基于TiO2的绿色多相催化剂催化CO2与环氧化合物偶联反应

金属离子掺杂纳米TiO2(M-TiO2,M=Zn2+,Cu2+,Co2+,Mn2+,Ni2+)在CO2与环氧化合物的偶联反应中表现出较高的催化活性.反应以四正丁基碘化铵(TBAI)为共催化剂,在无溶剂条件下进行.考察了反应温度、反应时间和CO2压力在Zn-TiO2/TBAI体系中对反应性能的影响.作为无毒的多相催化剂,Zn-TiO2可循环使用5次,其催化活性没有明显降低.     

聚合物负载季鏻盐催化 CO2 与环氧化物的环加成反应

 制备了聚合物负载的季鏻盐催化剂, 并用于 CO₂ 与环氧氯丙烷环加成反应中. 采用红外光谱、热分析、原子吸收光谱和扫描电子显微镜等手段测定了催化剂的结构、热性能、磷元素含量和表面形貌等. 考察了 CO₂ 压力、温度、催化剂用量和反应时间等对环加成反应性能的影响. 结果表明, 在催化剂用量为 0.09 g, CO₂ 压力为 4.5 MPa, 于 150 ^oC 反应 6 h 时, 3-氯甲基环碳酸酯收率可达 97.7%, 选择性大于 99%. 且催化剂易分离回收, 重复使用 5 次后产物收率和选择性没有明显下降. 同时探讨了该催化剂上 CO₂ 环加成合成环碳酸酯的可能机理.     

Synthesis of a Pyridine–Zinc‐Based Porous Organic Polymer for the Co‐catalyst‐Free Cycloaddition of Epoxides

The synthesis of solid catalysts for the co‐catalyst‐free cycloaddition of CO₂ has attracted much attention. Herein, we report a hierarchical porous organic polymer, Py‐Zn@MA, that is able to catalyze the cycloaddition reaction of epoxides and CO₂ without using any additives or co‐catalyst to afford turnover frequency (TOF) values as high as 250 and 97 h⁻¹ at 130 °C by using pure and diluted CO₂ (simulating flue gas), respectively. These results are superior to those obtained from previously reported heterogeneous co‐catalyst‐free systems. The high activity of Py‐Zn@MA is mainly attributed to its bifunctional nature with ZnBr₂ and pyridine activating the epoxide in a cooperative way. Notably, Py‐Zn@MA can be easily prepared on a large scale without using any catalyst and the chemicals are cost effective. Moreover, Py‐Zn@MA shows good substrate universality for the cycloaddition reactions of epoxides. Our designed porous organic polymer Py‐Zn@MA material has the potential to serve as an efficient catalyst for the direct conversion of flue gas with epoxides into value‐added cyclic carbonates.     

Titanocene dichloride/KI: an efficient catalytic system for synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2

Titanocene dichloride (Cp₂TiCl₂)/KI was developed to be an efficient catalytic system for the cycloaddition of CO₂ to epoxides to synthesize relevant cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO₂. Various influencing factors on the coupling reaction, such as co‐catalyst, temperature, CO₂ pressure and reaction time, were investigated. The optimal reaction conditions were KI as co‐catalyst, 150 °C reaction temperature, 12 atm CO₂ pressure and 4 h reaction time using THF as solvent for the synthesis of propylene carbonate in 98% yield. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bifunctional Boron Phosphate as an Efficient Catalyst for Epoxide Activation to Synthesize Cyclic Carbonates with CO2

Development of inexpensive, easily prepared, non‐toxic, and efficient catalysts for the cycloaddition of CO₂ with epoxides to synthesize five‐membered cyclic carbonates is a very attractive topic in the field of CO₂ transformation. In this work, we conducted the first work on the cycloaddition of CO₂ with epoxides to produce cyclic carbonates catalyzed by a binary catalyst system consisting of KI and boron phosphate (BPO₄), which are both inexpensive and non‐toxic, and various corresponding cyclic carbonates could be produced with high yields (93–99 %) at 110 °C with a CO₂ pressure of 4 MPa under solvent‐free conditions. In the BPO₄/KI catalyst system, BPO₄, a Brønsted and Lewis acid hybrid, played the role of activating the epoxy ring through the formation of hydrogen bonds with Brønsted acidic sites and the interaction with Lewis acidic sites simultaneously, and thus enhanced the activity of KI for the cycloaddition of CO₂ with epoxides significantly. Additionally, the activity of the BPO₄/KI catalyst system showed no noticeable decrease after being reused five times, indicating that the BPO₄ was stable under the reaction conditions.     

