The Gerber–Shiu discounted penalty functions for a risk model with two classes of claims

In this paper, we consider the ruin problems for a risk model involving two independent classes of insurance risks. We assume that the claim number processes are independent Poisson and generalized Erlang(n) processes, respectively. When the generalized Lundberg equation has distinct roots with positive real parts, both of the Gerber–Shiu discounted penalty functions with zero initial surplus and the Laplace transforms of the Gerber–Shiu discounted penalty functions are obtained. Finally, some explicit expressions for the Gerber–Shiu discounted penalty functions with positive initial surplus are given when the claim size distributions belong to the rational family.     

On a compound Poisson risk model with dependence and in the presence of a constant dividend barrier

In this paper, we consider a classical risk process with dependence and in the presence of a constant dividend barrier. The dependence structure between the claim amounts and the interclaim times is introduced through a Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern copula. We analyze the expectation of the discounted penalty function and the expectation of the present value of the distributed dividends. For each function, an integro‐differential equation with boundary conditions is derived, and the solution is provided. Finally, we find an explicit solution for each function when the claim amounts are exponentially distributed. We illustrate the impact of the dependence on these two quantities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the renewal risk model under a threshold strategy

In this paper, we consider the renewal risk process under a threshold dividend payment strategy. For this model, the expected discounted dividend payments and the Gerber–Shiu expected discounted penalty function are investigated. Integral equations, integro-differential equations and some closed form expressions for them are derived. When the claims are exponentially distributed, it is verified that the expected penalty of the deficit at ruin is proportional to the ruin probability.     

Dividend payments with a threshold strategy in the compound Poisson risk model perturbed by diffusion

In the absence of dividends, the surplus of an insurance company is modelled by a compound Poisson process perturbed by diffusion. Dividends are paid at a constant rate whenever the modified surplus is above the threshold, otherwise no dividends are paid. Two integro-differential equations for the expected discounted dividend payments prior to ruin are derived and closed-form solutions are given. Accordingly, the Gerber–Shiu expected discounted penalty function and some ruin related functionals, the probability of ultimate ruin, the time of ruin and the surplus before ruin and the deficit at ruin, are considered and their analytic expressions are given by general solution formulas. Finally the moment-generating function of the total discounted dividends until ruin is discussed.     

具有红利边界的Erlang(2)风险模型

给出了具有边界红利策略的Erlang（2）风险模型,在此红利策略下,若保险公司的盈余在红利线以下时不支付红利,否则红利以低于保费率的常速率予以支付．对于该模型,本文推导了Gerber-Shiu折现惩罚函数所满足的两个积分－微分方程和更新方程．     

On the total operating costs up to default in a renewal risk model

The paper proposes a new approach to study a general class of ruin-related quantities in the context of a renewal risk model. While the classical approaches in Sparre Andersen models have their own merits, the approach presented in this paper has its advantages from the following perspectives. (1) The underlying surplus process has the flexibility to reflect a broad range of scenarios for surplus growth including dividend policies and interest returns. (2) The solution method provides a general framework to unify a great variety of existing ruin-related quantities such as Gerber–Shiu functions and the expected present value of dividends paid up to ruin, and facilitates derivations of new ruin-related quantities such as the expected present value of total claim costs up to ruin, etc. In the end, many specific examples are explored to demonstrate its application in renewal risk models.     

Absolute ruin in the compound Poisson model with credit and debit interests and liquid reserves

In this paper, we study the absolute ruin probability in the compound Poisson model with credit and debit interests and liquid reserves. At first, we derive a system of integro‐differential equations with certain boundary conditions for the Gerber–Shiu function. Then, applying these results, we obtain asymptotical formula of the absolute ruin probability for subexponentially claims. Furthermore, when the claims are exponentially distributed, we obtain the explicit expressions for the Gerber–Shiu function and the exact solution for the absolute ruin probability. Finally, we discuss the absolute ruin probability by using the Gerber–Shiu function when debit interest is varying. In the case of exponential individual claim, we give the explicit expressions for the Gerber–Shiu function. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一个包含Z(n)和D(n)函数的方程及其它的正整数解

对于任意正整数n,著名的伪Smarandache函数Z（n）定义为最小的正整数m使得n｜m（m＋1）／2．而数论函数D（n）定义为最小的正整数m使得n｜d（1）d（2）d（3）…d（m）,其中d（n）为Dirichlet除数函数．本文的主要目的是利用初等方法研究一类包含伪Smarandache函数Z（n）和数论函数D（n）的方程2^z（n）=D（n）的可解性,并获得了该方程的所有正整数解．     

带观察时的跳服从Erlang(n)分布的对偶模型的红利贴现问题

研究了跳服从Erlang(n)分布,随机观察时服从指数分布的对偶风险模型.假设在边值策略下红利分发只在观察时发生,建立了红利期望贴现函数V(u;b)的微积分方程组.给出了当收益额服从PH(m)分布时V(u;b)的解析解.探讨了当收益额服从指数分布时V(u;b)的具体求解方法.     

A research on the grey prediction model GM(1,n)

The grey theory can be applied in the research of prediction, decision-making and control, especially in prediction. The primary characteristic of a grey system is the incompleteness of information. A grey system could be whitened by way of inserting more messages in itself and its accuracy of prediction could be raised. The solution to the existing grey prediction model GM(1,n) is inaccurate and then its prediction accuracy cannot be expected. To solve the existing GM(1,n) by assuming step by step the first order accumulated generating operation data of the associated series to be constants is incorrect. The existing model GM(1,n) is seriously wrong even for a system having a nonnegative associated series with constant entries. There are currently only a few wrong papers based on the existing GM(1,n) model to be published. Almost all the improved prediction models based on the existing GM(1,n) model are correct. For example, the improved models are correct by convolution integral or fitting their forcing terms by several elementary functions. The algorithm of GMC(1,n) is applied to explain why the existing GM(1,n) model is incorrect in this article.     

