Polyesters by a Radical Pathway: Rationalization of the Cyclic Ketene Acetal Efficiency

Radical ring‐opening polymerization (rROP) of cyclic ketene acetals (CKAs) combines the advantages of both ring‐opening polymerization and radical polymerization thereby allowing the robust production of polyesters coupled with the mild polymerization conditions of a radical process. rROP was recently rejuvenated by the possibility to copolymerize CKAs with classic vinyl monomers leading to the insertion of cleavable functionality into a vinyl‐based copolymer backbone and thus imparting (bio)degradability. Such materials are suitable for a large scope of applications, particularly within the biomedical field. The competition between the ring‐opening and ring‐retaining propagation routes is a major complication in the development of efficient CKA monomers, ultimately leading to the use of only four monomers that are known to completely ring‐open under all experimental conditions. In this article we investigate the radical ring‐opening polymerization of model CKA monomers and demonstrate by the combination of DFT calculations and kinetic modeling using PREDICI software that we are now able to predict in silico the ring‐opening ability of CKA monomers.     

Ketene acetal monomers: Cationic photopolymerization

A study of the photoinduced cationic polymerization of a novel series of cyclic and acyclic ketene acetal monomers was carried out. It was observed that the cyclic monomers underwent facile cationic polymerization to give high molecular weight polymers while the acyclic ketene acetals did not. Thermally induced polymerization was also observed on standing catalyzed by glass surfaces. Photoinduced cationic polymerizations employing both diaryliodonium and triarylsulfonium salt photoinitiators were studied. It was observed that the position and type of substitutents in the cyclic ketene acetals was the major factor in determining the proportion of vinyl and ring-opening polymerizations that take place. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Biodegradability of Poly(ester‐ether) and Poly(ester) Obtained from a Radical Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Ketene Acetals

2‐Methylene‐1,3,6‐trioxocane (MTC) and 2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepane (MD) were synthesized and polymerized via ring‐opening in the presence of a radical initiator. The obtained poly(ester‐ether) (PMTC) and poly(ester) (PMD) were found to be enzymatically degradable by total organic carbon (TOC) analysis using lipase. The enzymatic degradability of PMTC was higher than that of PMD. PMTC and PMD were also found to be biodegradable with a biological oxygen demand (BOD)‐tester using soil. The degradability of PMTC using soil was also higher than that of PMD. The higher degradability of PMTC by enzyme and soil are thought to be due to its higher hydrophilicity.     

不饱和环缩醛与苯乙烯的原子转移自由基共聚合反应

不饱和环状单体与烯类单体共聚所得的共聚物 ,已经或正在开发成一系列新的产品 .例如 ,水解后得到末端带有—OH,— SH,—COOH等官能团的聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯等的低聚物[1] ,用于制备新型聚酯和聚氨酯 ;与乙烯的共聚物可在细菌作用下彻底分解成脂肪酸或醇 ,可赋予聚合物生物降解活性 ;与双甲基丙烯酸酯等的共混物 ,可用于制作高强度补牙材料[2 ] 等 .以前报道的不饱和环状单体与烯类单体的共聚反应 ,均为无规共聚 ,而且是普通自由基引发聚合 ,不能控制分子量 ,分子量分布很宽 .原子转移自由基聚合是近几年发展起来的实现…     

Mapping the characteristics of the radical ring‐opening polymerization of a cyclic ketene acetal towards the creation of a functionalized polyester

Radical ring‐opening polymerization of cyclic ketene acetals is a means to achieve novel types of aliphatic polyesters. 2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxe‐5‐pene is a seven‐membered cyclic ketene acetal containing an unsaturation in the 5‐position in the ring structure. The double bond functionality enables further reactions subsequent to polymerization. The monomer 2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxe‐5‐pene was synthesized and polymerized in bulk by free radical polymerization at different temperatures, to determine the structure of the products and propose a reaction mechanism. The reaction mechanism is dependent on the reaction temperature. At higher temperatures, ring‐opening takes place to a great extent followed by a new cyclization process to form the stable five‐membered cyclic ester 3‐vinyl‐1,4‐butyrolactone as the main reaction product. Thereby, propagation is suppressed and only small amounts of other oligomeric products are formed. At lower temperatures, the cyclic ester formation is reduced and oligomeric products containing both ring‐opened and ring‐retained repeating units are produced at higher yield. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4587–4601, 2009     