A Porphyrin‐Based Porous rtl Metal–Organic Framework as an Efficient Catalyst for the Cycloaddition of CO2 to Epoxides

A porous rtl metal–organic framework (MOF) [Mn₅L(H₂O)₆?(DMA)₂]?5DMA?4C₂H₅OH ( 1? Mn) (H₁₀L=5,10,15,20‐tetra(4‐(3,5‐dicarboxylphenoxy)phenyl)porphyrin; DMA=N,N′‐dimethylacetamide) was synthesized by employing a new porphyrin‐based octacarboxylic acid ligand. 1? Mn exhibits high Mn^II density in the porous framework, providing it great Lewis‐acid heterogeneous catalytic capability for the cycloaddition of CO₂ with epoxides. Strikingly, 1? Mn features excellent catalytic activity to the cycloaddition of CO₂ to epoxides, with a remarkable initial turnover frequency 400 per mole of catalyst per hour at 20 atm. As‐synthesized 1? Mn also exhibits size selectivity to different epoxide substrates on account of their steric hindrance. The high catalytic activity, size selectivity, and stability toward the epoxides on catalytic cycloaddition of CO₂ make 1? Mn a promising heterogeneous catalyst for fixation and utilization of CO₂.     

A Pyridinium-Pyridinium Zinc(II) Porphyrin Ion Porous Organic Polymer as Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Cycloaddition of Epoxides with CO2

A zinc(II)porphyrin-based ion porous organic polymer (ZnTPyPBr₄-iPOP) is successfully synthesized from newly designed pyridinium-functionalized cationic Zn-porphyrin monomer (ZnTPyPBr₄) by free radical self-polymerization, and is employed as an efficient bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst for CO₂ cycloaddition reaction with epoxides. The ZnTPyPBr₄-iPOP exhibits excellent catalytic performance and good substrate expansion in CO₂ cycloaddition reaction under solvent-free and cocatalyst-free conditions with a TOF as high as 15,500 h⁻¹ for the cycloaddition of CO₂ and epichlorohydrin. The synergistic effect of zinc(II)porphyrin as the Lewis acidic site and the Br⁻ anion as the nucleophile in ZnTPyPBr₄-iPOP responds to the high catalytic activity. Moreover, ZnTPyPBr₄-iPOP can easily be recovered and reused at least seven times without the loss of activity. This work provides a valuable approach for the synthesis of novel and efficient heterogeneous catalyst for CO₂ cycloaddition.     

Mechanism of the Cycloaddition of Carbon Dioxide and Epoxides Catalyzed by Cobalt‐Substituted 12‐Tungstenphosphate

Co^II‐substituted α‐Keggin‐type 12‐tungstenphosphate [(n‐ C₄H₉)₄N]₄H[PW₁₁Co(H₂O)O₃₉]‐ (PW₁₁Co) is synthesized and used as a single‐component, solvent‐free catalyst in the cycloaddition reaction of CO₂ and epoxides to form cyclic carbonates. The mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction is investigated using DFT calculations, which provides the first computational study of the catalytic cycle of polyoxometalate‐catalyzed CO₂ coupling reactions. The reaction occurs through a single‐electron transfer from the doublet Co^II catalyst to the epoxide and forms a doublet Co^III–carbon radical intermediate. Subsequent CO₂ addition forms the cyclic carbonate product. The existence of radical intermediates is supported by free‐radical termination experiments. Finally, it is exhilarating to observe that the calculated overall reaction barrier (30.5 kcal mol^?1) is in good agreement with the real reaction rate (83 h^?1) determined in the present experiments (at 150 °C).     

