Effect of cerium addition on catalytic performance of PtSnNa/ZSM-5 catalyst for propane dehydrogenation

The effect of cerium addition on the catalytic performance of propane dehydrogenation over PtSnNa/ZSM-5 catalyst has been investigated by reaction tests and some physicochemical characterization such as XRD,BET,TEM,XPS,NH 3-TPD,H 2 chemisorption,TPR and TPO techniques.It has been found that with suitable amount of cerium addition,the platinum dispersion increased,while the carbon deposition tended to be eliminated easily.In these cases,the presence of cerium could not only realize the better distribution of metallic particles on the support,but also strengthen the interactions between Sn species and the support.Additionally,XPS spectra confirmed that more amounts of tin could exist in oxidized form,which was advantageous to the reaction.In our experiments,PtSnNaCe(1.1 wt%)/ZSM-5 catalyst exhibited the best catalytic performance.After running the reaction for 750 h,propane conversion was maintained higher than 30% with the corresponding selectivity to propylene of about 97%.     

Na对PtSn/ZSM-5催化丙烷脱氢反应性能的影响

以HZSM-5分子筛为载体, 利用分步浸渍法制得不同Na含量的PtSnNa/ZSM-5催化剂, 用于丙烷脱氢反应. 利用XRD、吡啶吸附红外光谱、NH3-TPD、氢化学吸附、TPR等手段, 研究了Na的添加对PtSn/ZSM-5催化剂物化性质的影响. 结果表明: Na的添加对PtSn/ZSM-5催化剂的反应性能影响明显. 适量Na的添加不仅降低了催化剂中的Brönsted酸中心和Lewis中强/强酸中心, 抑制了积碳的发生, 提高了催化反应的稳定性; 而且提高了催化剂表面的Pt金属裸露度, 增加了反应活性. 当Na含量为1.0%(w)时, 催化剂的丙烯选择性和收率达到最大, 反应30 h后, 丙烷转化率仍然保持很高(36.4%). 继续增加Na含量, 催化剂中的Lewis弱酸中心有所增加, 同时Sn组分易于被还原成Sn0, 丙烷裂解、氢解等副反应增加, 不利于脱氢反应的进行.     

Effects of Temperature and Catalyst to Oil Weight Ratio on the Catalytic Conversion of Heavy Oil to Propylene Using ZSM-5 and USY Catalysts

It is useful for practical operation to study the rules of production of propylene by the catalytic conversion of heavy oil in FCC (fluid catalytic cracking). The effects of temperature and C/O ratio (catalyst to oil weight ratio) on the distribution of the product and the yield of propylene were investigated on a micro reactor unit with two model catalysts, namely ZSM-5/Al2O3 and USY/Al2O3, and Fushun vacuum gas oil (VGO) was used as the feedstock. The conversion of heavy oil over ZSM-5 catalyst can be comparable to that of USY catalyst at high temperature and high C/O ratio. The rate of conversion of heavy oil using the ZSM-5 equilibrium catalyst is lower compared with the USY equilibrium catalyst under the general FCC conditions and this can be attributed to the poor steam ability of the ZSM-5 equilibrium catalyst. The difference in pore topologies of USY and ZSM-5 is the reason why the principal products for the above two catalysts is different, namely gasoline and liquid petroleum gas (LPG), repspectively. So the LPG selectivity, especially the propylene selectivity, may decline if USY is added into the FCC catalyst for maximizing the production of propylene. Increasing the C/O ratio is the most economical method for the increase of LPG yield than the increase of the temperature of the two model catalysts, because the loss of light oil is less in the former case. There is an inverse correlation between HTC (hydrogen transfer coefficient) and the yield of propylene, and restricting the hydrogen transfer reaction is the more important measure in increasing the yield of propylene of the ZSM-5 catalyst. The ethylene yield of ZSM-5/Al2O3 is higher, but the gaseous side products with low value are not enhanced when ZSM-5 catalyst is used. Moreover, for LPG and the end products, dry gas and coke, their ranges of reaction conditions to which their yields are dependent are different, and that of end products is more severe than that of LPG. So it is clear that maximizing LPG and propylene and restricting dry gas and coke can be both achieved via increasing the severity of reaction conditions among the range of reaction conditions which LPG yield is sensitive to.     

