氮掺杂泡沫碳电催化剂的制备及氧还原性能

利用水解乙烯基咪唑翁硝酸盐([Hvim]NO3)作为发泡剂和一次氮源,在碳化过程中实现材料自发泡.创造性地引入二次氮源三聚氰胺(C3H6N6),通过调控一次、二次氮源比例和碳化温度,制备得到氮掺杂泡沫碳材料(HxMy-T,其中x∶y为一次和二次氮源的质量比,T对应不同的碳化温度).该方法提升了催化剂的氮掺杂含量,构建了...     

氮掺杂泡沫碳电催化剂的制备及氧还原性能

利用水解乙烯基咪唑鎓硝酸盐（[Hvim]NO₃）作为发泡剂和一次氮源,在碳化过程中实现材料自发泡。创造性地引入二次氮源三聚氰胺（C₃H₆N₆）,通过调控一次、二次氮源比例和碳化温度,制备得到氮掺杂泡沫碳材料（HxMy-T,其中x：y为一次和二次氮源的质量比,T对应不同的碳化温度）。该方法提升了催化剂的氮掺杂含量,构建了更多有利于氧还原反应（ORR）的活性氮位点。电镜结果显示,催化剂H1M1-1000呈现出典型的泡沫碳孔洞结构和丰富的层状褶皱结构;X射线光电子能谱测试结果表明,该样品具有较高的活性氮含量（原子分数6.77%）,吡啶氮和石墨氮的原子分数分别高达22.23%和55.59%;电化学测试结果表明,该样品在碱性环境中的半波电位为0.834 V（vs RHE）,与商业Pt/C相当,且具有优于商业Pt/C的抗甲醇性能和稳定性。     

Noble metal-free catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

Developing noble metal-free catalysts with low cost, high performance and stability for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) in fuel cells is of great interest to promote sustainable energy devices. In this review, we summarized noble metal-free catalysts for ORR,including non-noble metal-based and heteroatom-doped carbon nanomaterials. Mesoporous structure, homogeneous distribution of nanocrystals and synergistic effect of carbon base and nanocrystals/doped heteroatoms have great effect on the ORR property.The noble metal-free nanomaterials showed comparable catalytic property, better stability and methanol tolerance than commercial platinum(Pt)-based catalysts, showing great potential as substitutes for noble metal-based catalysts. In addition, the challenges and chances of developing noble metal-free ORR catalysts are also discussed.     

Ordered mesoporous carbon nitrides with graphitic frameworks as metal-free, highly durable, methanol-tolerant oxygen reduction catalysts in an acidic medium

Developments of high-performance cost-effective electrocatalyts that can replace Pt catalysts have been a central theme in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). In this direction, nitrogen-doped carbon nanostructures free of metallic components have attracted particular attention. Here we show that directing graphitic carbon nitride frameworks into mesoporous architecture can generate a highly promising metal-free electrocatalyst for an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in an acidic medium. The ordered mesoporous carbon nitride (OMCN) was synthesized with a nanocasting strategy using ordered mesoporous silica as a template. A variety of characterizations revealed that the OMCN is constructed with graphitic carbon nitride frameworks and ordered arrays of uniform mesopores. The OMCN showed significantly enhanced electrocatalytic activity for ORR compared to bulk carbon nitride and ordered mesoporous carbon in terms of the current density and onset potential. A high surface area and an increased density of catalytically active nitrogen groups in the OMCN appear to contribute concomitantly to the enhanced performance of the OMCN. Furthermore, the OMCN exhibited superior durability and methanol tolerance to a Pt/C catalyst, suggesting its widespread utilization as an electrocatalyst for PEMFCs and DMFCs.     