Syntheses of polycarbonate and polyurethane precursors utilizing CO2 over highly efficient, solid as-synthesized MCM-41 catalyst

As-synthesized MCM-41 was used as a reusable, heterogeneous catalyst for the eco-friendly synthesis of cyclic carbonate precursors of polycarbonates via a cycloaddition reaction of CO₂ with epoxides. This catalyst is also efficient for the synthesis of alkyl and aryl carbamate precursors of polyurethanes via the reaction of amines, CO₂ and alkyl halides. Both these reactions were carried out under mild conditions and without using any solvent or co-catalyst. CO₂ is utilized as a raw material replacement for toxic phosgene in the conventional synthesis of these chemicals.     

Intramolecularly two-centered cooperation catalysis for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO2 and epoxides

A catalyst system containing an electrophilic center and a sterically hindered nucleophilic center in one molecule was applied to the cycloaddition reaction of CO₂ and epoxides. This intramolecularly two-centered cooperation catalyst showed activity even at a high [epoxide]/[catalyst] ratio up to 50 000 under mild conditions such as solvent-free, ambient temperature, and low CO₂ pressure. The reaction of CO₂ with (S)-propylene oxide at 80 °C in the presence of the bifunctional catalyst gives (S)-propylene carbonate in 96% ee with retention of stereochemistry.     

Salen-decorated Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica: From Metal-assisted Epoxidation to Metal-free CO2 Insertion

We clicked a salen ligand onto a thiol-ethane bridged periodic mesoporous organosilica (Salen-PMO) using a photo-initiated thiol-ene click reaction. This process resulted in a covalently bonded salen ligand on the PMO material. The final BET surface area amounts 511 m²/g and the pore size diameter is approximately 7 nm. The functionalized PMO material showed an excellent carbon dioxide uptake capacity of 1.29 mmol/g at 273 K and 1 bar. More importantly, by coordinating a MoO₂²⁺ complex onto the Salen-PMO material, we obtained a heterogeneous catalyst with a good catalytic performance for the epoxidation of cyclohexene. The catalyst was highly reusable, as no decrease in its activity was observed for at least four runs (99% conversion). Finally, the metal-free Salen-PMO showed an exceptional catalytic performance in the cycloaddition of CO₂ to epoxides. The obtained results clearly demonstrate the versatility of the Salen-PMO material not only as metal-free catalyst but also as a support material to anchor metal complexes for specific catalytic applications. With the same catalytic platform, we were able to firstly create epoxides out of alkenes, and subsequently turn these epoxides into cyclic carbonates, consuming CO₂.     

Aza‐Crown Ether Complex Cation Ionic Liquids: Preparation and Applications in Organic Reactions

Aza‐crown ether complex cation ionic liquids (aCECILs) were devised, fabricated, and characterized by using NMR spectroscopy, MS, thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG‐DTA), elemental analysis and physical properties. These new and room‐temperature ILs were utilized as catalysts in various organic reactions, such as the cycloaddition reaction of CO₂ to epoxides, esterification of acetic acid and alcohols, the condensation reaction of aniline and propylene carbonate, and Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indole with aldehydes were investigated carefully. In these reactions, the ionic liquid exhibited cooperative catalytic activity between the anion and cation. In addition, the aza‐[18‐C‐6HK][HSO₄]₂ was the best acidic catalyst in the reactions of esterification and Friedel–Crafts alkylation under mild reaction conditions.     

A DFT Study on the Mechanism of the Cycloaddition Reaction of CO2 to Epoxides Catalyzed by Zn(Salphen) Complexes

The reaction mechanism for the Zn(salphen)/NBu₄X (X=Br, I) mediated cycloaddition of CO₂ to a series of epoxides, affording five‐membered cyclic carbonate products has been investigated in detail by using DFT methods. The ring‐opening step of the process was examined and the preference for opening at the methylene (C_β) or methine carbon (C_α) was established. Furthermore, calculations were performed to clarify the reasons for the lethargic behavior of internal epoxides in the presence of the binary catalyst. Also, the CO₂ insertion and the ring‐closing steps have been explored for six differently substituted epoxides and proved to be significantly more challenging compared with the ring‐opening step. The computational findings should allow the design and application of more efficient catalysts for organic carbonate formation.     