The perturbed Sparre Andersen model with a threshold dividend strategy

In this paper, we consider a Sparre Andersen model perturbed by diffusion with generalized Erlang(n)-distributed inter-claim times and a threshold dividend strategy. Integro-differential equations with certain boundary conditions for the moment-generation function and the mth moment of the present value of all dividends until ruin are derived. We also derive integro-differential equations with boundary conditions for the Gerber–Shiu functions. The special case where the inter-claim times are Erlang(2) distributed and the claim size distribution is exponential is considered in some details.     

Moments of the Time of Ruin, Surplus Before Ruin and the Deficit at Ruin in the Erlang（N） Risk Process

In this paper we consider the ＂penalty＂ function in the Erlang（n） risk model. Using the integro- differential equation we established, we obtain the explicit expressions for the moments of Erlang（2） risk model. When the claim size distribution is Light-Tailed and the penalty function is bounded, we obtain the exact representations for the moments of Erlang（n） risk model.     

带常利率的Erlang(2)风险模型的罚金折现期望函数

The purpose of this paper is to consider the expected value of a discounted penalty due at ruin in the Erlang（2） risk process under constant interest force. An integro-differential equation satisfied by the expected value and a second-order differential equation for the Laplace transform of the expected value are derived. In addition, the paper will present the recursive algorithm for the joint distribution of the surplus immediately before ruin and the deficit at ruin. Finally, by the differential equation, the defective renewal equation and the explicit expression for the expected value are given in the interest-free case.     

专职修理工多重休假且修理设备可更换的k/n(G)表决系统研究

讨论专职修理工多重休假,修理设备可发生失效且可更换的k/n（G）表决可修系统.当系统中没有故障部件时,专职修理工开始一次休假,在此期间,若有工作部件发生故障,则立即指派普通修理工修理故障部件,一直持续到系统中无故障部件或专职修理工休假回来.利用马尔可夫过程理论和矩阵解法,给出了系统瞬态和稳态下的可用度和故障频度、可靠度、系统首次故障前的平均时间、修理设备处于更换状态的概率等指标的表达式.在此基础上,基于不同的初始条件研究了相关指标随时间的变化情况.最后,特殊情形的讨论验证了所得结果的正确性.     

D'Alembert‐type solution of the Cauchy problem for the Boussinesq‐Klein‐Gordon equation

In this paper, we construct a weakly‐nonlinear d'Alembert‐type solution of the Cauchy problem for the Boussinesq‐Klein‐Gordon (BKG) equation. Similarly to our earlier work based on the use of spatial Fourier series, we consider the problem in the class of periodic functions on an interval of finite length (including the case of localized solutions on a large interval), and work with the nonlinear partial differential equation with variable coefficients describing the deviation from the oscillating mean value. Unlike our earlier paper, here we develop a novel multiple‐scales procedure involving fast characteristic variables and two slow time scales and averaging with respect to the spatial variable at a constant value of one or another characteristic variable, which allows us to construct an explicit and compact d'Alembert‐type solution of the nonlinear problem in terms of solutions of two Ostrovsky equations emerging at the leading order and describing the right‐ and left‐propagating waves. Validity of the constructed solution in the case when only the first initial condition for the BKG equation may have nonzero mean value follows from our earlier results, and is illustrated numerically for a number of instructive examples, both for periodic solutions on a finite interval, and localized solutions on a large interval. We also outline an extension of the procedure to the general case, when both initial conditions may have nonzero mean values. Importantly, in all cases, the initial conditions for the leading‐order Ostrovsky equations by construction have zero mean, while initial conditions for the BKG equation may have nonzero mean values.     

离散时间冲击下的k/n(G)系统的可靠性分析

研究了一类离散时间冲击下的k/n(G)系统.冲击到达间隔服从几何发布,冲击的量服从一般发布,每次冲击对系统中工作的部件独立产生影响.假设每一部件受冲击后以一定的概率发生故障,各次冲击独立地对系统造成损失,直到工作部件数少于k系统故障为止.基于上述假设,我们求得了系统的离散时间寿命的分布,进而得到系统的可靠度、平均寿命等可靠性指标.作为k/n(G)系统在k=n和k=1时的特例,还得到n部件串联、并联系统在离散时间冲击下的可靠性指标.最后,给出了数值算例.     

A main theorem of spectral relationships for Volterra–Fredholm integral equation of the first kind and its applications

This paper is concerned to derive the main theorem of spectral relationships of Volterra–Fredholm integral equation (V‐FIE) of the first kind in the space L₂[?1,1]×C[0,T], ?1?x?1, 0?t?T<1. The Fredholm integral (FI) term is considered in position and its kernel takes a logarithmic form multiplying by a continuous function. While Volterra integral (VI) term in time with a positive continuous kernel. Many important special and new cases can be established from the main theorem. Moreover, we use it to solve V‐FIE of the second kind in the same space. The numerical results are computed and the error is calculated using Maple 12. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wave solutions for variants of the KdV–Burger and the K(n,n)–Burger equations by the generalized G′/G‐expansion method

An application of the ‐expansion method to search for exact solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations is analyzed. This method is used for variants of the Korteweg–de Vries–Burger and the K(n,n)–Burger equations. The generalized ‐expansion method was used to construct periodic wave and solitary wave solutions of nonlinear evolution equations. This method is developed for searching exact traveling wave solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations. It is shown that the generalized ‐expansion method, with the help of symbolic computation, provides a straightforward and powerful mathematical tool for solving nonlinear problems. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.