Pyrolytic Carbon‐coated Cu‐Fe Alloy Nanoparticles with High Catalytic Performance for Oxygen Electroreduction

Well‐dispersed carbon‐coated or nitrogen‐doped carbon‐coated copper‐iron alloy nanoparticles (FeCu@C or FeCu@C?N) in carbon‐based supports are obtained using a bimetallic metal‐organic framework (Cu/Fe‐MOF‐74) or a mixture of Cu/Fe‐MOF‐74 and melamine as sacrificial templates and an active‐component precursor by using a pyrolysis method. The investigation results attest formation of Cu?Fe alloy nanoparticles. The obtained FeCu@C catalyst exhibits a catalytic activity with a half‐wave potential of 0.83 V for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline medium, comparable to that on commercial Pt/C catalyst (0.84 V). The catalytic activity of FeCu@C?N for ORR (E_half‐wave=0.87 V) outshines all reported analogues. The excellent performance of FeCu@C?N should be attributed to a change in the energy of the d‐band center of Cu resulting from the formation of the copper–iron alloy, the interaction between alloy nanoparticles and supports and N‐doping in the carbon matrix. Moreover, FeCu@C and FeCu@C?N show better electrochemical stability and methanol tolerance than commercial Pt/C and are expected to be widely used in practical applications.     

Facile preparation of nitrogen-doped graphene as a metal-free catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction

Nitrogen-doped graphene (nG) is a promising metal-free catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the cathode of fuel cells. Here we report a facile preparation of nG via pyrolysis of graphene oxide with melamine. The morphology of the nG is revealed using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy while the successful N doping is confirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The resulting nG shows high electrocatalytic activity toward ORR in an alkaline solution with an onset potential of -0.10 V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The nG catalyzed oxygen reduction exhibits a favorable formation of water via a four-electron pathway. Good stability and anti-crossover property are also observed, which are advantageous over the Pt/C catalyst. Furthermore, the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the structure and activity of nG is systematically studied to gain some insights into the chemical reactions during pyrolysis.     

氮掺杂纳米碳块的制备及氧还原的高电化学催化活性

面对全球化的能源危机,燃料电池由于其高效性和可重复使用性成为越来越具有潜力的能量转化设备.阴极发生的氧气还原反应对于燃料电池的性能十分重要,寻找高效的氧还原催化剂在很大程度上可以提高燃料电池的性能.传统的氧还原催化剂是贵金属铂,但是铂的价格十分高,较差的稳定性和选择性限制了它的商业化应用,因此找到一种廉价高效的非贵金属氧还原催化剂来代替铂基催化剂成为目前的研究热点.我们最近发现将纯的三羟甲基氨基甲烷置于管式炉中在800°C下真空烧制2 h,可以简单快捷地得到一种含 N量为4.11%的纳米碳块(标记为 NCNBs-800),该材料可用于催化电化学氧气还原反应.同样情况下在700和900°C下合成的材料标记为 NCNBs-700和 NCNBs-900.采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和电化学旋转圆盘方法与技术对催化剂的成分、形貌和电催化性能进行了表征. SEM表明 NCNBs-800为直径为60 nm的碳块,用 FTIR手段表征了 NCNBs-800的结构变化,三羟甲基氨基甲烷中的–OH和–NH2在高温下发生消去反应,形成了饱和度不同的 C–N键和 C–C键.这些饱和度不同的 N原子和 C原子增加了材料的缺陷结构和活性位点,进一步促进了氧还原反应的催化性能.采用 XPS分析了 NCNBs-800表面的元素,通过对 N 1s进行分峰拟合,发现 NCNBs-800含有能促进氧还原性能的吡啶-N和吡咯-N,特别是吡啶-N,它吸电子的能力很强,从而导致与它邻近的 C原子表面具有一定的正电荷,这些正电荷促进了氧气的吸附和还原,为氧气还原反应提供活性位点,促进氧气还原反应的发生. XRD结果表明,三羟甲基氨基甲烷热解前后的 XRD谱图有明显变化,热解后的三羟甲基氨基甲烷呈现两个宽峰,代表着杂化碳的存在. NCNBs-800的衍射峰强度比 NCNBs-700以及 NCNBs-900大,但是宽度则比 NCNBs-700以及 NCNBs-900小,这表明800°C有利于材料的石墨烯化及碳化过程.电化学阻抗可以表明修饰电极的表面性质,阻抗图中高频处半圆的直径大小代表电子转移阻力,低频处的线性部分代表扩散过程.阻抗数据表明, NCNBs-800的电荷转移电阻可与 Pt/C催化剂相比,但是比裸露的玻碳电极小.这表明 NCNBs-800有较好的导电性和电化学性质. CV曲线表明 NCNBs-800氧还原的起始电位是-0.05 V (vs Ag/AgCl),氧气的还原电位是0.20 V (vs Ag/AgCl),说明 NCNBs-800具有良好的电化学催化性能.旋转环盘电极仪测得的氧还原极化曲线表明,在-0.3 to-0.8 V下的 NCNBs-800氧还原的电子转移数为3.4,过氧化氢产率为52%-35%,表明 NCNBs-800呈现一个提高的四电子过程.稳定性对于燃料电池氧气还原反应也是一个十分重要的性能,通过计时电流技术在电压为-0.2 V下对 NCNBs-800与 Pt/C进行了稳定性测试.结果表明,在2500 s之后 NCNBs-800相对于它的最初催化活性损失为17.56%,而 Pt/C损失了30.71%,从而说明 NCNBs-800的稳定性优于 Pt/C.总之,我们通过一步热解的简易技术制备了一种氮掺杂纳米碳材料,该碳材料具有廉价、高效和容易制备等特点,具有良好的电化学催化性能,有望在燃料电池氧化还原反应中得到大规模应用.     

