TaO₂) on to chitosan (CS) coated molybdenum sulphite (MoS₂) nanosheet surface via electrostatic interaction, which assists to improve cancer PTT efficiency. Detailed studies prove that prepared TaO₂-CS-MoS₂ nanomaterial shows lack of toxicity, photostability and PCE was calculated from 26 °C to 47.2 °C under the 808 nm irradiation/5 min. Therefore, the TaO₂ deposition particularly interest to promote the photostability, biocompatibility and PCE of bare MoS₂ nanosheets. Therefore, the possible mechanism is highly expected to improve biological features in cancer PTT.     

Antimonene Quantum Dots: Synthesis and Application as Near‐Infrared Photothermal Agents for Effective Cancer Therapy

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has shown significant potential for cancer therapy. However, developing nanomaterials (NMs)‐based photothermal agents (PTAs) with satisfactory photothermal conversion efficacy (PTCE) and biocompatibility remains a key challenge. Herein, a new generation of PTAs based on two‐dimensional (2D) antimonene quantum dots (AMQDs) was developed by a novel liquid exfoliation method. Surface modification of AMQDs with polyethylene glycol (PEG) significantly enhanced both biocompatibility and stability in physiological medium. The PEG‐coated AMQDs showed a PTCE of 45.5 %, which is higher than many other NMs‐based PTAs such as graphene, Au, MoS₂, and black phosphorus (BP). The AMQDs‐based PTAs also exhibited a unique feature of NIR‐induced rapid degradability. Through both in vitro and in vivo studies, the PEG‐coated AMQDs demonstrated notable NIR‐induced tumor ablation ability. This work is expected to expand the utility of 2D antimonene (AM) to biomedical applications through the development of an entirely novel PTA platform.     

Recent Advances in Carbon Nanomaterials for Cancer Phototherapy

Carbon nanomaterials have received great attention from the scientific community over the past few decades because of their unique physical and chemical properties. In this minireview, we will summarize the recent progress of the use of various carbon nanomaterials in the field of cancer phototherapy. The structural characteristics of each category and the surface functionalization strategies of these nanomaterials will be briefly introduced before focusing on their therapeutic applications. Recent advances on their use in photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and combined phototherapies are presented. Moreover, a few challenges and perspectives on the development of carbon nanomaterials for future theranostics are also discussed.     

Conjugated Polymer Nanomaterials for Phototherapy of Cancer

Due to the excellent properties including high specificity,low side-effect and good biocompatibility,conjugated polymer nanomaterials have been served as efficient anticancer reagents in die past decades.According to the developed anticancer systems based on conjugated polymer nanomaterials,it could be summarized into three main cancer therapy strategies:photodynamic therapy(PDT),photothermal therapy(PTT)and combination therapy.In this mini review,we provide a brief introduction to three different cancer therapy modes,their mechanisms and potential biological applications.Furthermore,some perspectives on the further development of conjugated polymer nanomaterials are proposed in the territory of anticancer precision medicine.     

石墨碳纳米材料光学性质在生化传感领域的应用

石墨碳纳米材料因其特殊的光学性质而受到广泛关注。石墨碳纳米材料最引人注目的光学性质之一是其独特的拉曼性质,作为拉曼探针,石墨碳纳米材料在对于复杂生物样品,极端测试条件和定量拉曼检测方面都有很好的应用;除了拉曼性质以外,单壁碳纳米管(SWNTs)独特的近红外二区(NIR-II,1000-1700 nm)荧光性质,具有穿透深度大、分辨率高的荧光成像特点,在生物活体成像领域也得到了很好的应用。除了光致发光特性,石墨碳纳米材料还具有优异的光热转换效应,同时具有比表面积大的特点,被广泛应用在针对肿瘤的热疗及其它疗法协同治疗当中。除此之外,石墨碳纳米材料还是一种高效的信号传导基底,可以猝灭激发态的染料和光敏剂,利用该类性质设计的生物传感器和纳米药物,显现出高灵敏、高选择性的特点。本文主要结合本课题组的工作,总结和探讨了石墨碳纳米材料作为光学探针、光热材料和信号传递基底在生化传感领域的应用。     

