Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam leaves aqueous extract mediated synthesis of zinc nanoparticles and their antibacterial,antifungal, cytotoxicity,antioxidant, and cutaneous wound healing properties under in vitro and in vivo conditions

LamZiziphora clinopodioides Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant medicine is under exploration is due to wide biomedica applications and research interest in nanotechnology, the recent study was assessing green synthesis of zinc nanoparticle using ), the use of plant material Ziziphoraleaves extract (ZnNPs@ not only makes the process eco‐friendly but also the abundance makes it more economical. Also, in this study, Vis. and– were characterized using different techniques including UVZiziphora were synthesized in aqueous medium using the plant extract as stabilizing and reducing agents. The synthesized ZnNPs@Ziziphora conditions. ZnNPs@in vivo and in vitro under Ziziphorawe investigated the therapeutical properties of ZnNPs@ FT‐IR spectroscopy, . SEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology in size of 32.34 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectrometry (EDS), and‐X Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium part of this study, these nanoparticles indicated excellent antibacterial properties against Gram‐negative bacteria (in vitronm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles. In the biological , andCandida krusei, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata), antifungal potentials against Bacillus subtilis, andStaphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniaO157:H7) and Gram‐positive bacteria ( leaves aqueous extract can be used to yield zinc nanoparticles with a significant amount of antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cutaneous wound healing properties without any cytotoxicity.Z. clinopodioides ointment ameliorated the cutaneous wounds with increasing the levels of wound contracture, vessel, hydroxyl proline, hexosamine, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate and decreeing the wound area, total cells, and lymphocyte compared to other groups in rats. The results of UV, FT‐IR, XRD, FE‐SEM, EDS, and TGA confirm that the Ziziphora part of our experiment, ZnNPs@in vivo, non‐cytotoxicity effect against human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and antioxidant activity against DPPH. In the biological Candida guilliermondii     

Assessment of antioxidant,cytotoxicity, antibacterial,antifungal, and cutaneous wound healing activities of green synthesized manganese nanoparticles using Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam leaves under in vitro and in vivo condition

In recent decades, nanotechnology is growing rapidly owing to its widespread application in medical science. The aim of the experiment was the evaluation of cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and cutaneous wound healing activities of green synthesized manganese nanoparticles using Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam leaves (MnNPs@ZC). The synthesized MnNPs@ZC were characterized using different techniques including UV–Vis., FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). According to the XRD analysis, 48.10 nm was measured for the crystal size of nanoparticles. SEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology and size in the range of 47.58 to 70.26 nm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles. MnNPs@ZC revealed excellent non-cytotoxicity effect against human umbilical vein endothelial cells, antioxidant activity against DPPH, antibacterial properties against Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli O157:H7) and Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis), and antifungal potentials against Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, Candida guilliermondii, and Candida krusei. Also, use of MnNPs@ZC ointment decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) the wound area, total cells, neutrophil, and lymphocyte and raised significantly (p ≤ 0.01) the wound contracture, hydroxyl proline, hexosamine, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate compared to other groups in experimental animals. In conclusion, synthesized MnNPs@ZC indicated antibacterial, antifungal, non-cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and cutaneous wound healing effects in a dose-depended manner. After confirming in the clinical trials, these nanoparticles can be used in human for the treatment of cutaneous and infectious diseases.     

Preparation,characterization, and assessment of cytotoxicity,antioxidant, antibacterial,antifungal, and cutaneous wound healing properties of titanium nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam leaves