Polymer-Assisted Electrophoretic Synthesis of N-Doped Graphene-Polypyrrole Demonstrating Oxygen Reduction with Excellent Methanol Crossover Impact and Durability

The design and synthesis of metal-free catalysts with superior electrocatalytic activity, high durability, low cost, and under mild conditions is extremely desirable but remains challenging. To address this problem, a polymer-assisted electrochemical exfoliation technique of graphite in the presence of an aqueous acidic medium is reported. This simple, cost-effective, and mass-scale production approach could open the possibility for the synthesis of high-quality nitrogen-doped graphene–polypyrrole (NG-PPy). The NG-PPy catalyst displays an improved half wave potential (E_1/2=0.77 V) in alkaline medium compared with G-PPy (E_1/2=0.66 V). Most importantly, this catalyst demonstrates excellent stability with high methanol tolerance, and it outperforms the commercial Pt/C catalyst and other previously reported metal-free catalysts. The content of graphitic nitrogen atoms is the key factor for the enhancement of electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reactions (ORR). Interestingly, the NG-PPy catalyst can be used as a cathode material in a zinc–air battery, which demonstrates a higher peak power density (59 mW cm⁻²) than G-PPy (36.6 mW cm⁻²), highlighting the importance of the low-cost material synthesis approach towards the development of metal-free efficient ORR catalysts for fuel cell and metal–air battery applications. Remarkably, the polymer-assisted electrophoretic exfoliation of graphite with a high yield (≈88 wt %) of few-layer graphene flakes could pave the way towards the mass production of high-quality graphene for a variety of applications.     

Paper-derived cobalt and nitrogen co-doped carbon nanotube@porous carbon as a nonprecious metal electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a vitally important process in fuel cells. The development of high-performance and low-cost ORR electrocatalysts with outstanding stability is essential for the commercialization of the electrochemical energy technology. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of cobalt (Co) and nitrogen (N) co-doped carbon nanotube@porous carbon (Co/N/CNT@PC-800) electrocatalyst through a one-step pyrolysis of waste paper, dicyandiamide, and cobalt(II) acetylacetonate. The surface of the hierarchical porous carbon supported a large number of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which were derived from dicyandiamide through the catalysis of Co. The addition of Co resulted in the formation of a hierarchical micro/mesoporous structure, which was beneficial for the exposure of active sites and rapid transportation of ORR-relevant species (O₂, H⁺, OH^?, and H₂O). The doped N and Co formed more active sites to enhance the ORR activity of the electrocatalyst. The Co/N/CNT@PC-800 material exhibited optimal ORR performance with an onset potential of 0.005 V vs. Ag/AgCl and a half-wave potential of –0.173 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Meanwhile, the electrocatalyst showed an excellent methanol tolerance and a long-term operational durability than that of Pt/C, as well as a quasi-four-electron reaction pathway. The low-cost and simple synthesis approach makes the Co/N/CNT@PC-800 a prospective electrocatalyst for the ORR. Furthermore, this work provides an alternative approach for exploring the use of biomass-derived electrocatalysts for renewable energy applications.     