Recent advancements in 2D nanomaterials for cancer therapy

Since mechanical exfoliation of graphene in 2004, unprecedented scientific and technological advances have been achieved in the development of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. These 2D nanomaterials exhibit various unique mechanical, physical and chemical properties on account of their ultrathin thickness, which are highly desirable for many applications such as catalysis, optoelectronics, energy storage/conversion, as well as disease diagnosis and therapeutics. In this review, we summarized recent progress on the design and fabrication of functional 2D nanomaterials capable of being applied for the cancer treatment including drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, and photothermal therapy. Their anticancer mechanisms were discussed in detail, and the related safety concerns were analyzed based on current research developments. This review is expected to provide an insight in the field of 2D nanostructured materials for anticancer applications.     

Platelet‐Facilitated Photothermal Therapy of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Here, we present a platelet‐facilitated photothermal tumor therapy (PLT‐PTT) strategy, in which PLTs act as carriers for targeted delivery of photothermal agents to tumor tissues and enhance the PTT effect. Gold nanorods (AuNRs) were first loaded into PLTs by electroporation and the resulting AuNR‐loaded PLTs (PLT‐AuNRs) inherited long blood circulation and cancer targeting characteristics from PLTs and good photothermal property from AuNRs. Using a gene‐knockout mouse model, we demonstrate that the administration of PLT‐AuNRs and localizing laser irradiation could effectively inhibit the growth of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In addition, we found that the PTT treatment augmented PLT‐AuNRs targeting to the tumor sites and in turn, improved the PTT effects in a feedback manner, demonstrating the unique self‐reinforcing characteristic of PLT‐PTT in cancer therapy.     

铋基纳米材料在癌症成像诊断与治疗中的应用

随着纳米医学的快速发展,纳米诊疗材料因其兼具诊断和治疗等多功能性而受到越来越多的关注.铋(Bi)基纳米材料具有优异的光学、电学和磁学性质,在肿瘤的诊疗一体化领域具有广阔的应用前景.我们总结了Bi基纳米材料常用的构建方法,重点介绍了其在计算机断层扫描(CT)成像、光声(PA)成像、放射疗法(RT)、光热疗法(PTT)及协...     

Polymer materials for constructing therapeutical nanoparticles in photothermal therapy

Photothermal therapy (PTT) ablates tumors by thermal effects of photothermal agents (PTAs), and attracts wide attention due to the non-invasive characteristic. The ideal PTAs are expected to have high photothermal conversion effect under NIR irradiation, as well as targeting abilities and good biocompatibility satisfying the need of application in vivo. Nanoparticles (NPs) are commonly used as anti-tumor materials, and plenty of researches on therapeutical NPs for PTT treatment have been developed. Among various building blocks for photothermal NPs, polymer materials for biomedical applications have great advantages due to their negligible toxicity, flexibility for functional modification, and ability to integrate multiple therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on the polymer materials utilized in photothermal NP designing, including their application as excellent carriers and powerful PTAs with great PTT effects. Furthermore, the synergy therapy based on polymeric nanoplatform for enhancing PTT therapeutic efficiency will be introduced.     

Inherent Chemotherapeutic Anti-Cancer Effects of Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials

Low-dimensional nanomaterials (LDNs) are receiving increasing attention in cancer therapy owing to their unique properties, especially the large surface area-to-volume ratio. LDNs such as metallic nanoparticles (NPs), hydroxyapatite NPs, graphene derivatives, and black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets have been proposed for drug delivery, photothermal/photodynamic therapies, and multimodal theranostic treatments. The therapeutic effectiveness is mainly based on the physical characteristics of LDNs, but their inherent bioactivity has not been fully capitalized. In this Minireview, recent advances in the anti-cancer effects of various types of LDNs with inherent chemotherapeutic bioactivity are described and the bioactivity mechanisms are discussed on the cellular and molecular levels. BP, one of the newest and exciting members of the LDN family, is highlighted owing to the excellent inherent bioactivity, selectivity, and biocompatibility in cancer therapy. LDNs and related derivatives possess inherent bioactivity and selective chemotherapeutic effects suggesting large potential as nanostructured anti-cancer agents in cancer therapy.     