In recent decades, nanotechnology is growing rapidly owing to its widespread application in science and industry. The aim of the experiment was chemical characterization and evaluation of cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and cutaneous wound healing activities of titanium nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam leaves (TiNPs@Ziziphora). These nanoparticles were characterized by fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), and UV–visible spectroscopy. The synthesized TiNPs@Ziziphora had great cell viability dose‐dependently (Investigating the effect of the plant on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cell line) and revealed this method was nontoxic. Then, 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging test was done to assess the antioxidant properties, which indicated similar antioxidant potentials for TiNPs@Ziziphora and butylated hydroxytoluene. Agar diffusion tests were applied to determine the antibacterial and antifungal characteristics. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were specified by macro‐broth dilution assay. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software (Duncan post‐hoc test). TiNPs@Ziziphora indicated higher antibacterial and antifungal effects than all standard antibiotics (p ≤ 0.01). Also, TiNPs@Ziziphora inhibited the growth of all bacteria at 2‐16 mg/ml concentrations and removed them at 2‐32 mg/ml concentrations (p ≤ 0.01). In case of antifungal properties of TiNPs@Ziziphora, they prevented the growth of all fungi at 2‐8 mg/ml concentrations and destroyed them at 2‐16 mg/ml concentrations (p ≤ 0.01). In vivo experiment, after creating the cutaneous wound, the rats were randomly divided into six groups: untreated control, treatment with Eucerin basal ointment, treatment with 3% tetracycline ointment, treatment with 0.2% TiO₂ ointment, treatment with 0.2% Z. clinopodioides ointment, and treatment with 0.2% TiNPs@Ziziphora ointment. These groups were treated for 10 days. For histopathological and biochemical analysis of the healing trend, a 3 × 3 cm section was prepared from all dermal thicknesses at day 10. Use of TiNPs@Ziziphora ointment in the treatment groups substantially reduced (p ≤ 0.01) the wound area, total cells, neutrophil, and lymphocyte and remarkably raised (p ≤ 0.01) the wound contracture, hydroxyl proline, hexosamine, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate compared to other groups. In conclusion, the results revealed the useful non‐cytotoxic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and cutaneous wound healing effects of TiNPs@Ziziphora.     

Application of copper nanoparticles containing natural compounds in the treatment of bacterial and fungal diseases

The development of nanotechnology has generated different nanoscale-sized materials, with metal-based nanomaterials being some of the most interesting and promising. Thousands of articles in various specialized journals all over the world are dedicated to different metallic nanomaterials. Metallic nanomaterials are being widely researched, with gold-, silver-, iron-, and copper-based materials showing potential in medicine. Studies have demonstrated the effect of copper nanoparticles in medicinal herbs on the prevention, control, and treatment of microbial diseases. Experiments have examined the chemical characterization and assessment of the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) using the aqueous extract of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl flower. These nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction analysis. TEM and FE-SEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology and diameters of 10–25 nm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles. FT-IR results suggested polysaccharides and protein in S. lavandulifolia acted as reducing agents, reducing copper ions to Cu NPs. In vitro biological experiments indicated that Cu NPs have excellent antioxidant potential against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, antifungal effects against Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida guilliermondii, Candida glabrata, and Candida albicans, and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These nanoparticles did not have cytotoxicity properties against human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These results indicate that the inclusion of S. lavandulifolia extract ameliorates the solubility of Cu NPs, which leads to a remarkable enhancement in fungicidal and bactericidal effects under in vitro conditions.     

Chemical characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial and cutaneous wound healing potentials of gold nanoparticles using Allium saralicum R.M. Fritsch

The use of herbal medicines dates back a long way in history. Herbal medicines have been widely used all over the world since ancient times and have been recognized by physicians and patients for their good therapeutic value as they have fewer adverse effects than modern medicines. Recently, researchers have used gold nanoparticles synthesized by plants in the prevention, control, and treatment of infectious disorders and cutaneous wounds. The aims of this study were to synthesize gold nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Allium saralicum R.M. Fritsch (AuNPs) and assess their therapeutic capacities. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FT-IR results offered polysaccharides and protein in A. saralicum were the sources of reducing power, reducing gold ions to AuNPs. According to XRD analysis, the crystal size of the nanoparticles was 41.6 nm. TEM and FE-SEM images exhibited average diameters of 45 nm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The synthesized AuNPs had great cell viability on HUVECs line and showed this method was nontoxic. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging test indicated similar antioxidant potentials for A. saralicum, AuNPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene. To determine the antifungal and antibacterial properties of HAuCl₄, A. saralicum, and AuNPs, agar diffusion tests were used. The aim of the application both HAuCl₄ and A. saralicum in microbial tests was to investigate the synergism effects between them. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were specified by macro-broth dilution assay. AuNPs exhibited higher antifungal and antibacterial effects than all standard antibiotics (p ≤ 0.01). The MIC and MBC of AuNPs against all bacteria were in the ranges 1–4 mg/ml and 2–8 mg/ml, respectively. The MIC and MFC of AuNPs against all fungi were in the ranges 1–4 mg/ml and 2–4 mg/ml, respectively. In vivo part, AuNPs ointment group raised significantly (p ≤ 0.01) the wound contracture, vessel, hydroxyl proline, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte, fibroblast, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate and decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) the wound area, total cells, and lymphocyte compared to other groups in rats. The results of FT-IR, UV–Vis, XRD, TEM, and FE-SEM analyses confirm that the aqueous extract of A. saralicum leaves can be used to yield gold nanoparticles with a notable amount of remedial effects without any cytotoxicity against HUVECs.     

