激光光谱技术在环境监测中的应用专题系列(Ⅰ) 光谱技术在大气环境监测中的应用

碳的氧化物、硫的氧化物、氮的氧化物和卤化物等是由人类的生产活动和社会活动产生的重要的环境污染物质 .它造成了温室效应、酸雨、对流层的光化学雾和平流层的臭氧耗减等环境问题 .它威胁着人类的生存环境和地球上的生态平衡 .光谱技术可广泛应用于环境污染监测 .文章简要介绍全球面临的主要环境问题 ,重点介绍光谱技术 (包括常规光谱技术、激光光谱技术以及激光雷达等 )在大气环境监测中的应用和进展 .利用这些技术 ,可以获得污染物的组分、浓度、温度或空间分布等方面的信息 .     

基于PLC和无线传感器网络的光电监测系统构建

为了克服传统监测系统的不足,构建一种基于PLC和无线传感器网络的光电监测系统.在分析光电监测系统的构成及工作原理的基础上,探讨了基于遥测技术的无线光电传感器网络实现方式,研究了ABB PLC软硬件实现及FameView的开发的可行性.采用ABB公司生产的AC500 PLC作为主要控制器件,通过Modbus协议按地址依次轮询无线传感器节点来采集数据,对其进行相应处理,并将最终结果传递给上位机.上位机将获得的数据通过FameView组态软件生成监控画面,实时监测现场的运行情况.监测灵活、高效,数据采集效率较高,具备良好的扩展性.这种新型光电监测系统在企业生产、战场环境等许多军民用领域中具有重要作用.     

次声波简易监测方法及分析

设计了简易次声检测装置,利用通用电容传声器和计算机(板载)声卡,采用调幅方法或利用非简谐高频倍频分量信息并借助虚拟仪器技术实现次声波监测.使用LabVIEW 内嵌网络功能,探索了环境次声远程监测的可行性.     

富营养化水体环境中COD浓度遥感监测系统设计

对富营养化水体环境中COD浓度进行遥感监测,可以预防富营养化水体环境中COD浓度增加,提高水体水质,增加水循环次数,减少水体中有机物的污染。当前富营养化水体环境中COD浓度遥感监测系统设计方法,以Modis遥感影像数据为原理,依据富营养化水体环境中COD浓度的特征提取结果,对富营养化水体环境中COD浓度进行遥感监测,没有具体对遥感监测系统进行详细地设计,无法获取富营养化水体环境中COD浓度高精度的遥感监测信息,存在遥感监测结果偏差大的问题。提出了一种基于Zigbee的富营养化水体环境中COD浓度遥感监测系统设计方法。该方法先对Zigbee的富营养化水体环境中COD浓度遥感监测系统进行硬件设计,采用IMF对富营养化水体环境中COD浓度进行特征提取,以特征提取结果为基础,依据COD浓度指数时间序列实现富营养化水体环境中COD浓度遥感监测,最后利用Retinex法对COD浓度遥感监测的图像进行处理,完成对富营养化水体环境中COD浓度的遥感监测。仿真实验结果证明,所提系统设计方法可以精确地对富营养化水体环境中COD浓度进行安全快速的遥感监测。     

基于Bragg光纤光栅传感器的监测系统设计

设计了基于Bragg光纤光栅传感技术的监测系统,当光纤光栅所处环境的温度、应力、应变或其他物理量发生变化时,光栅的周期或纤芯折射率将发生变化,从而使反射光的波长发生变化,通过测量反射光中心波长的变化,就可以获得待测物理量的变化情况.该系统利用薄膜滤波器完成对外界的分布式测量,采用光强度检测,能够实现无缝监测.     

两种发电机励磁系统远程监测与控制方法研究

同步发电机励磁控制系统的监控是保证发电机良好运行的重要部分,远程监控技术能够有效的对发电机励磁控制系统进行监控,并为励磁控制系统维护人员提供方便.因此针对同步发电机励磁控制系统的典型监测和控制功能,给出了两种发电机励磁系统远程监控方法,首先基于AJAX技术,给出了一种基于web的励磁控制系统远程监测方法,所设计的监测系统能够在局域网或internet网络环境下,使用计算机或智能手机的浏览器进行励磁控制系统的监测,实际测试表明该方法是可行的.之后,为能实现励磁控制系统的远程实时控制,并解决internet网络环境下实时数据传输不稳定的情况,给出了一种基于TCP/IP和VPN技术的励磁控制系统远程监控方法,测试表明该方法能够实现励磁控制系统的实时监测和控制.     