D-A-D structured selenadiazolesbenzothiadiazole-based near-infrared dye for enhanced photoacoustic imaging and photothermal cancer therapy

Near-infrared (NIR) small molecular organic dyes as photothermal agents for cancer photothermal therapy (PTT) have attracted considerable research attention. Herein, two donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) structured NIR dyes, BBTT and SeBTT, are rationally designed, where the only difference is one heteroatom within the acceptor unit varying from sulfur to selenium (Se). More importantly, SeBTT NPs exhibit stronger NIR absorbance and higher photothermal conversion efficiency (PTCE ≈ 65.3%). In vivo experiments illustrate that SeBTT NPs can be utilized as a high contrast photoacoustic imaging (PAI) agent, and succeed in tumor suppression without noticeable damage to main organs under NIR photoirradiation. This study presents an effective molecular heteroatom surgery strategy to regulate the photothermal properties of NIR small molecules for enhanced PAI and PTT.     

Thiol-Responsive Gold Nanodot Swarm with Glycol Chitosan for Photothermal Cancer Therapy

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is one of the most promising cancer treatment methods because hyperthermal effects and immunogenic cell death via PTT are destructive to cancer. However, PTT requires photoabsorbers that absorb near-infrared (NIR) light with deeper penetration depth in the body and effectively convert light into heat. Gold nanoparticles have various unique properties which are suitable for photoabsorbers, e.g., controllable optical properties and easy surface modification. We developed gold nanodot swarms (AuNSw) by creating small gold nanoparticles (sGNPs) in the presence of hydrophobically-modified glycol chitosan. The sGNPs assembled with each other through their interaction with amine groups of glycol chitosan. AuNSw absorbed 808-nm laser and increased temperature to 55 °C. In contrast, AuNSw lost its particle structure upon exposure to thiolated molecules and did not convert NIR light into heat. In vitro studies demonstrated the photothermal effect and immunogenic cell death after PTT with AuNSW. After intratumoral injection of AuNSw with laser irradiation, tumor growth of xenograft mouse models was depressed. We found hyperthermal damage and immunogenic cell death in tumor tissues through histological and biochemical analyses. Thiol-responsive AuNSw showed feasibility for PTT, with advanced functionality in the tumor microenvironment.     

MXene在癌症精准诊疗中的应用

癌症是威胁人类健康的第二号杀手,精准的筛查诊断技术和高效的治疗手段是治愈癌症的关键。纳米技术的迅猛发展为癌症的诊疗带来了新的思路和希望。新型二维材料MXene具有大的比表面积、高的导电性、良好的亲水性和优异的生物相容性,可以作为优良的基底材料构建生物传感平台,并通过兼容其他材料,形成具有高催化性能的MXene复合物,从而实现癌症生物标志物的精准检测。此外,MXene组分可调,且在可见光到红外区域具有强烈吸收和高光热转换效率,是理想的肿瘤光热治疗(PTT)试剂。迄今为止,关于MXene在癌症诊疗领域的专题论述鲜有报道。鉴于此,本文根据癌症生物标志物进行分类,综述了近年来基于MXene的生物传感平台在癌症标志物检测中的应用,并归纳了不同的MXene材料在PTT领域的最新研究进展,进而提出MXene在癌症诊疗领域面临的挑战和未来发展趋势。     

Water-Soluble Fe(II) Complexes for Theranostic Application: Synthesis,Photoacoustic Imaging,and Photothermal Conversion

Significant effort focused on developing photoactivatable theranostics for localized image guided therapy of cancer by thermal ablation. In this context iron complexes were recently identified as photoactivatable theranostic agents with adequate biocompatibility and body clearance. Herein, a series of Fe^II complexes bearing polypyridine or N-heterocyclic carbenes is reported that rely on rational complex engineering to red-shift their MLCT based excited-state deactivation via a straightforward approach. The non-radiative decay of their MLCT upon irradiation is exploited for theranostic purposes by combining both tracking in photoacoustic imaging (PA) and photothermal therapy (PTT). The influence of structural modifications introduced herein on the solubility and stability of the complexes in biorelevant aqueous media is discussed. The relationship between complexes’ design, production of contrast in photoacoustic and photothermal efficiency are explored to develop tailored PA/PTT theranostic agents.     