ZSM-5/ZSM-57复合分子筛催化剂上混合C4烃的催化转化反应

以ZSM-5/ZSM-57复合分子筛为催化剂, 考察了其对混合C4烃催化转化的反应性能. 采用氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和吡啶吸附傅立叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱技术表征复合分子筛的酸性质. 结果表明, 当复合分子筛中ZSM-5的含量较低时, 比ZSM-5具有更高的催化活性及乙烯和丙烯选择性, 这是因为此时复合分子筛酸强度较高、酸量较多, 且小孔ZSM-57有利于乙烯和丙烯的择形反应. 而当复合分子筛中ZSM-5的含量较高时, 具有较高的苯和甲苯选择性, 其原因可能是其孔结构及共晶生长时的结构匹配性对芳构化反应有利.     

PtSnNa/SUZ-4:丙烷脱氢反应的高效催化剂

丙烷脱氢制丙烯是优化利用炼厂气和油田伴生气资源的一条重要途径.随着丙烯需求量的逐步增加,丙烷脱氢制丙烯日益受到重视.负载型PtSn/γ-Al2O3催化剂具有优良的丙烷脱氢活性和选择性,但在高温、低氢压的反应条件下,催化剂易积炭而失活.近年来,选用了微孔分子筛如ZSM-5和介孔分子筛如SBA-15和MCM-41作为PtSn催化剂的载体,结果表明,具有规整孔道结构的负载型PtSn/分子筛催化剂的丙烷脱氢反应稳定性明显优于PtSn/γ-Al2O3催化剂.SUZ-4分子筛与ZSM-5分子筛结构相似且孔径相当,所不同的是ZSM-5由十元环交叉孔道组成,而SUZ-4由十元环和八元环孔道垂直相交组成.我们用微型催化反应装置结合XRD、BET比表面积和孔体积测试、NH3吸附-程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、氢化学吸附、热重分析(TG)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和程序升温氧化(TPO)等多种物理化学手段研究了负载型PtSnNa/SUZ-4和PtSnNa/ZSM-5催化剂的结构和丙烷脱氢反应性能,以及这两种催化剂在丙烷脱氢反应中催化性能差异的原因.实验结果显示,在丙烷脱氢反应中,负载型PtSnNa/SUZ-4催化剂上丙烯选择性和反应稳定性明显优于PtSnNa/ZSM-5催化剂,说明载体一定程度上会影响催化剂上丙烷脱氢反应性能.XRD,BET比表面积和孔体积测试等表征手段结果表明,SUZ-4和ZSM-5的孔体积和比表面积比较接近,载体的结构又类似,且两者的积碳量也相近,故载体的基本性质和积碳量的差异不是引起催化剂性能差异的原因.NH3-TPD结果表明,H-SUZ-4的酸强度明显强于H-ZSM-5.由于浸渍法制备负载型PtSn催化剂所用前体为具有强酸性的混合溶液(H2PtCl6+SnCl4),存在于SUZ-4分子筛孔道内表面的强酸中心不利于上述前体与SUZ-4分子筛孔道内表面结合.ZSM-5分子筛孔道内表面比较弱的强酸中心,促进了催化剂前体在ZSM-5分子筛孔道内表面的分散与结合.和ZSM-5为载体的催化剂相比,PtSnNa/SUZ-4上Pt粒子大部分分散在载体的外表面,从而金属上的积碳不易引起催化剂的失活.故多孔材料上Pt的分布是影响催化活性差异的主要原因.为进一步证明多孔材料上Pt的分布是影响催化活性差异的主要原因,我们通过二苯并噻吩预处理催化剂的手段证明Pt粒子在分子筛孔内外的分布情况.由于二苯并噻吩的尺寸比较大(0.8 nm)不能进入到分子筛的孔道内(SUZ-4:0.56 nm,ZSM-5:0.56 nm),所以载体孔道外的部分Pt会被二苯并噻吩预处理而失去活性,而孔道内的Pt不会因为预处理仍具有催化活性.实验结果表明,PtSnNa/SUZ-4经过二苯并噻吩预处理后,催化活性大大降低;而PtSnNa/ZSM-5经过二苯并噻吩预处理后,催化活性几乎没有变化.说明PtSnNa/SUZ-4上Pt粒子大部分分散在载体的外表面,从而金属上的积碳不易引起催化剂的失活.     