Green synthesis and chemical characterization of silver nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Falcaria vulgaris leaves and assessment of their cytotoxicity and antioxidant,antibacterial, antifungal and cutaneous wound healing properties

Nanotechnology encompasses the understanding of the fundamental physics, biology, chemistry and technology of nanometre‐scale objects. In recent decades, nanotechnology has grown rapidly owing to its widespread application in science and industry. The aim of the work reported was the green synthesis and chemical characterization of silver nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Falcaria vulgaris leaves (AgNPs@Falcaria) and evaluation of their cytotoxicity and antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and cutaneous wound healing effects under in vitro and in vivo conditions. These nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared and UV–visible spectroscopies, scanning and transmission electron microscopies and atomic force microscopy. 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging experiments were conducted to evaluate the antioxidant potential, which indicated similar antioxidant potentials for AgNPs@Falcaria and butylated hydroxytoluene. The synthesized AgNPs@Falcaria had great cell viability dose‐dependently, indicating their non‐toxicity. Minimum inhibitory, minimum bactericidal and minimum fungicidal concentrations were determined by macro‐broth dilution assay. The data were analysed using SPSS software (Duncan post hoc test). AgNPs@Falcaria revealed higher antibacterial and antifungal activities than many standard antibiotics (p ≤ 0.01). Also, AgNPs@Falcaria prevented the growth of all bacteria at 2–8 mg ml^?1 concentrations and removed them at 4–16 mg ml^?1 concentrations (p ≤ 0.01). AgNPs@Falcaria inhibited the growth of all fungi at 2–4 mg ml^?1 concentrations and destroyed them at 4–8 mg ml^?1 concentrations (p ≤ 0.01). For in vivo experiments, after creating a cutaneous wound, rats were randomly divided into six groups: untreated control, treatment with eucerin basal ointment, treatment with 3% tetracycline ointment, treatment with 0.2% AgNO₃ ointment, treatment with 0.2% F. vulgaris ointment and treatment with 0.2% AgNPs@Falcaria ointment. Use of AgNPs@Falcaria ointment in the treatment groups substantially decreased (p ≤ 0.01) the wound area, total cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes and markedly raised (p ≤ 0.01) wound contracture, hydroxyproline, hexosamine, hexuronic acid, fibrocytes and fibrocyte/fibroblast ratio compared to the other groups. In summary, the synthesized AgNPs@Falcaria revealed non‐cytotoxicity and antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and cutaneous wound healing activities in a dose‐dependent manner.     