激光光谱技术在环境监测中的应用专题系（Ⅰ）：光谱技术在大气环境监测中的应用

碳的氧化物、硫的氧化物、氮的氧化物和卤化物等是由人类的生物活动和社会活动产生的重要的环境污染物质,它造成了温室效应、酸雨、对流层的光化学雾和平流层的臭氧耗减等环境问题,它威胁着人类的生存环境和地球上的生态平衡,光谱技术可广泛应用于环境污染监测。文章简便介绍全球面临的主要环境问题,重点介绍光谱技术（包括常规光谱技术、激光光谱技术以及激光雷达等）在大气环境监测中的应用和进展,利用这些技术,可以获得污染物的组分、浓度、温度或空间分布等方面的信息。     

Landsat ETM+在北方农牧交错带土壤沙化监测中的应用

北方农牧交错带是农业种植区与家畜放牧区相互交错的生态过渡地带,是多种生态系统的复合体.由于自然因素和人为因素的影响,农牧交错带土壤沙化问题日益严重,土壤沙化面积逐年扩大,关系到我国北部和中东部生态环境、经济发展和农牧区人民的生活质量等问题,亟需解决.近几年农牧交错带已经成为恢复生态学和全球气候变化研究的热点区域.针对土壤沙化的遥感监测是收集沙化土地现状及其动态变化的重要技术手段,可以为我国北方地区沙化的防治提供重要的实际数据.Landsat ETM+是研究区域尺度较为先进的多光谱遥感系统,应用十分广泛.主要阐述了Landsat ETM+系统特点以及在北方农牧交错带沙化监测中的应用,并且展望了这一系统将来的发展的景.     

微型数据采集器及其在加速器周围辐射场实时监测中的应用

各种类型加速器周围的辐射场变化是很复杂的, 只有对其进行连续的实时监测才能准确地掌握全面资料. 以往的数据采集系统用的是模拟信号长距离传输方式, 采集器体积较大, 存储技术上也显落后, 已不能适应当今的需求. 为辐射场实时监测研制的微型数据采集器采用了先进的设计理念, 具有体积小、通讯能力强、数据存储量大且断电数据不丢失的特点, 可运行于局域网环境. 它既可利用局域网远距离向控制计算机传递数据, 也可用便携式PC通过串口就近读取数据. 所以它不但适于固定场所的连续监测, 也可灵活地用于临时测量场所. 介绍了它的主要性能和在各类型加速器周围所做测量的结果.     

光束线光斑位置监测系统

描述了基于CCD摄像的同步辐射光束线光斑位置监测系统.在光束线运行中实时监测光斑与入射狭缝的相对位置.已在国家同步辐射实验室多条光束线安装.对光斑位置及其角度监测的准确度分别达到10.53 μm、2.3 μrad,具有较高的灵敏度.在线监测到同步辐射光斑的垂直抖动0.37 mm、扭转角度83 μrad.说明此时电子束流不稳定,偏离了预计的轨道.同时,为同步辐射光束线的调试和电子束流的诊断提供了可靠的依据.     

NOx formation and flame velocity profiles of iso- and n-isomers of butane and butanol

NO formation and flame propagation are studied in premixed flames of iso- and n-isomers of butane and butanol through experimental measurements and direct simulation of experimental profiles. The stabilized flame is realized through the impingement of a premixed combustible jet from a contraction nozzle against a temperature-controlled plate. The velocity field is obtained by means of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and nitric oxide concentration profiles are measured using Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF), calibrated using known NO seeding levels. It is found that NO formation in n- and iso-isomers is comparable under the conditions considered, except for rich butanol mixtures, whereby NO formation is higher for iso-butanol. Generally, less NO is formed in butanol flames than in the butane flames. The experiment is simulated by a 1D chemically reacting stagnation flow model, using literature models of C1–C4 hydrocarbons [Wang et al., 2010] and butanol combustion chemistry [Sarathy et al., 2009, 2012]. NO prediction is tested using two of these mechanisms with a previously-published NO_x submechanism added into the butane and butanol models. While a good level of agreement is observed in the velocity field prediction under lean and stoichiometric conditions, discrepancies exist under rich conditions. Greater discrepancies are observed in NO prediction, except for the C1–C4 mechanism which shows good agreement with the experiment under lean and stoichiometric conditions. The current study provides data for further development of mechanisms with NO_x prediction capabilities for the fuels considered here.     

Quantum and surface properties of free films and nanoshells of molecular and atomic thicknesses

An original technology and the properties of new thin film nanoobjects, free films and shells of molecular and atomic thicknesses, are presented. Special attention is paid to shells of monoatomic or monomoleculer thickness with unique surface properties that have not been found in bulk materials.     

Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Electronic States and Spectra of TeH and TeLi

Gas-phase emission spectra of the hitherto unknown free radical TeLi have been measured in the NIR range with a Fourier-transform spectrometer. The emissions were observed from a fast flow system in which tellurium vapor in argon carrier gas was passed through a microwave discharge and mixed with lithium vapor in an observation tube. Two systems of blue-degraded bands were measured at high spectral resolution in the ranges 8000-9000 and 5700-6700 cm(-1) and vibrational and rotational analyses were performed. In order to aid in the analysis of the experimental data, a series of relativistic configuration interaction calculations has been carried out to obtain potential curves for the low-lying states of TeLi and the isovalent TeH and also electric dipole transition moments connecting them. As in the TeH system, the ground state of TeLi is found to be X(2)Pi(i), but with a remarkably smaller spin-orbit splitting. The TeLi calculations indicate a strongly bound A(2)Sigma(+) state, while in TeH the analogous state is computed to lie significantly higher at approximately 32 000 cm(-1), and it is strongly predissociated. Based on the theoretical analysis, the observed TeLi band systems are assigned to the transitions A(2)Sigma(+)(A1/2)-->X(1)(2)Pi(3/2)(X(1)3/2) and A(2)Sigma(+)(A1/2)-->X(2)(2)Pi(1/2)(X(2)1/2). Analysis of the spectra has yielded the molecular constants (in cm(-1)) X(1)(2)Pi(3/2):omega(e)=457.49(3), omega(e)x(e)=2.482(9), B(0)=0.408908(8); X(2)(2)Pi(1/2): T(e)=2353.44(3), omega(e)=456.28(4), omega(e)x(e)=2.635(8), B(0)=0.414954(8), p(0)=1.00637(4); A(2)Sigma(+): T(e)=8574.64(2), omega(e)=437.81(3), omega(e)x(e)=2.581(8), B(0)=0.423903(8), p(0)=-0.19915(2), where the numbers in parentheses are the standard deviations of the parameters. Comparison of the isovalent TeLi and TeH systems emphasizes that the difference in bonding character (ionic in TeLi vs covalent in TeH) is responsible for qualitative differences in the electronic spectra of these two molecules. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

Topological dislocation-type defects and mechanisms of plasticity and failure of nanostructured and amorphous materials

Possible mechanisms of plastic deformation and failure of nanostructured and cluster amorphous materials have been considered. It is shown that the most probable carriers of plastic deformation in these materials are macrodislocations—linear topological defects of the regular nanocrystallite packing in the nanostructure or cluster packing in amorphous materials. Continuum models are proposed to describe the processes of plastic deformation and failure of nanostructured and cluster amorphous materials. Original Russian Text ? L.S. Vasil’ev, S.F. Lomaeva, 2009, published in Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Fizicheskaya, 2009, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 128–131.     

MCNP-FISPACT耦合燃耗计算程序开发与测试

反应堆堆芯的燃耗计算关系到堆芯的燃料管理,并直接影响堆芯的经济性评估,因此如何快速且准确地对堆芯进行燃耗计算一直是反应堆物理设计的研究重点之一。随着反应堆的发展,其几何结构和物理特性日渐复杂,现有的一维、二维耦合燃耗程序因其在几何处理上的限制,难以满足先进反应堆精细设计分析的要求。为对复杂反应堆堆芯的燃耗情况进行计算,结合粒子输运程序MCNP 处理复杂几何和燃耗程序FISPACT处理核素全面的特点,开发了接口程序耦合MCNP 和FISPACT来进行燃耗计算,并对耦合程序进行了计算验证。采用了IAEA 基准校核例题和CFETR中国聚变工程实验堆例题进行程序验证,经计算得出的有效倍增因子随燃耗的变化曲线和TBR等数据与标准例题的结果符合良好,其误差在可接受范围内。     

Some problems of analysis and optimization of plates and shells

The classical optimization problems of plates and shells to satisfy a priori given geometry and dynamical characteristics are considered. Orthotropic plates and shells with variable thickness and low transverse stiffness are analyzed. First, some useful theorems and their proofs are given. Then the finite approximation of the problem related to optimization of free vibrations of shells with transverse deformation and rotary inertia is discussed. The varational iteration (MVI) and Bubnov-Galerkin (MB) methods are applied, and their convergence and suitability for application to plates and shells analysis are discussed and numerically evaluated.     

Geometry and Elasticity of Strips and Flowers

We solve several problems that involve imposing metrics on surfaces. The problem of a strip with a linear metric gradient is formulated in terms of a Lagrangian similar to those used for spin systems. We are able to show that the low energy state of long strips is a twisted helical state like a telephone cord. We then extend the techniques used in this solution to two–dimensional sheets with more general metrics. We find evolution equations and show that when they are not singular, a surface is determined by knowledge of its metric, and the shape of the surface along one line. Finally, we provide numerical evidence by minimizing a suitable energy functional that once these evolution equations become singular, either the surface is not differentiable, or else the metric deviates from the target metric.