SAPO-34分子筛催化丁烯转化制丙烯的研究

通过水热法合成SAPO-34分子筛,将其制成催化剂用于催化丁烯转化制取丙烯,考察了反应温度、空速和铝磷比等对催化性能的影响;还比较了SAPO-34分子筛与ZSM-5分子筛催化该反应的差异.结果表明,在实验范围内,反应温度升高会使得丁烯的转化率明显增高,且丙烯选择性提高;而空速增加,则丁烯的转化率和丙烯选择性降低;铝磷比越大,对丙烯的选择性越差.在有效的反应时间内,SAPO-34分子筛催化效果好于ZSM-5分子筛,但单程寿命较ZSM-5分子筛短.     

Synthesis of nano/micro scale ZSM-5 from kaolin and its catalytic performance

Nano/micro scale ZSM-5 zeolites were synthesized by using natural kaolin as raw material. The effect of particle size on the catalytic performance of ZSM-5 zeolite for the methanol to olefins conversion was evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor. The results indicated the crystal size had a significant effect on the catalytic stability and the products distribution. ZSM-5 with nanosize showed better tolerance to coke formation, longer catalytic lifetime, and higher selectivity to propylene. The selectivity to propylene on nanosized ZSM-5 was on average 4.5% higher than on the submicron sample and 10% higher than on microsized ZSM-5. After the reaction was conducted for 20 h the ZSM-5 catalyst synthesized from kaolin showed longer lifetime and higher propylene selectivity than the sample synthesized with chemical materials The reason can be explained by the occurence of such elements as Fe, P, and especially Ti.     

Catalytic dehydrogenation of propane to propylene over highly active PtSnNa/γ-Al_2O_3 catalyst

This paper reports a new fabrication method of the PtSnNa/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst through ball milling, which is more stable and active than the commercial catalyst.     

反应气氛对Ca/ZSM-5上二甲醚转化制丙烯反应的影响

在连续流动固定床反应器上,以Ca/ZSM-5分子筛为催化剂,考察了氮气、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、合成气和水蒸气气氛对二甲醚制丙烯（DTP）反应催化剂的稳定性和丙烯选择性以及副产物选择性的影响,同时考察了失活催化剂再生后催化性能的变化。实验结果表明,反应气氛对DTP体系具有一定的影响。其中,以二氧化碳为反应气氛时催化剂稳定性最好,丙烯选择性最高,副产物选择性较低;一氧化碳、合成气、氮气的效果次之;水蒸气的效果最差。再生后催化剂的性能表明,CO₂作反应气氛对DTP生成有利。     

Cr/NaZSM-5催化剂上CO2氧化丙烷脱氢反应

以亚微米级NaZSM-5为载体合成了一系列负载型Cr催化剂, 采用氮气吸附、 XRD、 UV-Vis和H2-TPR对Cr/NaZSM-5催化剂的结构和织构性质进行了表征, 并评价了催化剂在CO2气氛下的丙烷脱氢性能. 硅铝摩尔比为60, Cr质量分数为3%的催化剂具有最高的反应活性, 于550 ℃反应10 min和8 h后的丙烷转化率分别为48.3%和30.1%, 丙烯选择性则分别为86.0%和91.8%. 催化剂中的Cr6+含量和反应初活性具有良好的对应关系, 表明高Cr6+含量对催化剂表现出高的丙烷脱氢活性是至关重要的. CO2气氛下的丙烯产率明显比氮气气氛下的高, 这是由于CO2气氛下催化剂表面有较多量的Cr6+, 并且CO2可通过逆水煤气变换反应除去脱氢反应生成的氢.     