Synthesis of titanium nanoparticles using Allium eriophyllum Boiss aqueous extract by green synthesis method and evaluation of their remedial properties

The application of nanotechnologies to medicine, or nanomedicine, which has already demonstrated its tremendous impact on the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, is rapidly becoming a major driving force behind ongoing developments in the antimicrobial and wound healing fields. This study confirms the potential of Allium eriophyllum Boiss aqueous extract for the green synthesis of titanium nanoparticles (TiNPs). Also, we reveal the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, cutaneous wound healing, antifungal and antibacterial properties of TiNPs. These nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and UV–visible spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FT‐IR findings suggested molecular interactions of compounds in the plant were the sources of reducing power, reducing titanium ions to TiNPs. In XRD analysis, 22.8 nm was measured for the crystal size of the nanoparticles. SEM and TEM images indicated a uniform spherical morphology and average diameters of 22 nm. 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl experiments were conducted to assess the antioxidant activities, which indicated similar antioxidant potentials for TiNPs and butylated hydroxytoluene. In the antimicrobial part of this study, agar diffusion experiments were done to determine the antibacterial and antifungal characteristics. TiNPs had antifungal activities against Candida guilliermondii, C. krusei, C. albicans and C. glabrata and antibacterial potentials against Gram‐negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7) and Gram‐positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis). Also, these nanoparticles did not have any cytotoxicity against human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In in vivo experiments, TiNP ointment significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.01) wound area, total cells, macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes and notably increased (p ≤ 0.01) wound contracture, vessels, hydroxyproline, hexosamine, hexuronic acid, fibrocytes and fibrocyte/fibroblast ratio in rats. The results of FT‐IR, UV, XRD, TEM and SEM analyses confirm that aqueous extract of A. eriophyllum leaves can be used to yield TiNPs with notable antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and cutaneous wound healing potentials without any cytotoxicity. Further clinical trials are necessary for confirmation of these remedial properties of TiNPs in humans.     

Falcaria vulgaris leaf aqueous extract mediated synthesis of iron nanoparticles and their therapeutic potentials under in vitro and in vivo condition

In recent years, researchers have used bionanotechnology techniques as cost‐effective and eco‐friendly routes to fabricate nanoparticles. The present study confirms the ability of aqueous extract of Falcaria vulgaris for the biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs@F. vulgaris). Also, in this study, we showed the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, cutaneous wound healing, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of these nanoparticles. FeNPs@F. vulgaris were characterized by UV, FT‐IR, XRD, FE‐SEM, and TEM analysis. According to the XRD analysis, 25.3 nm was measured for the crystal size of nanoparticles. FE‐SEM and TEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology and average diameters of 25 nm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles. FTIR results offered protein and polysaccharides in F. vulgaris were the sources of reducing power, reducing iron ions to FeNPs@F. vulgaris. In vivo design, FeNPs@F. vulgaris ointment remarkably reduced (p ≤ 0.01) the wound area, total cells, neutrophil, and lymphocyte and substantially increased (p ≤ 0.01) the wound contracture, vessel, hydroxyl proline, hexosamine, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate compared to other groups in rats. Also, FeNPs@F. vulgaris indicated potential antioxidant activity against DPPH, antifungal potentials against Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Candida guilliermondii, antibacterial properties against Gram‐positive bacteria (Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram‐negative bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli O157:H7) without any cytotoxicity effect against human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Finally, the results showed the useful antioxidant, non‐cytotoxic, cutaneous wound healing, antifungal, and antibacterial effects of FeNPs@F. vulgaris.     

Cytotoxicity,antifungal, antioxidant,antibacterial and photodegradation potential of silver nanoparticles mediated via Medicago sativa extract

The biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles is on a sharp rise as they have growing applications in environmental and biomedical sciences. This study reports an eco-friendly and cost-effective methodology for synthesizing biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the extract of Medicago sativa (M. sativa) cultivated in South Khorasan. The parameters used in the synthesis process were optimized to obtain uniformly distributed AgNPs in suitable sizes. The morphological, structural, and bonding characteristics of M. sativa extract-based AgNPs (MSE-AgNPs) were explored using FTIR, FESEM, EDS, TEM, XRD, UV–Vis, and DLS techniques. UV–Vis spectroscopy confirmed the formation of MSE-AgNPs by observing the typical surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 419 nm. XRD, FESEM, TEM, and DLS analyses confirmed the formation of face-centered cubic (fcc) crystalline structure, spherical/elliptical morphology, the average particle size of 15–35 nm, and highly stable MSE-AgNPs. Green synthesized MSE-AgNPs indicated a significant antioxidant activity (78%) compared to M. sativa extract (32%). As such, the synthesized MSE-AgNPs revealed a potential antioxidant activity towards the DPPH radicals. The biologically synthesized MSE-AgNPs exhibited highly potential antibacterial and antifungal activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 62.5, 125, 125, 1000, 125, 1000, and 31.25 µg/mL, respectively. In vitro cytotoxicity of the MSE-AgNPs against human fibroblast (HF) cells indicated a dose–response activity (with IC50 value of 18 µg/mL). Moreover, the AgNPs revealed efficient photocatalytic degradation of thymol blue (TB) as an anionic dye and malachite green (MG) as a cationic dye under sunlight and UV irradiations. Up to 94.37% and 90.12% degradation rates were obtained for MG and TB within only 100 min of UV irradiation. These observations signify that synthesized MSE-AgNPs can have great potential for biological and environmental applications.     

Structure,surface analysis and bioactivity of Mn doped zinc oxide nanoparticles

Undoped zinc oxide nanoparticles and Mn (5 atomic % & 10 atomic %) doped zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by soft chemical method. Antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activities in breast cancer cell line MDAMB231 of prepared nanoparticles were investigated. The nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, SEM, EDAX, UV–Vis, FT-IR, and room temperature PL Analysis. Antimicrobial activity was tested against both gram positive and gram negative human pathogens. The antioxidant potential of prepared nanoparticles was estimated using Phosphomolybdate and DPPH assay. The MTT assay was used for cytotoxicity evaluation of prepared nanoparticles against breast cancer cell line MDAMB231. XRD patterns confirmed the nanoparticles were crystallized hexagonal wurtzite structure with an average size of 38.95 ?nm. The absorption wavelength was observed at 361 ?nm in UV–Vis spectrum of Mn (10 atomic %) doped ZnO nanoparticles. The Mn (5 atomic %) doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibited significant antibacterial activity against the gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia at all concentrations. Undoped zinc oxide nanoparticles and Mn doped zinc oxide nanoparticles were effective against the breast cancer cell line MDAMB231.     

Novel green synthesis of Boswellia serrata leaf aqueous extract conjugated gold nanoparticles with excellent anti-acute myeloid leukemia property in comparison to mitoxantrone in a leukemic mice model: Introducing a new chemotherapeutic drug

The present research confirms the capacity of aqueous extract of Boswellia serrata grown under in vitro condition for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Also, we showed the cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-acute myeloid leukemia properties of AuNPs compared to mitoxantrone in a leukemic mouse model. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using several techniques including XRD, TEM, FE-SEM, UV–Vis, and FT-IR. From the XRD pattern, four distinct diffraction peaks at 38.2°, 44.2°, 64.7° and 77.4° are indexed as (111), (200), (220) and (311) planes of FCC metallic gold. TEM and FE-SEM images revealed an average diameters of 15–30 nm for the nanoparticles. FT-IR findings offered antioxidant compounds in the nanoparticles were the sources of reducing power, reducing gold ions to AuNPs. UV–Vis revealed an absorption band at 536 nm that is related to the surface plasmon resonance of AuNPs. In vivo design, induction of acute myeloid leukemia was done by DMBA in 75 mice. Then, the mice were randomly divided into six subgroups, including untreated, control, HAuCl₄, B. serrata, AuNPs, and mitoxantrone. AuNPs (In the dose of 1 mg/kg body weight) similar to mitoxantrone, significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the platelet, lymphocyte, and RBC parameters and the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL4, IL5, IL10, IL13, and IFNα) and reduced the weights and volumes of liver and spleen and their sub-compartment, the total WBC, blast, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil counts, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1, IL6, IL12, IL18, IFNY, and TNFα) as compared to the untreated mice. By quantitative Real-Time PCR, S1PR1 and S1PR5 mRNA expression in lymphocytes were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased by treating the leukemic mice with the AuNPs and mitoxantrone. In vitro design, AuNPs similar to mitoxantrone had low cell viability dose-dependently against Human HL-60/vcr, 32D-FLT3-ITD, and Murine C1498 cell lines without any cytotoxicity on HUVEC cell line. Besides, the DPPH assay showed similar antioxidant potentials for AuNPs and mitoxantrone. In conclusion, the results of this research indicated the excellent capacity of synthesized gold nanoparticles using B. serrata leaf aqueous extract in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in leukemic mice.     