MXene在癌症精准诊疗中的应用

癌症是威胁人类健康的第二号杀手,精准的筛查诊断技术和高效的治疗手段是治愈癌症的关键。纳米技术的迅猛发展为癌症的诊疗带来了新的思路和希望。新型二维材料MXene,具有大的比表面积、高的导电性、良好的亲水性和优异的生物相容性,可以作为优良的基底材料构建生物传感平台,并通过兼容其他材料,形成具有高催化性能的MXene复合物,从而实现癌症生物标志物的精准检测。此外,MXene组分可调,且在可见光到红外区域具有强烈吸收和高光热转换效率,是理想的肿瘤光热治疗(PTT)试剂。迄今为止,关于 MXene在癌症诊疗领域的专题论述鲜有报道。鉴于此,本文根据癌症生物标志物进行分类,综述了近年来基于MXene的生物传感平台在癌症标志物检测中的应用,并归纳了不同的MXene材料在PTT领域的最新研究进展,进而提出MXene在癌症诊疗领域面临的挑战和未来发展趋势。     

二维材料“遇见”生物大分子:机遇与挑战

二维材料的超薄原子层结构使其具有独特的力学性能、导热导电性以及巨大的比表面积,在能源存储、催化、传感和生物医学等领域引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。将二维材料与具有生物活性的生物大分子相结合可以为开发具有优异电学、力学和生物学功能的特种功能材料提供新的方法和途径。近年来,科研工作者针对这一方向展开了广泛的研究,取得了一系列重要的成果,使二维材料与生物大分子的结合与应用成为了新的研究热点。本文综述了近年来二维材料和生物大分子之间的相互作用及应用的研究进展,重点介绍了二维材料与生物大分子在分子水平上的相互作用机理,还总结了基于二维材料与生物大分子之间的相互作用在工程、疾病治疗和抗菌中的应用,并对其未来的研究趋势提出了展望。     

Polymer Dots as Effective Phototheranostic Agents

Conjugated polymer dots (Pdots, also named polymer nanoparticles, PNPs), which consist of π‐conjugated organic polymers, are novel organic nanomaterials with size in the range of 1–100 nm. Compared with traditional organic small molecules, semiconductor quantum dots and inorganic nanomaterials, the Pdots exhibit significant potential applications in biological imaging, sensing and detection, drug delivery and theranostics, due to their advantages of special optical properties, diverse structure, easy surface modification and good biocompatibility. In this short review, we present a brief summary of the current development in Pdots as phototheranostic agents, including fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy. Current challenges in Pdot research and future directions in the field are proposed.     

Recent Progress on Two-dimensional Electrocatalysis

Due to their unique electronic and structural properties triggered by high atomic utilization and easy surface modification, two-dimensional(2D) materials have prodigious potential in electrocatalysis for energy conversion technology in recent years. In this review, we discuss the recent progress on two-dimensional nanomaterials for electrocatalysis. Five categories including metals, transition metal compounds, non-metal, metal-organic framework and other emerging 2D nanomaterials are successively introduced. Finally, the challenges and future development directions of 2D materials for electrocatalysis are also prospected. We hope this review may be helpful for guiding the design and application of 2D nanomaterials in energy conversion technologies.     

核酸适体-纳米材料复合物用于癌症的诊断与靶向治疗研究进展

因具有独特的光、电、磁、热等优异性能,纳米材料已被广泛应用于生物分析与生物医学领域。核酸适体是一类能够高亲和力和高特异性地与靶标结合的寡核苷酸序列。将核酸适体作为识别单元与纳米材料相结合,可以构建核酸适体-纳米材料复合物。近年来,在肿瘤靶向治疗方面,核酸适体-纳米材料复合物受到了人们的广泛关注。通过纳米材料与具有特异性识别能力的核酸适体的结合,核酸适体-纳米材料复合物可以为癌症治疗提供一种更有效的、低毒副作用的新策略。本文综述了核酸适体-纳米材料复合物作为药物输送载体在癌症的特异性识别与诊断及靶向治疗方面的应用。除此之外,本文还总结了核酸适体-纳米材料复合物与其他新兴技术的有效结合从而提高选择性和癌症治疗效率的相关研究进展。