ROLE OF Ga AND Pt-Ga IN THE CONVERSION OF PROPANE OVER Ga/HZSM-5 AND Pt-Ga/HZSM-5

为获得较高的Ｃ２选择性，在加水（水蒸气）条件下，研究了添加ＣａＯ对甲烷氧化偶联Ｌａ２Ｏ３催化剂的影响。发现ＣａＯ的添加提高了Ｌａ２Ｏ３催化剂的活性，同时水的添加明显地提高了催化剂的Ｃ２选择性。在加水条件下，Ｌａ２Ｏ３－ＣａＯ催化剂获得了较好的结果，其ＣＨ４转换率为２０％，Ｃ２选择性超过８０％。利用ＸＲＤ和ＸＰＳ技术对催化剂进行了表征，并对加水和不加水条件下的催化剂性能与结构变化的关系进行了讨论     

甲醇／丙烷在ZSM－5分子筛上偶合转化过程的研究

考察了甲醇／低碳烷烃在ＺＳＭ－５分子筛上偶合转化为芳烃和低碳烯烃的反应过程。对特定的催化体系，存在一最佳原料配比，使反应的热效应近似为零。偶合转化时甲醇完全转化，低碳烷烃的转化率低；不同催化剂上偶合转化产物分布差别极大，与ＨＺＳＭ－５相比，Ｇａ改性后可获得较高的芳烃和低碳烯烃收率。     

BiMo基复合氧化物催化剂丙烷直接氧化至丙烯醛研究

The effects of the available zoon above the catalyst bed on the performance of the catalyst were investigated. It has been suggested that propylene is an intermediate species in the reaction of propane to acrolein， and a two-step reaction scheme is proposed， the first step is oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene in the gas phase then followed by the second step， the selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein on the surface of the catalyst. The performance of the catalyst depends on both the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene in the gas phase and the selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein on the catalyst surface. The thermal cracking， homogeneous oxidative dehydrogenation and heterogeneous catalytic dehydrogenation of propane as well as the selective catalytic oxidation of propane to acrolein over BiMoO based mixed oxides catalysts were studied. Under the optimum reaction conditions of propane dehydrogenation and selective oxidation of propylene， the selectivity and the yield of acrolein approached to 45mol% and 14mol%， respectively under about 30mol% propane conversion.     

Kinetics of Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propance over a VMgO Catalyst

The reaction kinetics of the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane was studied at 475-550oC over a VMgO catalyst. Vanadium-magnesium-oxides are among the most selective and active catalysts for the dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Selectivity to propylene up to about 60% was obtained at 10% conversion, but the selectivity decreased with increasing conversion. No oxygenates were detected, the only by-products were CO and CO2. The reaction rate of propane was found to be first order in propane and close to zero order in oxygen, which is in agreement with a Mars van Krevelen mechanism with the activation of the hydrocarbon as the rate determining step. The activation energy of the conversion of propane was found to be 122±6 kJ/mol.     