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Thymus kotschyanus extract and evaluation of their antioxidant,antibacterial and cytotoxic effects

Present study used ecofriendly, cost efficient and easy method for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) at the room temperature by Thymus Kotschyanus extract as reducing and capping agent. Various analytical technique including UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy determined presence of Ag NPs in the solution, the functional groups of Thymus Kotschyanus extract in the reduction and capping process of Ag NPs are approved by FT‐IR, crystallinity with the fcc plane approved from the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) determined existence of elements in the sample, surface morphology, diverse shapes and size of present Ag NPs were showed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Beginning and end destroy temperature of present silver nanoparticles were determined by thermal gravimetric spectroscopy (TGA). In addition, antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of Ag NPs were studied. Agar disk and agar well diffusion are the methods to determined antibacterial properties of synthesized Ag NPs. Also MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) were recognized by macro broth dilution assay. DPPH free radical scavenging assay was used for antioxidant property and compare to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as standard antioxidant that showed high antioxidant activity more than BHT. Synthesized Ag NPs have great cell viability in a dose depended manner and demonstrate that this method for synthesis silver nanoparticles provided nontoxic. The average diameter of synthesized Ag NPs was about 50–60 nm.     

Suppressor capacity of iron nanoparticles biosynthesized using Salvia chloroleuca leaf aqueous extract on methadone-induced cell death in PC12: Formulation a new drug from relationship between the nanobiotechnology and neurology sciences

Metallic nanoparticles have gained significant attention in the area of biomedical technology. Because of its high surface area, metallic nanoparticles are being widely used in various fields including the medical and engineering sciences. One of the valuable applications of metallic nanoparticles especially copper, zinc, and iron nanoparticles is increasing the physiological function of central nervous system. Besides, Iranian people are using the Salvia chloroleuca for neuroprotective properties. In the present research, iron nanoparticles were biosynthesized by S. chloroleuca leaf aqueous extract as reducing and stabilizing agents. Also, we revealed the protective effect of FeNPs in methadone-treated PC12 cells. FeNPs were characterized and analyzed using common nanotechnology techniques including FT-IR, UV–Vis. spectroscopy; EDS, TEM, and FE-SEM. TEM and FE-SEM images revealed a uniform spherical morphology for FeNPs. In the biological part of the current study, the both treatments of FeNPs significantly (p ≤ 0.01) reduced the cell cytotoxicity and cell death index as well as increased the cell viability and cell proliferation in methadone-treated PC12 cells. In these treatments, mitochondrial membrane potential significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased compared to methadone-induced PC12 cells. DPPH free radical scavenging test was did to evaluate the antioxidant potentials of FeCl₃, S. chloroleuca, and FeNPs. DPPH test indicated similar antioxidant activities for S. chloroleuca, FeNPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene. In current experiment, we concluded that iron nanoparticles biosynthesized by S. chloroleuca leaf aqueous extract suppressed methadone-induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner in PC12 cells.     

Green synthesis and chemical characterization of silver nanoparticles obtained using Allium saralicum aqueous extract and survey of in vitro antioxidant,cytotoxic, antibacterial and antifungal properties

