Synthesis of Bioactive and Porous Organic-Inorganic Hybrids for Biomedical Applications

Bioactivity has been exhibited by a limited range of ceramics since the invention of Bioglass®. Recently, some bioactive polymeric organic-inorganic hybrids were introduced, including not only organically modified silicates (Ormosils) synthesized from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and tetraethoxysilane but also those with gelatin and 3-glycidoxypropyl-tremethoxysilane. Preparation of the bulk and porous hybrids and their polymeric structures analyzed by Si NMR spectroscopy were presented. In vitro bioactivity or apatite deposition in a simulated body fluid of the Kokubo recipe were also described for those hybrids. Freeze-drying techniques introduced porosity (up to 90%) and pores extending in a preferred direction.     

壳聚糖基生物医用材料及其应用研究进展

壳聚糖是一种极具发展潜力的天然生物材料,其在生物医学领域的研究和应用越来越受到重视。阐述了壳聚糖及其衍生物作为生物医用材料的特性,介绍了壳聚糖基生物医用材料的应用现状和发展趋势。     

Recent Advances in Glycerol Polymers: Chemistry and Biomedical Applications

Glycerol polymers are attracting increased attention due to the diversity of polymer compositions and architectures available. This article provides a brief chronological review on the current status of these polymers along with representative examples of their use for biomedical applications. First, the underlying chemistry of glycerol that provides access to a range of monomers for subsequent polymerizations is described. Then, the various synthetic methodologies to prepare glycerol‐based polymers including polyethers, polycarbonates, polyesters, and so forth are reviewed. Next, several biomedical applications where glycerol polymers are being investigated including carriers for drug delivery, sealants or coatings for tissue repair, and agents possessing antibacterial activity are described. Fourth, the growing market opportunity for the use of polymers in medicine is described. Finally, the findings are concluded and summarized, as well as the potential opportunities for continued research efforts are discussed.

     

Recent Strategies to Develop Polysaccharide‐Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications

Polysaccharides are abundant in nature, renewable, nontoxic, and intrinsically biodegradable. They possess a high level of functional groups including hydroxyl, amino, and carboxylic acid groups. These functional groups can be utilized for further modification of polysaccharides with small molecules, polymers, and crosslinkers; the modified polysaccharides have been used as effective building blocks in fabricating novel biomaterials for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery carriers, cell‐encapsulating biomaterials, and tissue engineering scaffolds. This review describes recent strategies to modify polysaccharides for the development of polysaccharide‐based biomaterials; typically self‐assembled micelles, crosslinked microgels/nanogels, three‐dimensional hydrogels, and fibrous meshes. In addition, the outlook is briefly discussed on the important aspects for the current and future development of polysaccharide‐based biomaterials, particularly tumor‐targeting intracellular drug delivery nanocarriers.

     

Rational Design of Biomolecules/Polymer Hybrids by Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization (RDRP) for Biomedical Applications

Hybrids, produced by hybridization of proteins, peptides, DNA, and other new biomolecules with polymers, often have unique functional properties. These properties, such as biocompatibility, stability and specificity, lead to various smart biomaterials. This review mainly introduces biomolecule-polymer hybrid materials by reversible deactivation radical polymerization(RDRP), emphasizing reverse addition-fragmentation chain transfer(RAFT) polymerization, and nitroxide mediated polymerization(NMP)....     

水滑石(LDHs)及其衍生物在生物医药领域的研究进展

生物医学涉及到人类健康相关的多个领域:临床医疗、公共卫生、医药研发等多个方面.其中在医药研发领域,基于插层结构的纳米药物载体的研发已经成为重要发展方向之一.水滑石(LDHs)及其衍生物具有成本低、合成简单、载药高效、细胞膜透过率高、生物相容性好、易降解等优点,在生物医药领域得到了广泛关注.本文主要介绍了LDHs及其衍生物的制备方法,以及在抗菌治疗、生物成像和肿瘤治疗等方面的应用.此外,还简述了LDHs材料的规模化生产方法和现状,进一步分析了LDHs的实际应用前景.最后,对LDHs材料在生物医药领域的未来发展方向进行了展望.     

Advances of Microneedles in Biomedical Applications

A microneedle (MN) is a painless and minimally invasive drug delivery device initially developed in 1976. As microneedle technology evolves, microneedles with different shapes (cone and pyramid) and forms (solid, drug-coated, hollow, dissolvable and hydrogel-based microneedles) have been developed. The main objective of this review is the applications of microneedles in biomedical areas. Firstly, the classifications and manufacturing of microneedle are briefly introduced so that we can learn the advantages and fabrications of different MNs. Secondly, research of microneedles in biomedical therapy such as drug delivery systems, diagnoses of disease, as well as wound repair and cancer therapy are overviewed. Finally, the safety and the vision of the future of MNs are discussed.     

Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Chain-End Functionalized Glycopolymers

Glycopolymers as multivalent clusters of carbohydrate derivatives have been proven effective tools in the study of carbohydrate-based biological processes and have shown great potential in biomedical applications. It has been found that the shape and size of glycopolymers, as well as the density and relative positioning of their glycan appendages, are very important regarding their effectiveness in bio-interactions. Recently, a variety of chain-end functionalized polymers have been explored for the preparation of structurally well-defined glycopolymers that have potential protein modification and microarray fabrication applications. This review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis and biomedical applications of chain-end functionalized glycopolymers.     

Precision Biopolymers from Protein Precursors for Biomedical Applications

The synthesis of biohybrid materials with tailored functional properties represents a topic of emerging interest. Combining proteins as natural, macromolecular building blocks, and synthetic polymers opens access to giant brush‐like biopolymers of high structural definition. The properties of these precision polypeptide copolymers can be tailored through various chemical modifications along their polypeptide backbone, which expands the repertoire of known protein‐based materials to address biomedical applications. In this article, the synthetic strategies for the design of precision biopolymers from proteins through amino acid specific conjugation reagents are highlighted and the different functionalization strategies, their characterization, and applications are discussed.     

Recent Insights Into the Biomedical Applications of Shape‐memory Polymers

Shape‐memory polymers (SMP) are versatile stimuli‐responsive materials that can switch, upon stimulation, from a temporary to a permanent shape. This advanced functionality makes SMP suitable and promising materials for diverse technological applications, including the fabrication of smart biomedical devices. In this paper, advances in the design of SMP are discussed, with emphasis on materials investigated for medical applications. Future directions necessary to bring SMP closer to their clinical application are also highlighted.

     

亲和型生物传感器在生物医学上的应用进展

近年来,生物传感器与纳米技术、流动注射和微流控等新技术的结合,获得了蓬勃而迅速的发展。 亲和型生物传感器是基于生物分子之间的特异的亲和性,即生物活性物质对底物的亲和与键合而建立起来的一种新型传感装置。 它具有特异性好、灵敏度高、成本低、能在复杂的体系中进行在线连续监测等优点,进而在生物医学领域,对生物医学标记物、核酸、蛋白质、病毒、细菌及毒素的检测、药物作用机理的研究、临床用药筛选等方面有着广泛的应用。 本文从光学、电化学、石英晶体微天平传感、表面等离子体共振等几个方面对近年来亲和型生物传感器,特别是用于检测肿瘤标记物的免疫传感器和基于核酸适体的生物传感器在生物医学领域的测定原理和应用现状进行了评述,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

人造细胞的化学构建及其生物医学应用研究

人造细胞是模拟生物细胞结构,人工构建的与细胞功能相近的微米囊泡。人造细胞的构建主要有两种模式：自上而下模式主要利用生物学方法对生物基因序列进行重新设计,获得具有细胞类似结构功能的人造细胞;自下而上模式主要利用化学方法采用非生命物质构筑简化的细胞结构模型。自下而上化学模式构建的人造细胞大多只包含执行所需功能的最小单元,具有简单的细胞仿生的结构与功能。本文详细综述了人造细胞的构建模式以及化学构建人造细胞的常见类型,包括脂质囊泡、蛋白体囊泡、聚合物囊泡、凝集体液滴和胶体囊泡等,总结了人造细胞在分析传感、细胞结构与功能模拟、生物载体转运、微纳米反应器、疾病诊疗方面的生物医学应用现状。     

Stereocomplex Polylactide for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications: A Review

Polylactide (PLA) is among the most common biodegradable polymers, with applications in various fields, such as renewable and biomedical industries. PLA features poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA) and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) enantiomers, which form stereocomplex crystals through racemic blending. PLA emerged as a promising material owing to its sustainable, eco-friendly, and fully biodegradable properties. Nevertheless, PLA still has a low applicability for drug delivery as a carrier and scaffold. Stereocomplex PLA (sc-PLA) exhibits substantially improved mechanical and physical strength compared to the homopolymer, overcoming these limitations. Recently, numerous studies have reported the use of sc-PLA as a drug carrier through encapsulation of various drugs, proteins, and secondary molecules by various processes including micelle formation, self-assembly, emulsion, and inkjet printing. However, concerns such as low loading capacity, weak stability of hydrophilic contents, and non-sustainable release behavior remain. This review focuses on various strategies to overcome the current challenges of sc-PLA in drug delivery systems and biomedical applications in three critical fields, namely anti-cancer therapy, tissue engineering, and anti-microbial activity. Furthermore, the excellent potential of sc-PLA as a next-generation polymeric material is discussed.     