A systematic investigation of the ring size effects on the free radical ring-opening polymerization (rROP) of cyclic ketene acetal (CKA) using both experimental and theoretical approach

Radical ring-opening polymerization (rROP) reaction of cyclic ketene acetals (CKA) is an interesting route to biodegradable polymers. Contrary to their tremendous potential, fundamental understanding of their reaction kinetics and thermodynamics is still limited. We present experimental and theoretical investigations for rROP reactions of CKA to systematically elucidate the effects of monomer ring sizes on the homopolymerization. We aim to provide insights on the structural-reactivity relationship of CKA by studying the thermodynamics and kinetics of the forward ring-opening propagation reactions and key side reactions, namely ring-retained propagation and radical back-biting reaction leading to branching. Experimental results show that for the CKA with smaller ring sizes, significant amount of ring-retained side products are formed when up to 90% of the monomers are converted. However, for the larger ring sizes (7 and 8 membered), almost complete ring-opening polymerization with <1% of ring-retained products are formed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that kinetic effects from the collision frequency dominate in differentiating between ring-opening propagation, ring-retained propagation, and backbiting. The results corroborate well with experiments and reports in the literature. Our systematic study from the first principle and experimental validation provide insights into CKA rROP to apply radical polymerization to generate biodegradable polymers.     

Grignard试剂与α-肉桂酰基环二硫缩烯酮的区域选择性加成反 应

乙基、丙基、丁基、苯基和苄基卤化镁等Grignard试剂与具有三个亲电中心的α-肉桂酰基环二硫缩烯酮类化合物2反应,加成反应发生在2中与芳基相邻的碳原子上,生成共轭加成产物3,反应具区域选择性。     

a -Oxo Ketene Dithioacetals Chemistry-A Facile Route to the Synthesis of Fused Heterocyclic Compounds

The fused heterocyclic compounds 2 : imidazo [1,2-a] pyridine 2a-c and pyrido [1,2-a] pyrimidine 2d were obtained from the reaction of a -cinnamoyl ketene dibenzylthio acetals 1 with diamine. When a -cinnamoyl -a '-benzoyl ketene N, N-acetals 3a-b were treated by t-BuONa/t-BuOH solution, 8- benzoyl-pyrido[1,2-a] pyrimidine 4 was produced.     

Theoretical Study on the Reaction Mechanism of Ketene CH2CO with Isocyanate NCO Radical

The bimolecular single collision reaction potential energy surface of an isocyanate NCO radical with a ketene CH2CO molecule was investigated by means of B3LYP and QCISD（T） methods. The computed results indicate that two possible reaction channels exist on the surface. One is an addition-elimination reaction process, in which the CH2CO molecule is attacked by the nitrogen atom at its methylene carbon atom to lead to the formation of the intermediate OCNCH2CO followed by a C-C rupture channel to the products CH2NCO＋CO. The other is a direct hydrogen abstraction channel from CHzCO by the NCO radical to afford the products HCCO＋HNCO. Because of a higher barrier in the hydrogen abstraction reaction than in the addition-elimination reaction, the direct hydrogen abstraction pathway can only be considered as a secondary reaction channel in the reaction kinetics of NCO＋ CH2CO. The predicted results are in good agreement with previous experimental and theoretical investigations.     

