抗污界面构建及其电化学生物传感应用进展

电化学生物传感器具有灵敏度高、便携性好、响应快速和易于集成等优点,在临床检测方面有很大应用潜力,并在可穿戴健康监测领域得到了快速发展。但在实际临床生物样本检测中,非靶标生物物质会在电极表面产生非特异性吸附（即生物污染）,影响了电化学生物传感器的性能。因此,构建具有防污染能力的传感界面（抗污界面）,防止非靶标物质吸附到电极表面,对于扩大电化学生物传感器的实际应用范围,实现在复杂生物样本中的检测至关重要。本文概述了物理、化学和生物抗污电极界面的构建及其在临床相关生物标志物检测中的应用,为电化学生物传感器实际应用性能的提升提供技术参考,并通过对界面抗污原理和存在问题的探讨,对抗污界面发展前景和未来趋势予以展望。     

Metallized electrospun polymeric fibers for electrochemical sensors and actuators

Electrospun polymeric fibers present an emerging alternative for the development of flexible electronics, enabling applications in wearable sensors and biosensors for continuous monitoring, and actuators for tissue engineering. The possibility to prepare sub-micrometric polymeric scaffolds, their processing for increasing the conductivity, their modification with different materials, conductive polymers and biomolecules in order to obtain functional flexible electrodes, allows the development of innovative devices for healthcare, and biomedical applications. In this review, the impact of metallized electrospun polymeric fibers in electrochemical (bio)sensors and actuators is discussed. A relation between their structure and functionality is provided, alongside with an overview of the different methods to obtain functional conductive fibers.     

Sensing at Your Fingertips: Glove‐based Wearable Chemical Sensors

In this review, we detail the evolution and recent progress of glove‐based wearable electrochemical sensors with focus on forensic, security, and defense applications. Glove‐based wearable sensors offer the ability to have rapid, on‐site chemical and biological threat assessment, ranging from explosive and gunshot residues to drugs of abuse and pesticides, critical for timely and informed incident management and investigation. Additionally, these field deployable systems offer the ability for law enforcement to complete on‐the‐spot qualitative chemical testing for immediate forensic evidence collection in connection to mechanical ‘swipe’ sampling. Recent advances have been made for translation of this class of wearable electrochemical sensors to increase the sensory perspective of robotics, demonstrating the progression to robotic skin with chemical analysis capability suitable for translation to remote chemical analysis in hazardous scenarios. Critical to such progress have been advances in flexible electrochemically‐compatible materials and design, with increasing functionality, leveraging from advances in wearable biosensors and electronic miniaturization. Indeed, the customization potential of these wearable systems is great, yet challenges remain for advancing these systems from prototypes to more ubiquitous devices readily deployed in the field. With significant attention these challenges can be overcome, creating new opportunities for further decentralization of electrochemical analyses using these flexible and intuitive glove‐based wearable sensing systems for significant impact on fields such as forensics, defense, biomedical, robotics and beyond.     

Electrochemical biosensors based on Ti3C2Tx MXene: future perspectives for on-site analysis

MXenes are recently developed two-dimensional layered materials composed of early transition metal carbides and/or nitrides that provide unique characteristics for biosensor applications. This review presents the recent progress made on the usage and applications of MXenes in the field of electrochemical biosensors, including microfluidic biosensors and wearable microfluidic biosensors, and highlights the challenges with possible solutions and future needs. The multilayered configuration and high conductivity make these materials as an immobilization matrix for the biomolecule immobilization with activity retention and to be explored in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors, respectively. First, how the MXene nanocomposite as an electrode modifier affects the sensing performance of the electrochemical biosensors based on enzymes, aptamer/DNA, and immunoassays is well described. Second, recent developments in MXene nanocomposites as wearable biosensing platforms for the biomolecule detection are highlighted. This review pointed out the future concerns and directions for the use of MXene nanocomposites to fabricate advanced electrochemical biosensors with high sensitivity and selectivity. Specifically, possibilities for developing microfluidic electrochemical sensors and wearable electrochemical microfluidic sensors with integrated biomolecule detection are emphasized.     

