Light‐Controllable Ionic Conductivity in a Polymeric Ionic Liquid

Polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) have attracted considerable attention as electrolytes with high stability and mechanical durability. Light‐responsive materials are enabling for a variety of future technologies owing to their remote and noninvasive manipulation, spatiotemporal control, and low environmental impact. To address this potential, responsive PIL materials based on diarylethene units were designed to undergo light‐mediated conductivity changes. Key to this modulation is tuning of the cationic character of the imidazolium bridging unit upon photoswitching. Irradiation of these materials with UV light triggers a circa 70 % drop in conductivity in the solid state that can be recovered upon subsequent irradiation with visible light. This light‐responsive ionic conductivity enables spatiotemporal and reversible patterning of PIL films using light. This modulation of ionic conductivity allows for the development of light‐controlled electrical circuits and wearable photodetectors.     

Thermoelectric Converters Based on Ionic Conductors

Thermoelectric materials represent a new paradigm for harvesting low-grade heat, which would otherwise be dissipated to the environment uselessly. Relative to conventional thermoelectric materials generally composed of semiconductors or semi-metals, ionic thermoelectric materials are rising as an alternative choice which exhibit higher Seebeck coefficient and lower thermal conductivity. The ionic thermoelectric materials own a completely different thermoelectric conversion mechanism, in which the ions do not enter the electrode but rearrange on the electrode surface to generate a voltage difference between the hot and cold electrodes. This unique character has inspired worldwide interests on the design of ionic-type thermoelectric converters with attractive advantages of high flexibility, low cost, limited environmental pollution, and self-healing capability. Referring to the categories of ionic thermoelectric conversion, some representative ionic thermoelectric materials with their respective characteristics are summarized in this minireview. In addition, examples of applying ionic thermoelectric materials in supercapacitors, wearable devices, and fire warning system are also discussed. Insight into the challenges for the further development of ionic thermoelectric materials is finally provided.     

质子型离子液体N,N-二甲基乙醇胺丙酸盐的密度、粘度及电导率

在283.15-333.15 K温度范围内, 测量了质子型离子液体N,N-二甲基乙醇胺丙酸盐(DMEOAP)的密度、粘度及电导率. 讨论了温度对密度、粘度和电导率等物理化学参数的影响. 通过经验和半经验方程得到了该离子液体的热膨胀系数、分子体积、标准摩尔熵及晶格能等热力学性质参数. 由电导率和密度计算出了该离子液体的摩尔电导率. 利用Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman (VFT)方程, 将测量的动力粘度和电导率对温度拟合, 得到了动力粘度和电导率随温度变化方程式.并通过Walden规则, 建立了粘度与摩尔电导率之间的联系.     

Structure Effects on the Ionicity of Protic Ionic Liquids

We report on the characterisation of 16 protic ionic liquids (PILs) prepared by neutralisation of primary or tertiary amines with a range of simple carboxylic acids, or salicylic acid. The extent of proton transfer was greater for simple primary amine ILs compared to tertiary amines. For the latter case, proton transfer was increased by providing a better solvation environment for the ions through the addition of a hydroxyl group, either on the tertiary amine, or by formation of PIL/molecular solvent mixtures. The library of PILs was characterised by differential scanning calorimetry and a range of transport properties (i. e. viscosity, conductivity and diffusivity) were measured. Using the (fractional) Walden rule, the conductivity and viscosity results were analysed with respect to their deviation from ideal behaviour. The validity of the Walden plot for PILs containing ions of varying sizes was also verified for a number of samples by directly measuring self-diffusion coefficients using pulsed-field gradient spin-echo (PGSE) NMR. Ionicity was found to decrease as the alkyl chain length and degree of branching of both the cations and anions was increased. These results aim to develop a better understanding of the relationship between PIL properties and structure, to help design ILs with optimal properties for applications.     

Photoliquefiable Ionic Crystals: A Phase Crossover Approach for Photon Energy Storage Materials with Functional Multiplicity

Ionic crystals (ICs) of the azobenzene derivatives show photoinduced IC–ionic liquid (IL) phase transition (photoliquefaction) upon UV‐irradiation, and the resulting cis‐azobenzene ILs are reversibly photocrystallized by illumination with visible light. The photoliquefaction of ICs is accompanied by a significant increase in ionic conductivity at ambient temperature. The photoliquefaction also brings the azobenzene ICs further significance as photon energy storage materials. The cis‐IL shows thermally induced crystallization to the trans‐IC phase. This transition is accompanied by exothermic peaks with a total ΔH of 97.1 kJ mol^?1, which is almost double the conformational energy stored in cis‐azobenzene chromophores. Thus, the integration of photoresponsive ILs and self‐assembly pushes the limit of solar thermal batteries.     