Allium saralicum R.M. Fritsch has been used in Iranian traditional medicine as a remedial supplement for microbial diseases. This paper reports the green synthesis, chemical characterization and antioxidant, cytotoxic, antibacterial and antifungal properties of silver nanoparticles obtained using aqueous extract of A. saralicum leaves. In this synthesis, no surfactants or stabilizers were used. For characterization, UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy were used. 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl was used in experiments to assess the antioxidant potential of the silver nanoparticles, which revealed an impressive prevention in comparison with butylated hydroxytoluene. The synthesized silver nanoparticles at low doses (1–250 μg dl^?1) did not show marked cytotoxic activity (against cervical cancer cells (Hela), breast cancer cells (MCF‐7) and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK‐293)). Agar diffusion tests were applied to determine the antibacterial and antifungal characteristics. Compared with all standard antimicrobials, the silver nanoparticles showed higher antibacterial and antifungal activities (p ≤ 0.01). Also, the silver nanoparticles inhibited the growth of all bacteria and fungi at concentrations of 31–250 μg ml^?1, and destroyed them at concentrations of 31–500 μg ml^?1 (p ≤ 0.01). Because the silver nanoparticles obtained using aqueous extract of A. saralicum leaves have antioxidant, non‐cytotoxic, antifungal and antibacterial potentials, they can be used as a medical supplement or drug.     

Preparation of Monodispersed Copper Nanoparticles by an Environmentally Friendly Chemical Reduction

In this paper, highly dispersive nanosized copper particles with a mean particle size of less than 6 nm are prepared by an environmentally friendly chemical reduction method. Non-toxic L-ascorbic acid acts as both reducing agent and antioxidant in ethylene glycol in the absence of any other capping agent. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） is used to characterize the size and morphology of Cu nanoparticles. The results of UV-Vis spectroscopy （UV-Vis）, energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） and high resolution TEM （HRTEM） illustrate that the resultant product is pure Cu nanocrystals. The size of Cu nanoparticles is remarkably impacted by the order of reagent addition, and the investigation reveals the reaction procedure of Cu^2＋ ions and L-ascorbic acid.     

Pistacia atlantica leaf extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antioxidant,cytotoxicity, and antibacterial effects under in vitro condition

Recently, researchers have investigated the therapeutical properties of metal nanoparticles especially silver nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo conditions. The aim of the experiment was green synthesis and chemical characterization of silver nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Pistacia atlantica leaf (Ag NPs) and evaluation of their cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects under in vitro condition. Ag NPs were spherical with a size range of 40-60 nm and characterized using various analysis techniques including UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy to determine the presence of Ag NP in the solution. We studied functional groups of Pistacia atlantica extract in the reduction and capping process of Ag NP by FT-IR, crystallinity and FCC planes by XRD pattern, elemental analysis of the sample by EDS, and surface morphology, shapes, and size of Ag NPs by SEM, AFM, and TEM. Destroy initiation and termination temperatures of the Ag NPs were determined by TGA. DPPH free radical scavenging test was done to evaluate the antioxidant potentials, which indicated similar antioxidant potentials for Ag NPs and butylated hydroxytoluene. The synthesized Ag NPs had great cell viability dose-dependently and indicated this method was nontoxic. Agar diffusion tests were done to determine the antibacterial characteristic. Ag NPs revealed similar antibacterial property to the standard antibiotic. Also, Ag NPs prevented the growth of all bacteria at 1-7 μg/ml concentrations and removed them at 3-15 μg/ml concentrations. Finally, synthesized Ag NPs revealed non-cytotoxicity, antioxidant and antibacterial activities in a dose-depended manner.     

Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticle-encapsulated β-cyclodextrin against human opportunistic pathogens

Silver nanoparticles were synthesised by reducing silver acetate with a long-chain aliphatic amine. β-Cyclodextrin (CD)-stabilised silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesised and characterised by the UV–vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis. This system was examined for their antifungal activity against opportunistic human pathogens such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Mucor ramosissimus and Chrysosporium species. This study clearly demonstrates that the present system is a powerful antifungal agent against human opportunistic pathogenic fungi.     