Recent developments, characteristics, and potential applications of electrochemical biosensors.

The objective of this study is to analyze the technical importance, performance, techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of the biosensors in general and of the electrochemical biosensors in particular. A product of reaction diffuses to the transducer in the first generation biosensors (based on Clark biosensors). The mediated biosensors or second generation biosensors use specific mediators between the reaction and the transducer to improve sensitivity. The second generation biosensors involve two steps: first, there is a redox reaction between enzyme and substrate that is reoxidized by the mediator, and eventually the mediator is oxidized by the electrode. No normal product or mediator diffusion is directly involved in the third generation biosensors, direct biosensors. Based on the type of transducer, current biosensors are divided into optical, mass, thermal, and electrochemical sensors. They are used in medical diagnostics, food quality controls, environmental monitoring, and other applications. These biosensors are also grouped under two broad categories of sensors: direct and indirect detection systems. Moreover, these systems could be further grouped into continuous or batch operation. Therefore, amperometric biosensors and their current applications are focused on more in detail since they are the most commonly used biosensors in monitoring and diagnosing tests in clinical analysis. Problems related to the commercialization of medical, environmental, and industrial biosensors as well as their performance characteristics, their competitiveness in comparison to the conventional analytical tools, and their costs determine the future development of these biosensors.     

Engineering Design,Implementation, and Sensing Mechanisms of Wearable Bioelectronic Sensors in Clinical Settings

Wearable sensing devices have transformed the hourly analysis of events such as body signals and environmental risks into real-time monitoring in minutes or seconds. Wearable sensors have facilitated the ability to obtain useful data by monitoring the physiological parameters and activities of an aided and a healthy individual. Wearable devices employ detectable biomarkers in the human body, such as in tears, saliva, interstitial fluid, sweat, and so on. These can deliver relevant information on human health, online activity monitoring, and therapeutic treatments. This section outlines the significance of sample types and associated biomarkers as indicators in the development and manufacturing of wearable biosensors. We have emphasized the most recent advances of wearables based on skin-like and textile, giving attention to personalized health monitoring to record signals of motion and physiological and body fluid investigation. Furthermore, this review categorizes wearable biosensors based on the sensing mechanism, electrochemical, optical, and mechanical. Additionally, the recent wearables related to the detection of the newly havoc-causing pandemic, COVID-19, and the future perspective for the development of much more advanced and potent wearable biosensors have been highlighted. The final section highlights unmet difficulties and gaps in wearable sensors in personalized therapy.     

等离子体金属纳米结构在SERS传感及可穿戴应力传感中的应用

等离子体金属(金、银)纳米结构因其特有的理化性能,被广泛应用于表面增强拉曼散射(Surface-enhanced Raman scattering,SERS)传感及可穿戴应力传感领域.其中,SERS是一种应用贵金属纳米材料增强拉曼散射信号的检测技术,该技术灵敏度高、特异性强,已被广泛用于生物医学、环境监测、食品药品检测...     

Nanofibers for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications

Unique features of nanofibers provide enormous potential in the field of biomedical and healthcare applications. Many studies have proven the extreme potential of nanofibers in front of current challenges in the medical and healthcare field. This review highlights the nanofiber technologies, unique properties, fabrication techniques (i.e., physical, chemical, and biological methods), and emerging applications in biomedical and healthcare fields. It summarizes the recent researches on nanofibers for drug delivery systems and controlled drug release, tissue‐engineered scaffolds, dressings for wound healing, biosensors, biomedical devices, medical implants, skin care, as well as air, water, and blood purification systems. Attention is given to different types of fibers (e.g., mesoporous, hollow, core‐shell nanofibers) fabricated from various materials and their potential biomedical applications.     