简便方法制备氮掺杂的碳球用作高效非金属氧还原催化剂（英文）

随着人们环保意识的不断增强,社会对清洁能源的需求也日益增加.燃料电池具有效率高,燃料来源丰富,可直接将化学能转化成电能且污染小等优点,因而受到了广泛关注.然而,燃料电池的阴极氧还原反应(ORR)速率较慢,成为提高燃料电池整体效率的制约因素.因此,开发高性能的ORR催化剂,加快ORR反应速率具有非常重要的意义.目前,Pt基催化剂被认为是活性最好的商用ORR电催化剂.尽管此类催化剂具有较高的催化活性和良好的稳定性,但Pt的储量有限,价格高昂,抗燃料毒化性能差,限制了其大规模应用.近年来,为了减小Pt的用量,降低催化剂成本,人们除了致力于研究贵金属合金催化剂及非贵金属催化剂外,还把目光聚焦在了非金属催化剂,特别是碳及其复合材料的研究上.在众多碳材料中,碳球因具有良好的表面渗透性和较高的机械稳定性而被广泛应用于催化、吸附、药物输送和能量存储及转化等领域中.然而,碳球的表面化学惰性较强,比表面积较低,使其部分应用受到了限制.因此,人们采用了多种方法来调控碳球的物理化学性质.其中,向碳材料中掺入杂原子,尤其是氮原子的方法广受青睐.因为杂原子的掺入会显著增强作为主体的碳原子给电子的能力和表面吸附性质,从而对ORR表现出优异的催化活性和稳定性.本文以蔗糖作为碳源,三聚氰胺作为氮源,采用水热法及高温热解法制备了一系列氮掺杂的生物质碳球.并对氮掺杂量及热解温度进行了优化.结果表明,石墨化程度及石墨氮含量的提高,能有效地提高催化剂的活性.在优化了的条件下得到的催化剂N0.1C1.9S-900,表现出了比商业Pt/C催化剂更好的ORR催化性能.在0.1 mol/L KOH中,该催化剂催化ORR的起始电位和半波电位分别为–22.6和–133.6 mV(vs.Ag/AgCl),极限电流密度为4.6 mA/cm~2,分别比商业Pt/C高出7.2 mV,5.9 mV和0.2 mA/cm~2.同时,在经过30000 s的稳定性测试中,N0.1C1.9S-900催化剂的电流损失也远低于Pt/C,表明该催化剂具有良好的稳定性.此外,在抗甲醇毒化实验中,相比于商业Pt/C,N0.1C1.9S-900催化剂对甲醇有更好的耐受性.另外,该催化剂催化的ORR属于高效的4e~–途径.可见,该催化剂作为燃料电池的阴极氧还原反应催化剂具有广阔的前景.     

氮、硫共掺杂的碳负载的钴@碳化钴:一种高效的非贵金属氧还原电催化剂

Development of high-efficiency and low-cost electrocatalysts for large-scale oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) remains a challenge. In this study, we employed melamine, trithiocyanuric acid, and cobaltous nitrate to fabricate a novel ORR electrocatalyst with cobalt and cobalt carbide supported on carbon co-doped with nitrogen and sulfur (hereafter referred to as MTC-0.1-900) by two-step pyrolysis. The MTC-0.1-900 was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical performance for ORR was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry in 0.1 mol·L^-1 KOH solutions. The results showed that the onset potential and half-wave potential of MTC-0.1-900 were 29 and 5 mV superior to the commercial Pt/C catalyst, respectively. After 12000 s operation at the potential of -0.3 V (vs Ag/AgCl), the current retention capacities of MTC-0.1-900 and Pt/C were 97.1% and 76.7%, respectively. MTC-0.1-900 also showed better methanol tolerance than Pt/C. These unique properties of MTC-0.1-900 provide us with an alternative for replacing or reducing the use of Pt catalyst in metal-air battery cathode materials.     