Preparation of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) gel composites using poly(ionic liquids)

This paper reports a new and practical route for synthesizing nanotube-polymeric ionic liquids gel by non-covalent functionalization of oxidized single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) surfaces with imidazolium-based poly(ionic liquids) (PILs), using in situ radical polymerization method. A black and homogeneous precipitate SWNTs was obtained as a gel form, which is well dispersed in aqueous solution without any aggregation. The formation of SWNT gels is explained by the electrostatic attractions or π-bonds between the SWNT surface and the PIL matrix. By anion-exchange reaction of PIL bound to SWNTs, hydrophilic anions in PIL were substituted with hydrophobic anions, resulting in an effective transfer of SWNT-PIL hydrogels to organogels. The result also showed that SWNTs can effectively improve the conductivity along with the thermal stability of nanocomposite gels.     

Lanthanide Luminescence Improvement by Using a Functional Poly(Ionic Liquid) as Matrix and Co‐ligand

A poly(ionic liquid) (BA‐PIL) carrying a benzoic acid group in each repeating unit of the polymer architecture, which has the dual function of acting as a matrix and second ligand, has been developed. Through the incorporation of BA‐PIL with the complex [Ln(hfa)₃] (hfa=hexafluoroacetylacetone) as an emitting precursor, significant luminescence improvement was achieved in the obtained hybrid materials. Confinement of the lanthanide(III) complexes within the rigid chains of the polymer, together with replacement of the coordinated water molecules, are believed to be ascribed to the enhanced optical properties.     

Ion transport and relaxation in phosphonium poly(ionic liquid) homo- and co-polymers

In the present work, a poly(ionic liquid) (PIL), poly(triphenyl-4-vinylbenzylphosphonium chloride) and a series of its random copolymers with nonionic hydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) are synthesized by conventional free radical polymerization (CFRP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The understanding of some fundamental aspects about ion transport and relaxation mechanism in PIL and PIL copolymers are investigated using dielectric spectroscopy via several theoretical models. The influence of copolymer compositions, physical blending of neat PIL and PMMA, size of counter anions (Cl⁻ and TFSI⁻) and variation of molecular weights on thermal stability, moisture sensitivity, ionic transport and relaxation properties are also studied. An enhancement of thermal stability and ionic transport property of the PIL copolymer is observed compared to those of the physically mixed blend of two homopolymers with same compositions. The incorporation of hydrophobic PMMA segment definitely decreases the moisture content in PIL copolymers than the PIL itself. In all these PIL- based systems, the temperature dependence of ionic conductivity, relaxation time and ion diffusivity are well described by Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher model. The studies of some fundamental properties of these new PIL copolymers with less moisture sensitivity may help in using them as potential polymer electrolytes in energy storage devices.     

聚合离子液体用作毛细管电泳背景电解质添加剂快速高效分离5种核苷类化合物

将聚乙烯基-3-乙基咪唑溴盐离子液体用作毛细管电泳背景电解质添加剂,利用聚合离子液体的阳离子聚合物性质静电吸附到毛细管内表面,成功实现电渗流的有效反转,建立了共电渗流模式下5种核苷类化合物分离的新方法。考察了聚合离子液体浓度、pH值等因素对电渗流的影响。在优化实验条件下,3.1 min内实现了对5种核苷类化合物的快速高效分离;将该方法分别与不加添加剂和加入离子液体单体后的体系进行对比,结果表明,该方法大大缩短了5种核苷类化合物的分析时间,提高了分析效率,最高柱效达95万/m塔板数,分析物的迁移时间RSD均不高于0.38%。该方法简单、快速、重复性好,具有很好的应用前景。     

Polymeric ionic liquids: a strategy for preparation of novel polymeric materials

A novel polymeric ionic liquid (PIL), bearing high C-N and N-N content, potentially suitable for new safe energetic materials and catalyst supports was introduced. The PIL was prepared by way of radical co-polymerisation of 1-vinyl-3-p-nitrobenzylimidazolium bromide and 1-vinylimidazole at 80°C using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. The PIL thus produced was successfully transformed into NO₃@PIL and N₃@PIL for potential application as safe energetic materials and/or catalyst supports. The polymers were obtained in quantitative yields and were characterised by NMR, FTIR, DSC and TGA data. This study reveals the adequate thermal stability of novel salt-based nitrogen-rich polymeric ionic liquids for application as safe energetic materials and/or supports in heterogeneous catalysis.     