A review on viral biosensors to detect human pathogens

Rapid identification of viruses has important implications for medical healthcare. Current methods for identification and quantification of particular virus are time consuming and often expensive. Therefore, demand for sensitive and accurate viral biosensors with rapid detection systems is increasing. A hand held biosensing device would give fast, reliable results for identifying and quantitating the number of virus particles in a sample. Techniques currently being applied to achieve this aim include electrochemical biosensors, based on amperometric, potentiometric and impedance measurement, optical biosensors using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), optical fibers and piezoelectric biosensors based on microcantilevers. Future research also looks to the use of nanoparticles and novel nanomaterials as alternate recognition surfaces for use in a variety of sensor formats.     

Engineered Nanomaterial Assisted Signal‐amplification Strategies for Enhancing Analytical Performance of Electrochemical Biosensors

The design and development of modern biosensors for sensitive and selective detection of various biomarkers is important in diversified arenas including healthcare, environment, and food industries etc. The requirement of more robust and reliant biosensors lead to the development of various sensing modules. The nanomaterials having specific optical, electrical, and mechanical strength can pave the way towards development of ultrafast, robust, and miniaturized modules for biosensors. It can provide not only the point‐of‐care applicability but also has tremendous commercial as well as industrial justification. In order to improve the performance of the sensor systems, various nanostructure materials have been readily studied and applied for development of novel biosensors. In the last few years, researchers are engaged on harnessing the unique atomic and molecular properties of advance‐engineered materials including carbon nanotubes, graphene nanosheets, metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, and their nano‐conjugates. In view of such recent developments in nanomaterial engineering, the current review has been formulated emphasizing the role of these materials in surface engineering, biomolecule conjugation, and signal amplification for development of various ultrasensitive and robust biosensors having commercial as well as industrial viability. Attention is given on the electrochemical biosensors incorporating various nanomaterials and their conjugates. Importance of nanomaterials in the analytical performance of the various biosensor has also been discussed. To put a perceptive insights on the importance of various nanomaterials, an extended table is incorporated, which includes probe design, analyte, LOD, and dynamic range of various electrochemical biosensors.     

New advances in electrochemical biosensors for the detection of toxins: Nanomaterials,magnetic beads and microfluidics systems. A review

The use of nanotechnology in bioanalytical devices has special advantages in the detection of toxins of interest in food safety and environmental applications. The low levels to be detected and the small size of toxins justify the increasing number of publications dealing with electrochemical biosensors, due to their high sensitivity and design versatility. The incorporation of nanomaterials in their development has been exploited to further increase their sensitivity, providing simple and fast devices, with multiplexed capabilities. This paper gives an overview of the electrochemical biosensors that have incorporated carbon and metal nanomaterials in their configurations for the detection of toxins. Biosensing systems based on magnetic beads or integrated into microfluidics systems have also been considered because of their contribution to the development of compact analytical devices. The roles of these materials, the methods used for their incorporation in the biosensor configurations as well as the advantages they provide to the analyses are summarised.     

Environmental significance of wearable sensors based on MXene and graphene

Conductive layered materials such as MXenes (e.g., transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides), graphene and their derivatives have attracted tremendous research interests in diverse fields of research for their unique structured merits and outstanding physical and chemical properties. Benefitting from their unique layered structures and fascinating multifunctional characteristic, MXenes and graphene serve as vital components in a variety of wearable devices. Especially, due to their large surface area and high electrocatalytic activity, these materials have also demonstrated great promise in biophysical and biochemical sensing systems. Following an introduction into the field, we summarize the recent progress in wearable sensors that can be accomplished by using layered materials, with a specific focus on kinematic, mechanical, thermal, pressure and strain sensors. A further large section underscores the recent progress in MXenes and graphene based wearable biochemical sensors including electrolyte monitoring, glucose monitoring, micro/mcromolecular organics metabolite, volatile gases monitoring and humidity sensors. The next section covers the sensing of small biomolecules serving as biomarkers, which are of great significance for early diagnosis and treatment of a spectrum of diseases. This review underscores the recent progress in wearable sensors to be used in different physiological and environmental signals. Finally, the review concludes with a debate on current challenges being faced and future perspectives.     