Efficient metal-free oxygen reduction in alkaline medium on high-surface-area mesoporous nitrogen-doped carbons made from ionic liquids and nucleobases

Mesoporous nitrogen-doped carbon materials with high surface areas up to 1500 m(2) g(-1) were conveniently made by the carbonization of nucleobases dissolved in an all-organic ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide). Using hard templating with silica nanoparticles, this process yields high-surface-area nitrogen-doped carbon materials with nitrogen contents as high as 12 wt %, narrow mesopore size distribution of ca. 12 nm diameter, and local graphitic carbon structure. It is demonstrated that the resulting nitrogen-doped carbons show very high catalytic activity, even in the metal-free case in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for fuel cells. Specifically, the as-prepared materials exhibit a low onset voltage for ORR in alkaline medium and a high methanol tolerance, compared with those of commercial 20 wt % Pt/C catalyst. We regard this as a first step toward an all-sustainable fuel cell, avoiding noble metals.     

N,S-Co-Doped Porous Carbon Nanofiber Films Derived from Fullerenes (C60) as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction and a Zn–Air Battery

The development of highly efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has attracted great attention for the creation of electrochemical energy devices. In this study, one-dimensional (1 D) fullerene nanofibers prepared from liquid–liquid interfacial precipitation are first fabricated into fullerene-derived carbon nanofiber films (FCNFs) through a simple filtration procedure. Then, pyrolysis of the FCNFs in the presence of ammonia and sulfur produces N- and S-co-doped porous carbon nanofiber films (N,S-PCNFs). As excellent metal-free electrocatalysts for the ORR, N,S-PCNFs exhibit remarkable catalytic activity, superior stability, and excellent methanol tolerance in both alkaline and acidic solution. Such a high ORR performance benefits from the robust porous nanofiber network structure with high concentrations of active N- and S- groups and abundant defects. Notably, upon practical use of N,S-PCNFs as catalysts in Zn-air batteries, a high power density and a large operating voltage are achieved, with a performance comparable to that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst. This work presents a facile strategy for the creation of a new class of energy nanomaterials based on fullerenes, demonstrating their practical uses in electrocatalytic ORR processes and Zn-air batteries.     

Synthesis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-hydroxy-imidamide-functionalized graphene: an efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction

Metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are key to the development of efficient, durable, and low-cost alternatives to noble-metal-based electrocatalysts in fuel cell cathodes. In recent years, many efforts are directed to the metal-free catalyst based on heteroatom-doped graphene. In this work, we demonstrate that the graphene surface can be converted into the catalyst for the oxygen reduction by chemical functionalization. In this context, we first synthesized malononitrile-functionalized graphene oxide. Amidoximation of nitrile group and reduction in graphene oxide were then carried out by hydroxylamine in one step. The electrochemical behavior of functionalized graphene-modified electrode for the reduction in oxygen was studied. The results showed that the electrocatalyst fabricated by this method exhibited striking catalytic activities in alkaline solution. In alkaline solution, this catalyst showed a competitive activity to the commercial Pt catalyst via four-electron transfer pathway with better ORR selectivity and stability. In addition, this metal-free electrocatalyst exhibited tolerance to methanol crossover effect. Based on its outstanding performance, this functionalized graphene electrocatalyst showed the promising prospect of a metal-free catalyst for fuel cell with much lower cost than currently used Pt/C catalyst.     

Non-noble metal catalyst on carbon ribbon for fuel cell cathode

A non-noble metal Fe/N/C catalyst is prepared by pyrolyzing the ball-milled mixture of graphitized carbon ribbon, iron precursor, and nitrogen precursor in ammonia. The Fe/N/C catalyst shows high ORR activity in alkaline solution, together with much improved stability compared with Pt/C catalyst. In the catalyst, FeN particles are covered by graphitic carbon layers. The activity is proposed to originate from the FeN and Fe/N/C sites. The stability is explained by the protecting effect of the carbon layers surrounding the FeN particles. The ORR mechanism on the Fe/N/C catalyst is proposed to be similar with Pt/C catalyst based on the Tafel plots. The Fe/N/C catalyst shows great potential in ORR in alkaline solution, while the performance in acid still needs improvement.     

甲醇对炭载铂和四羧基酞菁钴催化氧还原动力学的影响

运用旋转圆盘电极技术和线性扫描伏安方法研究比较了甲醇对炭载铂（Pt/C）和800 ℃热处理的炭载四羧基酞菁钴（CoPcTc/C）催化氧还原动力学的影响.结果表明，对于Pt/C催化剂，在大于0.64 V和小于0.18 V（vs SCE）的电位范围，甲醇的氧化和氧的还原互不影响，而在其它电位范围，甲醇使Pt/C催化氧还原的性能严重降低.对于800 ℃热处理的CoPcTc/C，在整个电位范围内，甲醇的存在对氧还原都没有影响，是一种活性较高、耐甲醇能力强的氧还原电催化剂.     