Ozone-Assisted Catalysis of Toluene with Layered ZSM-5 and Ag/ZSM-5 Zeolites

This paper presents a new type of ozone-assisted catalysis for toluene decomposition. The different catalytic activities of ZSM-5 and Ag/ZSM-5 were incorporated into a layered catalyst with a tandem configuration. Instead of increasing the amount of metal catalyst, the layered catalyst was formed, which had an equal amount of bare ZSM-5 and Ag/ZSM-5 and could achieve both high toluene conversion and CO₂ selectivity concurrently. The properties of each catalyst were evaluated with respect to toluene conversion, formation of intermediates, CO₂ selectivity and ozone demand factor. The bare ZSM-5 exhibited higher toluene conversion than the Ag/ZSM-5, while its activity toward deep oxidation was limited. However, the Ag/ZSM-5 was found to be effective for the deep oxidation of reaction intermediates (HCOOH and CO). Separate oxidation tests with HCOOH and CO revealed that the ZSM-5-supported Ag nanoparticles could oxidize the HCOOH and CO in the absence of ozone, which was not possible with the bare ZSM-5. Plausible pathways for the oxidation of toluene with O₃ over ZSM-5 and Ag/ZSM-5 were proposed based on the experimental evidence.     

十氢萘在分子筛催化剂上的开环反应研究

在小型固定流化床(FFB)装置中研究了Y分子筛与ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上的十氢萘裂化开环反应性能,考察了温度和剂油比对Y分子筛开环反应催化性能的影响。结果表明,十氢萘在分子筛催化剂上通过环烷环开环反应生成丙烷、丙烯、丁烷、丁烯、甲基戊烷和环戊烷、环己烷等非芳烃以及苯、C_1~4烷基取代苯等单环芳烃,并通过脱氢缩合反应生成四氢萘、萘、甲基萘和菲、芘等多环芳烃甚至焦炭等。由于扩散和吸附性能的影响,ZSM-5分子筛催化剂的裂化开环反应选择性比Y分子筛催化剂的高,因此,十氢萘环烷环开环与脱氢缩合反应的相对比例(NRO/DHC)在ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上较高。在Y分子筛催化剂上,温度为450~550 ℃、剂油比为3~9,反应温度升高或者剂油比增加,双分子氢转移以及脱氢缩合反应增强,从而导致环烷环开环产物选择性降低。     

Effects of ammonium exchange and Si/Al ratio on the conversion of methanol to propylene over a novel and large partical size ZSM-5

One type of ZSM-5 zeolite with large partical size was prepared and characterized by XRD, SEM, N2 adsorption-desorption, XRF, Py-IR and NH3-TPD techniques. Effects of ammonium exchange and SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios on the reaction of methanol to propylene (MTP) over Na-ZSM-5 and H-ZSM-5 zeolites have been studied in a fixed-bed flow reactor under the operating conditions of T = 500 °C, P = 1 atm, and WHSV = 6 h-1. Ammonium exchange led to a rapid decrease in Na content for Na-ZSM-5 zeolite. The reaction results indicated that Na-ZSM-5 and H-ZSM-5 with different SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios all exhibited high activity for methanol conversion. Ammonium exchange and the decreased SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio of ZSM-5 zeolite led to an increase both in strong acid sites and weak acid sites. Na-ZSM-5 with high SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio was favorable for the formation of propylene. The highest propylene selectivity (45.9%) was obtained over Na-ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst with SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio of 220.     

Kinetics of the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane over a VMgO Catalyst

The reaction kinetics of the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane was studied at 475-550℃over a VMgO catalyst. Vanadium-magnesium-oxides are among the most selective and active catalysts forthe dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Selectivity to propylene up to about 60% was obtained at10% conversion, but the selectivity decreased with increasing conversion. No oxygenates were detected, theonly by-products were CO and CO2. The reaction rate of propane was found to be first order in propaneand close to zero order in oxygen, which is in agreement with a Mars van Krevelen mechanism with theactivation of the hydrocarbon as the rate determining step. The activation energy of the conversion ofpropane was found to be 122±6 kJ/mol.     