多功能磁性纳米粒的合成、修饰及生物医学应用

多功能磁性纳米粒由于其独特的性质而受到广泛的关注。磁性纳米粒可以与荧光探针、生物靶向分子或抗肿瘤药物等相结合实现磁性纳米粒的多功能化,因此在多模式成像、癌症的靶向诊断与治疗中有较好的应用前景。本文介绍了磁性纳米粒的合成以及多功能磁性纳米粒的构建方法,重点介绍了核壳型、哑铃型和组合杂化型三种不同类型多功能磁性纳米粒的合成方法。多功能磁性纳米粒通常具有粒径小、超顺磁性以及荧光等独特性质,在此基础上对纳米粒表面进行稳定化和靶向性修饰后即可在多模式成像、特异性靶向药物输送、基因转染等生物医学领域得到应用。最后指出了当前研究中需要解决的问题。     

Near-Infrared-Emissive AIE Bioconjugates: Recent Advances and Perspectives

Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence materials have exhibited formidable power in the field of biomedicine, benefiting from their merits of low autofluorescence background, reduced photon scattering, and deeper penetration depth. Fluorophores possessing planar conformation may confront the shortcomings of aggregation-caused quenching effects at the aggregate level. Fortunately, the concept of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) thoroughly reverses this dilemma. AIE bioconjugates referring to the combination of luminogens showing an AIE nature with biomolecules possessing specific functionalities are generated via the covalent conjugation between AIEgens and functional biological species, covering carbohydrates, peptides, proteins, DNA, and so on. This perfect integration breeds unique superiorities containing high brightness, good water solubility, versatile functionalities, and prominent biosafety. In this review, we summarize the recent progresses of NIR-emissive AIE bioconjugates focusing on their design principles and biomedical applications. Furthermore, a brief prospect of the challenges and opportunities of AIE bioconjugates for a wide range of biomedical applications is presented.     

单原子材料类酶催化及生物医学应用研究进展

纳米酶因其经济、 稳定、 性质可调和可循环利用等诸多优势, 成功地克服了天然酶在实际应用中的不足. 单原子材料的出现使得对纳米酶的研究迈入原子水平, 其较高的原子利用率、 独特的配位环境和较强的金属-载体相互作用为揭示纳米酶构效关系及调控类酶活性提供了可能. 本文总结了近年来单原子材料类酶催化的研究进展, 重点讨论了单原子材料类酶活性的调控策略和催化机理, 概述了单原子类酶材料在癌症治疗、 抗氧化治疗、 抗菌以及生物传感等方面的应用, 并对单原子类酶材料的发展前景进行了展望.     

Synthesis,Characterization and Evaluation of Peptide Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications

There is a challenging need for the development of new alternative nanostructures that can allow the coupling and/or encapsulation of therapeutic/diagnostic molecules while reducing their toxicity and improving their circulation and in-vivo targeting. Among the new materials using natural building blocks, peptides have attracted significant interest because of their simple structure, relative chemical and physical stability, diversity of sequences and forms, their easy functionalization with (bio)molecules and the possibility of synthesizing them in large quantities. A number of them have the ability to self-assemble into nanotubes, -spheres, -vesicles or -rods under mild conditions, which opens up new applications in biology and nanomedicine due to their intrinsic biocompatibility and biodegradability as well as their surface chemical reactivity via amino- and carboxyl groups. In order to obtain nanostructures suitable for biomedical applications, the structure, size, shape and surface chemistry of these nanoplatforms must be optimized. These properties depend directly on the nature and sequence of the amino acids that constitute them. It is therefore essential to control the order in which the amino acids are introduced during the synthesis of short peptide chains and to evaluate their in-vitro and in-vivo physico-chemical properties before testing them for biomedical applications. This review therefore focuses on the synthesis, functionalization and characterization of peptide sequences that can self-assemble to form nanostructures. The synthesis in batch or with new continuous flow and microflow techniques will be described and compared in terms of amino acids sequence, purification processes, functionalization or encapsulation of targeting ligands, imaging probes as well as therapeutic molecules. Their chemical and biological characterization will be presented to evaluate their purity, toxicity, biocompatibility and biodistribution, and some therapeutic properties in vitro and in vivo. Finally, their main applications in the biomedical field will be presented so as to highlight their importance and advantages over classical nanostructures.     

Use of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) in Drug Delivery,Photodynamic Therapy and Bioimaging

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) have attracted considerable attention in the design of novel organic-inorganic hybrid materials with high performance capabilities. Features such as their well-defined nanoscale structure, chemical tunability, and biocompatibility make POSS an ideal building block to fabricate hybrid materials for biomedical applications. This review highlights recent advances in the application of POSS-based hybrid materials, with particular emphasis on drug delivery, photodynamic therapy and bioimaging. The design and synthesis of POSS-based materials is described, along with the current methods for controlling their chemical functionalization for biomedical applications. We summarize the advantages of using POSS for several drug delivery applications. We also describe the current progress on using POSS-based materials to improve photodynamic therapies. The use of POSS for delivery of contrast agents or as a passivating agent for nanoprobes is also summarized. We envision that POSS-based hybrid materials have great potential for a variety of biomedical applications including drug delivery, photodynamic therapy and bioimaging.     

Metal‐Based Transient Micromotors: From Principle to Environmental and Biomedical Applications

Inspired by transient devices, transient self‐destroying micromotors that are propelled by metal–water/acid reactions and autonomously disappear after completing their tasks have emerged as promising tools for diverse applications. Such transient machines require careful selection of the metal matrix and well‐designed architectures for effective propulsion and customized functionality. In particular, recent advances in transient micromotors based on the active metals Zn, Fe, and Mg are introduced here. First, the fundamental design principles of transient micromotors are discussed. Then, their recent progress in environmental and biomedical applications is highlighted.