氮掺杂的类石墨烯纳米片的制备及其在锌-空气电池中的应用

采用一种简单方法制备具有优异氧还原反应(ORR)活性的、无金属的氮掺杂碳材料.以双氰胺(DCD)为氮源,蔗糖、β-环糊精和壳聚糖为不同的碳源,通过简单的热解法制备出氮掺杂的类石墨烯纳米片催化剂CN-nanosh(suc)、CN-nanosh(cyc)和CN-nanosh(ch).这些催化剂在碱性溶液中表现出优异的ORR...     

Biomass-derived nitrogen self-doped porous activation carbon as an effective bifunctional electrocatalysts

The strategy of adopting cheap precursors or abundant resources,which can be obtained directly from nature,is a simple and excellent method of introducing accessible research into environmentally friendly development.Moreover,this is also an urgent requirement for the sustainable development of green technology.Herein,we introduce a simplistic and expandable method to prepare metal-free biomassderived nitrogen self-doped porous activation carbon(N-PAC) with large specific surface area(S_BET=1300.58 m²/g).Moreover,the manufactural electrocatalysts exhibit prominent oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) performance in all PH values.As compared with the commercial Pt/C catalyst,the N-PAC/800 with a positive onset potential at 10 mA/cm²(0.93 V),half-wave potential(0.87 V),and limiting current(6.34 mA/cm²) bring to light excellent catalytic stability,selectivity,and much-enhanced methanol tolerance.Furthermore,the prepared electrocatalysts possess considerable hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) performance with a less onset potential of 0.218 V(acidic medium) and0.271 V(alkaline medium) respectively,which can show similar catalytic activity across the whole pH range.Such bifunctional electrocatalyst,with excellent electrocatalytic properties,resource-rich,low cost,and environmental-friendly,hold a promising application in energy conversion and reserve.     

Synthesis of an ordered porous carbon with the dual nitrogen-doped interfaces and its ORR catalysis performance

Both nitrogen-doping feature and pore structure are critical factors for developing nitrogen-doped carbons based catalysts with a high performance toward oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).Herein,a simple one-step CVD of acetylene and acetonitrile vapor method using silanized SBA-15 as a template has been developed to synthesize an ordered porous carbon(OPC) with dual nitrogen-doped interfaces.The optimized sample as prepared with the CVD of 4 h at 750℃ contains two types of ordered mesopores that one type is the ordered cylindrical pores inheriting from the pores of SBA-15 and has a pore width of4.0~5.0 nm,the other type is the ordered quasi-hexagonal pores with a width of 3.0~4.0 nm produced by etching the pore walls of SBA-15.These two types of pores whose pore walls are built by the nitrogen doped carbon layers resulted by the CVD and thus it actually makes the dual nitrogen-doped interfaced OPC(DN-OPC).Meanwhile,DN-OPC contains a few of micropores and a large SSA of 1430 m~2/g.This dualordered pores and dual nitrogen-doped interfaces cannot only facilitate mass transport but also utilize the active sites of DN-OPC for ORR.Therefore,as metal-free ORR catalyst,DN-OPC exhibits a good activity close to commercial Pt/C catalyst,and an excellent durability and methanol tolerance.     

Single-wall carbon nanotubes supported platinum nanoparticles with improved electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction

Significant enhancement in the electrocatalytic activity of Pt particles toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has been achieved by depositing them on a single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) support. Compared to a commercial Pt/carbon black catalyst, Pt/SWCNT films cast on a rotating disk electrode exhibit a lower onset potential and a higher electron-transfer rate constant for oxygen reduction. Improved stability of the SWCNT support is also confirmed from the minimal change in the oxygen reduction current during repeated cycling over a period of 36 h. These studies open up ways to utilize SWCNT/Pt electrocatalyst as a cathode in the proton-exchange-membrane-based hydrogen and methanol fuel cells.