Facile Synthesis of Supramolecular Ionic Polymers That Combine Unique Rheological,Ionic Conductivity,and Self‐Healing Properties

A new family of supramolecular ionic polymers is synthesized by a simple method using (di‐/tri‐)carboxylic acids and (di‐/tri‐)alkyl amines. These polymers are formed by carboxylate and ammonium molecules that are weakly bonded together by a combination of ionic and hydrogen bonds, becoming solid at room temperature. The supramolecular ionic polymers show a sharp rheological transition from a viscoelastic gel to a viscous liquid between 30 and 80 °C. This sharp viscosity decrease is responsible for an unprecedented jump in ionic conductivity of four orders of magnitude in that temperature range. As a potential application, this chemistry can be used to develop polymeric materials with self‐healing properties, since it combines properties from supramolecular polymers and ionomers into the same material.     

Ionic Conductivity of the NASICON-Related Thiophosphate Na1+xTi2−xGax(PS4)3

Inspired by the recent interest in fast ionic conducting solids for electrolytes, the ionic conductivity of a novel ionic conductor Na_1+xTi_2−xGa_x(PS₄)₃ has been investigated. Using X-ray diffraction and impedance spectroscopy the sodium ionic conductivity in this compound was demonstrated, in which bond valence sum analysis suggests a tunnel diffusion for Na⁺. Substitution with Ga³⁺ leads to an increasing Na⁺ content, an expansion of the lattice and an increasing conductivity with increasing x in Na_1+xTi_2−xGa_x(PS₄)₃. Given the relation to the NASICON family, upon replacement of the phosphate by a thiophosphate group, a rich structural chemistry can be expected in this class of materials. This work demonstrates the potential for making NaTi₂(PS₄)₃ an ideal system to study structure-property relationships in ionic conductors.     

Direct Insertion Polymerization of Ionic Monomers: Rapid Production of Anion Exchange Membranes

The limited number of methods to directly polymerize ionic monomers currently hinders rapid diversification and production of ionic polymeric materials, namely anion exchange membranes (AEMs) which are essential components in emerging alkaline fuel cell and electrolyzer technologies. Herein, we report a direct coordination-insertion polymerization of cationic monomers, providing the first direct synthesis of aliphatic polymers with high ion incorporations and allowing facile access to a broad range of materials. We demonstrate the utility of this method by rapidly generating a library of solution processable ionic polymers for use as AEMs. We investigate these materials to study the influence of cation identity on hydroxide conductivity and stability. We found that AEMs with piperidinium cations exhibited the highest performance, with high alkaline stability, hydroxide conductivity of 87 mS cm⁻¹ at 80 °C, and a peak power density of 730 mW cm⁻² when integrated into a fuel cell device.     

介孔材料离子导电性的研究

介孔材料由于其奇特的性质和广泛的应用成为人们研究的热点。本文介绍了近几年来介孔材料质子和锂离子导电性的研究现状和发展趋势,主要总结了介孔纯氧化物、介孔纯氧化物的孔内修饰、介孔氧化物的孔壁掺杂修饰、介孔氧化物薄膜、介孔材料与有机高分子复合膜的离子导电性的研究进展。     

二元混合离子液体的电导率与离子间的缔合作用

在293.15-323.15 K范围内, 测定了13种常见离子液体及其25组混合体系的电导率. 利用Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF)方程对电导率数据进行拟合, 并通过方程式中的拟合参数分析了离子液体混合后其阴阳离子间缔合作用的变化规律. 结果表明,在相同温度下, 离子液体的阳离子侧链越短,阴离子电荷越分散, 阴阳离子间的氢键作用力越弱,离子液体的电导率越大, 其中阴离子的影响比阳离子更明显.混合离子液体中离子间的缔合作用不仅与阴阳离子的种类有关,而且与混合物的组成有关.     