Stable polymers from cyclic ketene acetals: Cationic polymerization initiated by acid-washed glassware or acid-washed glass beads

Stable polymers were made by the cationic 1,2-polymerization of cyclic ketene acetals initiated by acid-washed glassware or acid-washed glass beads. Among several reactions possible for the very reactive cyclic ketene acetals, only the corresponding acetals of polyketene were formed. These structures were demonstrated by FTIR, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR analyses. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Radical Copolymerization of Vinyl Ethers and Cyclic Ketene Acetals as a Versatile Platform to Design Functional Polyesters

Free‐radical copolymerization of cyclic ketene acetals (CKAs) and vinyl ethers (VEs) was investigated as an efficient yet simple approach for the preparation of functional aliphatic polyesters. The copolymerization of CKA and VE was first predicted to be quasi‐ideal by DFT calculations. The theoretical prediction was experimentally confirmed by the copolymerization of 2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepane (MDO) and butyl vinyl ether (BVE), leading to r _MDO=0.73 and r _BVE=1.61. We then illustrated the versatility of this approach by preparing different functional polyesters: 1) copolymers functionalized by fluorescent probes; 2) amphiphilic copolymers grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) side chains able to self‐assemble into PEGylated nanoparticles; 3) antibacterial films active against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria (including a multiresistant strain); and 4) cross‐linked bioelastomers with suitable properties for tissue engineering applications.     

Radical scavenging behavior of butylated hydroxytoluene against oxygenated free radicals in physiological environments: Insights from DFT calculations

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a synthetic antioxidant widely used as a preservative in foods containing fat, the petroleum industry, and pharmaceuticals. Herein, a systematic investigation of reaction mechanisms and kinetics of BHT initiated by HO^? and HOO^? radicals in physiological environments has been reported for the first time. The overall rate coefficients were determined according to the QM-ORSA (quantum mechanics-based test for overall free radical scavenging activity) procedure at the M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. The radical adduct formation has been found to be the decisive mechanism for HO^? scavenging in both polar and lipid media with k_overall = 1.39 × 10¹² and 1.13 × 10¹¹ M^–1 s^–1, respectively. While this mechanism has no contribution to HOO^? scavenging in physiological environments which mainly takes place via the hydrogen atom transfer mechanism (k_overall = 2.51 × 10⁵ and 1.70 × 10⁴ M^–1 s^–1 in water and lipid media, respectively). The obtained findings are consistent with the available experimental data, which validates the accuracy of the calculations.     

Radical Scavenging Activity of Antioxidants by Cyclic Voltammetry

This work investigates the reactivity of individual antioxidants with the free radicals generated by 2,2′-azobis(isobutironitrile) (AIBN). The consumption of antioxidants was followed by cyclic voltammetry. The fitting of such decay with a kinetic model yielded the rate constant of radical formation and the rate constant of radical inhibition exerted by each antioxidant. The antioxidant efficiency was defined as the ratio between and . The following ranking of antioxidants was obtained: α-tocopherol≫catechin≫retinyl acetate≫hydroxytyrosol≫oleuropein≫caffeic acid. Overall, the approach shows the utility of cyclic voltammetry to investigate the kinetic rates at which antioxidants react with radicals.     

The use of carbon black-supported sulfuric acid to initiate the cationic polymerization of cyclic ketene acetals

Stable polymers were made by the cationically initiated 1,2-polymerization of cyclic ketene acetals employing heterogeneous, activated carbon-supported sulfuric acid catalysts. A methodology has been established for the preparation of the carbon black of different acidic strengths. By adjusting either the acid strength or the amount of carbon black used, cyclic ketene acetals with different activities can be polymerized efficiently to form stable high molecular weight polymers. This methodology will be a useful tool for polymerization, copolymerization, and studies of the relative reactivities of the cyclic ketene acetals. The polymer structures were determined by FTIR, ¹³C-NMR, and ¹H-NMR studies. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

原子转移自由基聚合制备聚酯二元醇接枝聚苯乙烯

聚酯二元醇经氯甲基化制备了聚酯二元醇大分子引发剂,通过原子转移自由基聚合技术,合成了聚酯二元醇－ｇ－聚苯乙烯接枝聚合物。用＾１Ｈ－ＮＭＲ、ＦＴ－ＩＲ和ＧＰＣ表征了接枝聚合物,结果表明分子量与转化率呈线性关系,且分子量分布较窄,接枝聚合反应是一个可控过程。     