[6+2]Cycloadditions catalyzed by titanium complexes

The Ziegler catalyst TiCl₄-Et₂AlCl and the arenetitanium(II) complex (η6-C₆H₆)Ti(II)(AlCl₄)₂ induce [6 + 2]cycloaddition reactions of cycloheptatriene with dienes and acetylenes. Addition to 1,3-butadiene affords 7 - endo - vinyl - bicyclo[4.2.1]nona - 2,4 - diene (main product) and bicyclo[4.4.1]- undeca - 2,4,8 - triene, a product of [6+4]cycloaddition. Isoprene reacts similarly, yielding mainly 7- endo - isopropenyl - bicyclo[4.2.1]nona - 2,4 - diene. 2,3 - Dimethyl - 1,3 - butadiene gives 8,9dimethylbicyclo [4.4.1]undeca - 2,4,8 - triene, a product of [6 + 4]cycloaddition, while [6 + 2]cross-adducts are minor products. The reaction of cycloheptatriene with norbornadiene gives mainly hexacyclo[6.5.1.0^2,7.0^3,12.^6,10.0^9,13]tetradec - 4 - ene via [6+2]cycloaddition followed by intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction. As a by-product, pentacyclo[7.5.0.0^2,7.0^3,5.0⁴⁸]tetradeca - 10,12 - diene is formed by a [2+2+2]mechanism. Addition of cycloheptatriene to diphenylacetylene and bis - (tri- methylsilyl)acetylene furnishes sustituted bicyclo[4.2.1]nona - 2,4,7 - trienes. Alkenes, E,E-2,4 - hexadiene and 1,3 - cyclooctadiene are unreactive. The [6+2]cycloaddition is made possible by coordination of cycloheptatriene to titanium, which changes the symmetry of the frontier orbitals in the triene. The reactivity of the trienophile is also enhanced by coordination to the catalyst.     

[HCo(CO)4]‐Catalyzed Three‐component Cycloaddition of Epoxides,Imines, and Carbon Monoxide: Facile Construction of 1,3‐Oxazinan‐4‐ones

The three‐component [3+2+1] cycloaddition of epoxides, imines, and carbon monoxide to produce 1,3‐oxazinan‐4‐ones has been developed by using [HCo(CO)₄] as the catalyst. The reaction occurs for a wide variety of imines and epoxides, under 60 bar of CO pressure at 50 °C, to produce 1,3‐oxazinan‐4‐ones with different substitution patterns in high yields, and provides an efficient and atom‐economic route to heterocycles from simple and readily available starting materials. A plausible mechanism involves [HCo(CO)₄]‐induced ring‐opening of the epoxide, followed by sequential addition of carbon monoxide and the imine, and then ring closure to form the product accompanied by regeneration of [HCo(CO)₄].     

[HCo(CO)4]‐Catalyzed Three‐component Cycloaddition of Epoxides,Imines, and Carbon Monoxide: Facile Construction of 1,3‐Oxazinan‐4‐ones

The three‐component [3+2+1] cycloaddition of epoxides, imines, and carbon monoxide to produce 1,3‐oxazinan‐4‐ones has been developed by using [HCo(CO)₄] as the catalyst. The reaction occurs for a wide variety of imines and epoxides, under 60 bar of CO pressure at 50 °C, to produce 1,3‐oxazinan‐4‐ones with different substitution patterns in high yields, and provides an efficient and atom‐economic route to heterocycles from simple and readily available starting materials. A plausible mechanism involves [HCo(CO)₄]‐induced ring‐opening of the epoxide, followed by sequential addition of carbon monoxide and the imine, and then ring closure to form the product accompanied by regeneration of [HCo(CO)₄].     

Synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides catalyzed by metal–BINOL complexes

Synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO₂ and terminal epoxides catalyzed by Mg, Ca and In BINOL complexes was achieved without organic solvents. Effects of temperature, CO₂ pressure, reaction time and co‐catalyst on the cycloaddition were investigated. Propylene carbonate was obtained under a CO₂ pressure of 1.2 MPa within 10 hours in a yield of 98% catalyzed by Ca–BINOL at 120°C. The order of catalytic activity of the metal center is Ca > In > Mg. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

金鸡纳碱季铵盐促进的CO_2与环氧化合物的不对称环加成反应

 开发了钴配合物/金鸡纳碱季铵盐催化剂体系用于催化 CO2 与环氧化合物的不对称环加成反应, 考察了催化剂和助催化剂中阴离子对反应的影响. 结果表明, 该反应可在 667 kPa CO2 压力和室温下进行. 催化剂中不同阴离子的活性次序为 2-硝基苯氧基 > 2,4,6-三硝基苯氧基 > NO3? > OAc? > 三氟乙酸根 ≈ B ? > Cl? >对甲苯磺酸根. 当助催化剂阴离子为 Cl?时反应的 ee 值较高, 而为 Br? 时反应速度较快. 当以 (S,S)-1,2-环己二胺缩 (N,N-双 (3,5-二-叔丁基水杨醛) 钴 (III) 乙酸盐 ((S,S)-A) 结合 N,O-二苄基氯化奎宁 (1a) 作助催化剂时, 得到了 ee 值为 73% 的手性丙烯环碳酸酯.     

A Luminescent Zinc(II) Coordination Polymer for Selective Detection of Fe3+ and Cr2O72− in Water and Catalytic CO2 Fixation

Fluorescence-based detection technique using coordination polymer has been considered an attractive alternative over conventional approaches. Herein, a new luminescent zinc(II) coordination polymer, [Zn(4-ABPT)(NIPA)(H₂O)], SSICG-5 , is synthesized by using a Lewis acidic Zn(II) ion, aromatic nitro group containing ligand 5-nitroisophthalic acid (H₂NIPA), and basic −NH₂ rich ligand 3,5-di(pyridine-4-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine (4-ABPT). SSICG-5 can detect Fe³⁺ and Cr₂O₇²⁻ selectively with a LOD of 0.16 μM and 1.94 μM, respectively. Additionally, carbon dioxide (CO₂) fixation via one-pot CO₂ cycloaddition reaction has significant importance for reduced waste formation, minimizing reaction time and lowering chemical usage. Zn metal centre of SSICG-5 possesses a replaceable coordinated water molecule. The active metal sites combined with the Lewis acidic and basic sites of the ligands make SSICG-5 an ideal bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst for efficient CO₂ cycloaddition reaction under room temperature (RT), solvent-free conditions. Notably, SSICG-5 exhibits near quantitative conversion (turnover number (TON) of 198) of propylene oxide to its carbonate compound under mild reaction conditions.     

Azo-Functionalized Zirconium-Based Metal−Organic Polyhedron as an Efficient Catalyst for CO2 Fixation with Epoxides

Chemical fixation of CO₂ as C1 source at ambient temperature and low pressure is an energy-saving way to make use of the green-house gas, but it still remains a challenge since efficient catalyst with high catalytic active sites is required. Here, a novel monoclinic azo-functionalized Zr-based metal−organic polyhedron (Zr-AZDA) has been prepared and applied in CO₂ fixation with epoxides. The inherent azo groups not only endow Zr-AZDA with good solubilization, but also act as basic sites to enrich CO₂ showing efficient synergistic catalysis as confirmed by TPD-CO₂ analysis. XPS results demonstrate that the Zr active sites in Zr-AZDA possess suitable Lewis acidity, which satisfies both substrates activation and products desorption. DFT calculation indicates the energy barrier of the rate-determining step in CO₂ cycloaddition could be reduced remarkably (by ca. 60.9 %) in the presence of Zr-AZDA, which may rationalize the mild and efficient reaction condition employed (80 °C and 1 atm of CO₂). The work provides an effective multi-functional cooperative method for improvement of CO₂ cycloaddition.