Gold‐Aryl nanoparticles coated with polyelectrolytes for adsorption and protection of DNA against nuclease degradation

Binding DNA on nanoparticles was pursued to form nanoplatform for formation of non‐viral gene system. Carboxyl derivatized gold‐aryl nanoparticles can bind with biodegradable cationic polyelectrolytes such as polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC). In our study, we used gold‐aryl nanoparticles (AuNPs) treated with PDADMAC to form conjugates with non‐thiol or non‐disulfide modified oligonucleotide DNA. Both AuNPs‐DNA and PDADMAC‐AuNPs‐DNA biomaterials were characterized using UV–Vis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and agarose gel electrophoresis. UV–Vis showed a red shift in the plasmon peak as compared with unconjugated AuNPs. DLS measurements also showed difference in the size of AuNPs‐DNA and PDADMAC‐AuNPs‐DNA. AFM and TEM results showed proper conjugation of DNA with AuNPs. Gel electrophoresis proved the presence of interaction between PDADMAC‐AuNPs and negatively charged DNA. The binding of DNA in the described bioconjugate enhanced its protection against nuclease degradation and prolonged its presence in the digestive environment of DNase‐I. From the results we expect that these biomaterials can be used in nanomedicine with emphasis on non‐viral gene system.     

Application of titanium nanoparticles containing natural compounds in cutaneous wound healing

The aim of the study was the rapid green synthesis of titanium nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Falcaria vulgaris leaves (TiNPs@FV) and exploring their antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antifungal, antibacterial, and cutaneous wound healing activities under in vitro and in vivo condition. These nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis, Fourier transform-infrared(FT-IR), X-ray diffraction XRD), field emission-scanning electron microscopy FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy TEM) analyses. The synthesized TiNPs@FV had great cell viability on human umbilical vein endothelial cells and indicted this method was nontoxic. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for F. vulgaris, TiNPs@FV, and butylated hydroxytoluene. All data of antibacterial, antifungal, and cutaneous wound healing tests were analyzed by SPSS 22 software. In the antimicrobial part of this study, TiNPs@FV indicated higher antifungal and antibacterial effects than all standard antibiotics (p ≤ 0.01). Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration of TiNPs@FV against all fungi were at 2–4 mg/mL and 2-8 mg/mL ranges, respectively. But, MIC and minimal bactericidal concentration of TiNPs@FV against all bacteria were at 2-8 mg/mL and 2-16 mg/mL ranges, respectively. In the part of cutaneous wound healing, use of TiNPs@FV ointment significantly (p ≤ 0.01) raised the wound contracture, vessel, hydroxyl proline, hexuronic acid, hexosamine, fibrocyte, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate and significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased the wound area, total cells, neutrophil, and lymphocyte compared to other groups in rats. The results of FT-IR, UV-Vis, XRD, TEM, and FE-SEM confirm that the aqueous extract of F. vulgaris leaves can be used to yield titanium nanoparticles with a notable amount of remedial effects.     

Facile preparation of Au nanoparticles mediated by Foeniculum Vulgare aqueous extract and investigation of the anti-human breast carcinoma effects

This experiment evaluated antioxidant, anti-human breast cancer activities, and cytotoxicity effects of green synthesis of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) containing Foeniculum Vulgare aqueous extract. Mixing Foeniculum Vulgare aqueous with Au chloride solution produced Au nanoparticles. The characteristics of Au nanoparticles determined using Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), UV–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE‐SEM). To check the cytotoxicity and anti-breast cancer effects of Au chloride, Foeniculum Vulgare aqueous extract, and AuNPs on common breast cancer cell lines i.e., ZR-75-30, T47D, and HCC1187 was used MTT assay. AuNPs showed no cytotoxicity and the most effective anti-breast cancer features compared to other items that were tested. They had no cytotoxic effects on normal cell line (HUVEC) and had very low cell viability, high anti-breast cancer activities dose-dependently against ZR-75-30, T47D, and HCC1187 cell lines. In the presence of butylated hydroxytoluene as the positive control, the DPPH test was used to evaluate the antioxidant features of Au chloride, Foeniculum Vulgare aqueous extract, and Au nanoparticles. AuNPs showed the best antioxidant properties compared to other items that were tested. Perhaps remarkable anti-human breast cancer activities of Au nanoparticles synthesized by Foeniculum Vulgare aqueous extract due to its antioxidant properties. After clinical trial and confirmation of results, this formulation can be used as an effective drug to treat breast cancer.