Ionic liquids as surfactants in micellar liquid chromatography

This paper is devoted to application of ionic liquids as surfactants in LC of organic compounds, derivatives of 1,4‐thiosemicarbazides. According to HPLC requirements the most advantageous conditions such as transparency for ultraviolet light, low CMC, additional inorganic salt additives, and appropriate organic solvent were established. The CMC was determined using conductivity measurements. Suitability of two different stationary phases: RP‐C18 and cyanopropyl bonded phase was examined under micellar conditions. Chosen ionic liquid surfactant was compared to common traditional amphiphilic reagent – SDS. Elaborated on chromatographic micellar conditions were tested as a pilot technique for prediction of distribution coefficients of organic analytes in ionic liquid‐based aqueous two‐phase system.     

Ionic Liquid Crystalline Calixarene with Photo-Switchable Proton Conduction

We have developed a new strategy for the preparation of a light-responsive ionic liquid crystal (LC) that shows photo-switchable proton conduction. The ionic LC consists of a bowl-shaped calix[4]arene core ionically functionalized with azobenzene moieties. The non-covalent architectures were obtained by the formation of ionic salts between the carboxylic acid group of an azo-derivative and the terminal amine groups of a calixarene core. The presence of ionic salts results in a hierarchical self-assembly process that extends to the formation of a nanostructured lamellar LC arrangement (smectic A phase). In this LC phase, the ionic LC calixarene is able to display proton conductive properties, since the ionic nanosegregated areas (formed by the ionic pairs) generate the continuous channels that favor proton transport. The optical and photo-responsive properties were studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy, demonstrating that the azobenzene moieties of the ionic LC undergo reversible (E)-to-(Z) isomerization by irradiation with UV light. Interestingly, this (E)-to-(Z) photoisomerization results in a decrease of the proton conductivity values since the bent-shaped (Z)-isomer disrupts the lamellar LC phase. This isomerization process is totally reversible and leads to an ionic LC material with unique photo-switchable proton conductive properties.     

凝胶型聚合物电解质的电导率与温度的关系

凝胶型聚合物电解质的电导率与温度的关系孙晓光，林云青，齐力，景遐斌，王佛松（中国科学院长春应用化学研究所长春１３００２２）关键词凝胶电解质，离子电导率，活化能无定形聚合物电解质电导与温度的依赖关系一般可用Ｖｏｇｅｌ－Ｔａｍｍａｎ－Ｆｕｌｃｈｅｒｃ（Ｖ...     

离子液体微乳液体系的应用研究

室温离子液体具有诸多优异的物理化学性质及功能,是一类备受关注的新型介质和材料,应用于诸多领域。特别是近年来,由离子液体参与形成的微乳液因其在生物、医药、催化以及材料制备等领域具有潜在的应用前景而备受关注。本文综述了近年来咪唑类离子液体作为极性、非极性和表面活性剂组分,分别取代微乳液体系中的水相、油相和表面活性剂相,形成的一系列新型的微乳液体系的研究进展,归纳了水、有机溶剂、高聚物、助表面活性剂、温度等因素对离子液体微乳液性质的影响。重点介绍了离子液体微乳液的热点应用,包括以离子液体微乳液液滴为模板合成纳米材料,离子液体微乳液作为酶反应的介质及其在有机反应等方面的研究进展。     

High Ionic Conductivity in a LiFeO2–LiAlO2 Composite Under H2/Air Fuel Cell Conditions

New ionic conducting materials for electrolytes for electrochemical devices have been attracting the interest of researchers in energy materials. Here, for the first time, we report a conductive composite with high ionic conductivity derived from an electronic conductor α‐LiFeO₂ and an insulator γ‐LiAlO₂. High conductivity was observed in the α‐LiFeO₂–γ‐LiAlO₂ composite when prepared by a solid state reaction method. However, the conductivity enhancement in α‐LiFeO₂–γ‐LiAlO₂ composite was not observed when the two oxides were mechanically mixed. The α‐LiFeO₂–γ‐LiAlO₂ composite also exhibits O^2? or/and H⁺ ionic conduction which was confirmed through H₂/air fuel cell measurements. An exceptionally high conductivity of 0.50 S cm^?1 at 650 °C was observed under H₂/air fuel cell conditions. This provides a new approach to discover novel ionic conductors from composite materials derived from electronic conductors.