Electrochemical Amination: Efficiency of a Radical Substitution

Electrochemical amination of benzene in sulfuric acid electrolytes is studied and experimental conditions for highly efficient synthesis of primary aromatic amino compounds are determined. In the electrolysis of Ti(IV)–NH₂OH–C₆H₆ in 11 M H₂SO₄ solutions containing acetic acid or acetonitrile as organic solvents, aniline and isomeric phenylenediamines are obtained with the total yields by hydroxylamine of 95.6 and 99.6%, respectively. A monoamino compound is the main product of radical substitution in acidic organo-aqueous media. It is found that the use of acetonitrile in electrochemical process is limited to certain sulfuric acid concentrations and temperatures.     

Kinetics and Mechanisms for the Reactions of Phenyl Radical with Ketene and its Deuterated Isotopomer: An Experimental and Theoretical Study

Kinetics and mechanism for the reaction of phenyl radical (C₆H₅) with ketene (H₂C_β?C_α?O) were studied by the cavity ring‐down spectrometric (CRDS) technique and hybrid DFT and ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The C₆H₅ transition at 504.8 nm was used to detect the consumption of the phenyl radical in the reaction. The absolute overall rate constants measured, including those for the reaction with CD₂CO, can be expressed by the Arrhenius equation k=(5.9±1.8)×10¹¹ exp[?(1160±100)/T] cm³ mol^?1 s^?1 over a temperature range of 301–474 K. The absence of a kinetic isotope effect suggests that direct hydrogen abstraction forming benzene and ketenyl radical is kinetically less favorable, in good agreement with the results of quantum chemical calculations at the G2MS//B3LYP6‐31G(d) level of theory for all accessible product channels, including the above abstraction and additions to the C_α, C_β, and O sites. For application to combustion, the rate constants were extrapolated over the temperature range of 298–2500 K under atmospheric pressure by using the predicted transition‐state parameters and the adjusted entrance reaction barriers E_α=E_β=1.2 kcal mol^?1; they can be represented by the following expression in units of cm³ mol^?1 s^?1: k_α=6.2×10¹⁹ T^?2.3 exp[?7590/T] and k_β=3.2×10⁴ T^2.4 exp[?246/T].     

A computational study of radical haloacetal cyclizations controlled by the acetal center

The stereochemical outcome of the radical haloacetal cyclization reaction (Ueno-Stork reaction) has been examined by ab initio and other molecular orbital techniques. It was found that the stereochemistry of 5-exo- and 6-exo trig cyclizations can be accurately predicted from calculations using moderate levels of theory (UHF/6-311G** or B3LYP/6-311G**). A simplified computational procedure, easily run on a standard desktop computer, has been developed that provides excellent predictive ability for the stereochemical outcome for the reactions in question. Interestingly, a novel twist transition state has been identified for the first time in 5-exo-trig radical cyclization reactions.     

Influence of Cyclodextrin and Temperature on the Kinetics of Free Radical Polymerization of N‐Adamantylacrylamide in Water

N‐Adamantylacrylamide ( 3 ) was complexed with randomly methylated β‐cyclodextrin (RAMEB) forming the water‐soluble host–guest monomer‐complex 3a . A 1:1 complex stoichiometry was proven by NMR titration (Job's method). We investigated the free radical polymerization of the complex 3a using the water‐soluble azoinitiator 2,2′‐azobis[2‐(2‐imidazolin‐2‐yl)‐propane]dihydrochloride (VA044) at different temperatures. We observed that, below T_crit a solution polymerization of 3a takes place. Above T_crit, a precipitation mechanism leads to an increase in the relative polymerization rate.

     

Asymmetric Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted Cyclic Ketones by Enantioselective Conjugate Radical Additions

Enantioselective conjugate radical addition to 2‐acyloxymethyl cycloalkenones proceeds in high yield with outstanding diastereoselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity using chiral salen Lewis acids. The process provides access to 2,3‐disubstituted cycloalkanones, a structural motif present in natural products.