无溶剂法合成ZSM-5/SiC整体式催化剂制备生物燃料

传统合成整块载体负载分子筛催化剂的方法是水热法,这样往往伴随水资源浪费和釜内空间利用率低的问题.本文报道了应用无溶剂法在蜂窝结构的碳化硅(SiC)表面原位生长ZSM-5分子筛.进一步采用该法将Pd纳米粒子限域在ZSM-5分子筛内,合成Pd@ZSM-5/SiC双功能催化剂,并在油酸甲酯加氢反应中表现出较高的活性和高碳烷烃选择性.结果发现,Pd@ZSM-5/SiC表现出高选择性和耐久性,这归因于SiC优异的传质和导热特性.X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和氮气吸附等结果表明,通过无溶剂法合成的分子筛具有很高的结晶度和纯度;高分辨透射电镜结果表明,在Pd@ZSM-5和Pd@ZSM-5/SiC催化剂中,Pd纳米粒子均被良好封装,并且粒径无明显差别,因此排除金属活性中心粒径的干扰.油酸甲酯的直接加氢脱氧/脱羧可以制备具有高附加值的长链碳氢化合物,而碳氢化合物的裂解通常会伴随着低碳化合物等副产物的生成.我们比较了两种催化剂在350-500℃的转化率和高碳烷烃的选择性差异.在相同反应条件下,Pd@ZSM-5/SiC催化剂上油酸甲酯转化率始终高于Pd@ZSM-5.例如在450℃,Pd@ZSM-5和Pd@ZSM-5/SiC的转化率分别为97.6%和78.2%,当温度提升至500℃,Pd@ZSM-5/SiC将油酸甲酯完全转化,而Pd@ZSM-5的转化率仅为88%.在350℃时,Pd@ZSM-5/SiC以脱羧反应为主,其中C17和C18的选择性分别为67.3%和20.1%,C6-12和C13-16选择性分别为2.4%和5.0%.相比之下,Pd@ZSM-5催化剂C17的选择性为39.4%,C18的选择性为13.2%,C6-12和C13-16选择性分别为20.2%和20.6%.由此可见,Pd@ZSM-5对于高附加值的长链碳氢化合物的选择性远低于Pd@ZSM-5/SiC;这可能与在Pd@ZSM-5催化剂上更容易发生烷烃裂解副反应有关.值得注意的是,虽然升高温度会促进碳氢化合物的裂解,但是在Pd@ZSM-5/SiC催化剂上高碳化合物依然较多.例如,在500℃时,裂解是Pd@ZSM-5催化剂上的主要反应,C1-5的选择性高达50.1%,C6-12的选择性高达37.0%;而在Pd@ZSM-5/SiC的产物中,C13-16的选择性为40.0%,C17-18的选择性更是高达16.7%.此外,在450℃的油酸甲酯加氢连续实验中,Pd@ZSM-5/SiC比Pd@ZSM-5表现出更好的耐久性,且催化剂失活后可以通过焙烧手段再生.上述结果表明,Pd@ZSM-5/SiC催化剂有利于加氢脱氧/脱羧反应制备有价值的高碳烃产品,更能抑制裂解副反应的进行.相比之下,传统的粉末催化剂对裂解产物仍具有较高的选择性,尤其是在较高的反应温度下.SiC载体的引入有利于高碳产物的传质,从而抑制了裂解反应.此外,碳化硅良好的导热性可以有效地防止催化剂在反应中的过热,同样有利于抑制碳氢化合物的裂解.     

添加锡组分对Pt/ZSM-5催化剂丙烷脱氢反应性能的影响

丙烷脱氢制丙烯是优化利用炼厂气和油田伴生气资源的一条重要途径,这方面的研究已日益引起研究者的关注[1～5].对γ-Al2O3为载体的负载型铂催化剂丙烷脱氢催化性能已进行了深入的研究.通过引入特定的助剂,可以提高负载型铂催化剂低碳烷烃脱氢选择性和稳定性[6,7].与Ce、Zn、V、La、Cr、Fe、Zr、Mn等助剂比较,Sn助剂更有利于提高催化剂丙烷脱氢的反应稳定性[8].