柔性印刷可穿戴电化学传感器

实现对人体的健康监测和慢性病监测是包括材料科学、信息技术、电子技术、分析化学等科学领域在内的世界前沿课题。通过连续获取温度、压力、应力等物理信号来实现对人体活动情况和心率、血压、脑电图、心电图等实时监测的可穿戴设备已实现商业化,但连续监测人体体液、呼出气中的各类化学物质的可穿戴传感器仍面临许多问题,比如传感器的柔韧性、灵敏度、准确性以及与人体皮肤的贴合性等。针对这些问题,本文以柔性印刷技术为出发点,综述了各类柔性基底在电化学传感器/生物传感器领域的应用,同时对可穿戴传感器的发展方向提出了建议。     

Noninvasive monitoring of diabetes and hypoxia by wearable flow-through biosensors

Noninvasively collected sweat via clinically relevant procedure can be used for assessing the human condition, particularly for monitoring of diabetes and hypoxia. Positive correlations in variation rates, claimed as su?cient requirements for diagnostics, between glucose and lactate concentrations in sweat and the corresponding values in blood are shown. Continuous monitoring of human condition is possible only with the use of flow-through wearable devices providing a delivery of sweat to the biosensor almost immediately after excretion. Owing to both low sweat glucose content and inactivation of platinum by sweat components, the use of Prussian blue–based biosensors for wearable devices is preferable. Operation of the latter in power generation mode allows significant noise reduction and clear readout of the signal. Evaluating blood glucose through sweat analysis upon glucose tolerance test, we clearly show that humans can actually be monitored reliably via noninvasive approach.     

Infrared Polaritonic Biosensors Based on Two-Dimensional Materials

In recent years, polaritons in two-dimensional (2D) materials have gained intensive research interests and significant progress due to their extraordinary properties of light-confinement, tunable carrier concentrations by gating and low loss absorption that leads to long polariton lifetimes. With additional advantages of biocompatibility, label-free, chemical identification of biomolecules through their vibrational fingerprints, graphene and related 2D materials can be adapted as excellent platforms for future polaritonic biosensor applications. Extreme spatial light confinement in 2D materials based polaritons supports atto-molar concentration or single molecule detection. In this article, we will review the state-of-the-art infrared polaritonic-based biosensors. We first discuss the concept of polaritons, then the biosensing properties of polaritons on various 2D materials, then lastly the impending applications and future opportunities of infrared polaritonic biosensors for medical and healthcare applications.     

Paper-based Wearable Electrochemical Sensors: A New Generation of Analytical Devices

Over the past few years, the emergence of electrochemical wearable sensors has attracted considerable attention because of their promising application in point-of-care testing due to some features such as high sensitivity, simplicity, miniaturization, and low fabrication cost. Recent developments in new fabrication approaches and innovative substrates have resulted in sensors able to real-time and on-body measurements. Wearable electrochemical sensors have also been combined with paper-based substrates and directly used on human skin for different applications for non-invasive analyses. Furthermore, wearable electrochemical sensors enable monitoring analytes in different biofluids without complex procedures, such as pre-treatment or sample manipulation. The coupling of IoT to various wearable sensors has also attracted attention due to real-time data collection and handling in remote and resource-limited conditions. This mini-review presents the significant advances in developing wearable electrochemical devices, such as sampling, data collection, connection protocols, and power sources, and discusses some critical challenges for higher performance in this field. We also present an overview of the application of paper as an intelligent substrate for electrochemical wearable sensors and discuss their advantages and drawbacks. Lastly, conclude by highlighting the future advances in wearable sensors and diagnostics by coupling real-time and on-body measurements to multiplexed detection of different biomarkers simultaneously, reducing the cost and time of classical analysis to provide fast and complete overall physiological conditions to the wearer.     

烯碳纤维基能源器件的研究进展

纤维状能源器件的研究极大地推动了可穿戴电子设备的快速发展。烯碳纤维主要包括碳纳米管纤维和石墨烯纤维,其微观组成单元具有独特的碳碳共轭分子形态,宏观结构具有高度可调控性,表现出高的比强度、优良的导电性和导热性、以及良好的机械柔韧性等,被广泛应用于先进能源器件的研究和开发,有效促进了柔性可穿戴电子器件的发展。本文综述了烯碳纤维基能源器件包括能量转换和储能器件等的研究和应用进展,具体介绍了烯碳纤维基太阳能电池、湿气发电机、热电发电机、超级电容器以及电化学电池等的最新成果,重点讨论了烯碳纤维基能源器件的制备方法和可穿戴应用,分析了烯碳纤维基储能及能量转换器件面临的问题和挑战,期望能够为未来高性能纤维基可穿戴能源器件的发展提供有价值的研究思路。     

Development and Use of Antibodies in Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Immunosensors for Environmental Monitoring

The interaction between antibody and antigen is characterised by relatively high affinity and specificity, making this type of reaction a prime candidate for use as an analytical tool. The interaction may be combined with biosensors in the production of immunosensors for environmental monitoring. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have had a significant impact in analytical detection systems over the past few decades with antibody fragments becoming important in recent years. Production of antibodies to small haptens requires the initial conjugation of hapten to a larger carrier molecule. Once hapten-carrier conjugates have been produced, polyclonal, monoclonal and various antibody fragments may be produced by differing protocols. A critical step in the production of antibody fragments is the development of efficient screening procedures to identify suitable antibody-producing clones and this has been reviewed in this article. Various antibody types may then be used in the generation of immunosensors for the monitoring of environmental pollutants. The selection of the appropriate sensor technology applicable for the determination of an antibody-antigen interaction is of prime importance for immunosensor development. One example of such an application is surface plasmon resonance-based biosensors, as they provide real-time analysis of interactions between the antibody and antigen of interest.     

The review of Lab-on-PCB for biomedical application

Prevention of infectious diseases, diagnosis of diseases, and determination of treatment options all rely on biosensors to detect and analyze biomarkers, which are usually divided into four parts: cell analysis, biochemical analysis, immunoassay, and molecular diagnosis. However, traditional biosensing devices are expensive, bulky, and require a lot of time to detect, which also limited its application in resource-limited areas. In recent years, Lab-on-PCB, which combines biosensing technology and PCB technology, has been widely used in biomedical applications due to its high integration, personalized design, and easy mass production. Among these Lab-on-PCB sensing devices, the PCB circuit plays an important role. It can be directly used as a resistance sensor to count cells, and also used as a control device to automatically control the detection device. Flexible PCBs can be used to make wearable medical biosensors. In addition, due to the high degree of integration of the PCB circuit, Lab-on-PCB can perform multiple inspections on the same platform, which reduces the inspection time equivalently. Therefore, in this review paper, we discuss the application of Lab-on-PCB in four analysis methods of cell analysis, biochemical analysis, immunoassay, and molecular diagnosis, and give some suggestions for improvement and future development trends at the end.     

A New Trend on Biosensor for Neurotransmitter Choline/Acetylcholine—an Overview

Technology always has been an indispensible part in the development of biosensors. The performance of biosensors is being tremendously improved using new materials as transducer as well as binding material in their construction. The use of new materials allowed innovation on transduction technology in biosensor preparations. Because of the submicron dimensions of these sensors, simple and rapid analyses in vitro as well as in vivo are now possible. Portable instruments capable of analysing multiple components are becoming available, too. Sensors that provide excellent temporal and spatial resolution for in vivo monitoring such as for measurement of neurotransmitters have become prominent. The interest to improve the stability, sensitivity and selectivity of the sensors is paramount. This study tries to give an overview of the present status of the material-based biosensor design and new generation of choline/acetylcholine neurotransmitter biosensors.