BCKLUND TRANSFORMATIONS FOR THE EQUATION~2u/x~1x~1 ~2u/x~2x~2=f(u)

B(?)cklund transformations for the equation a~2u/ax~1ax~1 a~2u/ax~2ax~2=f(u)(here fis an arbitrary function)is studied in this paper,using the procedure of Wahlquist andEstabrook(WEP).We conclude that the condition d~2f/du~2=λf is sufficient for theexistence of Backlund transformations for the equation of our interest.A special case of ourresults leads to the conclusion of Leibbrandt.     

Relaxation of quasiconvex functional in BV(Ω, ℝp) for integrands f(x,u,∇;u)

In this paper it is shown that if p(x, u,·) is a quasiconvex function with linear growth, then the relaxed functional in BV(, ^p) of

ON THE SOLUTION OF NONLINEARTWOPOINT BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM──u" g(t.u) = f(t),u(0) = u(2π) = 0

I.IntroductionLetHbearealHilbertspace,XandYtwoclosedsubspacesofHsuchthatH=X$Y,T:H-HaC'mapping,n>1.Assumethatthereexisttwopositiveconstantsniland)liZsuchthatforVueH,Vx6X,VYey'Undertheconditions(l.1),(l.2)and(l.3),ManasevichprovedthatTisaC"diffeomorphismontoH'tl].ThepurposeofthispaperistoimprovetheaboveManasevich'shomeomQrphismtheorem,andthen,itisusedtoproveanexistenceanduniquenessresultforthenonlineartulopointboundaryvalueproblem11.ANonVariationalVersionofaMax-MinPrincipleToimprov…     

Uniqueness of positive solutions of Δu−u+up=0 in Rn

We establish the uniqueness of the positive, radially symmetric solution to the differential equation u–u+u^p=0 (with p>1) in a bounded or unbounded annular region in R ⁿ for all n1, with the Neumann boundary condition on the inner ball and the Dirichlet boundary condition on the outer ball (to be interpreted as decaying to zero in the case of an unbounded region). The regions we are interested in include, in particular, the cases of a ball, the exterior of a ball, and the whole space. For p=3 and n=3, this a well-known result of Coffman, which was later extended by McLeod & Serrin to general n and all values of p below a certain bound depending on n. Our result shows that such a bound on p is not needed. The basic approach used in this work is that of Coffman, but several of the principal steps in the proof are carried out with the help of Sturm's oscillation theory for linear second-order differential equations. Elementary topological arguments are widely used in the study.     

Uniqueness of positive radial solutions of △u+g(r)u+h(r)u p =0 in Rn

Positive radial solutions of a semilinear elliptic equation u+g(r)u+h(r)u ^p =0, where r=|x|, xR ⁿ , and p>1, are studied in balls with zero Dirichlet boundary condition. By means of a generalized Pohoaev identity which includes a real parameter, the uniqueness of the solution is established under quite general assumptions on g(r) and h(r). This result applies to Matukuma's equation and the scalar field equation and is shown to be sharp for these equations.     

Synthesis of layered cathode materials Li[CoxNiyMn1−x−y]O2 from layered double hydroxide precursors

Cathode materials Li[Co_xNi_yMn_1?x?y]O₂ for lithium secondary batteries have been prepared by a new route using layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as a precursor. The resulting layered phase with the α-NaFeO₂ structure crystallizes in the rhombohedral system, with space group R-3m having an interlayer spacing close to 0.47 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to measure the oxidation states of Co, Ni and Mn. The effects of varying the Co/Ni/Mn ratio on both the structure and electrochemical properties of Li[Co_xNi_yMn_1?x?y]O₂ have been investigated by X-ray diffraction and electrochemical tests. The products demonstrated a rather stable cycling behavior, with a reversible capacity of 118 mAh/g for the layered material with Co/Ni/Mn = 1/1/1.     

Limitation and improvement of PIV

In this second part of the paper, the Particle Image Distortion (PID) technique is described. It is proposed to overcome the limitations of conventional PIV due to the local deformations u/x, u/y, v/x and v/y in two-dimensional flows. Both simulation and experiment demonstrate that high accuracy and high spatial resolution are possible with this technique. The large time required to compute the cross-correlations, however, limits its wide applications at present.     

Chaos and integrability in a nonlinear wave equation

We consider the parametrized family of equations _tt ,u- _xx u-au+u ₂ ² u=O,x(0,L), with Dirichlet boundary conditions. This equation has finite-dimensional invariant manifolds of solutions. Studying the reduced equation to a four-dimensional manifold, we prove the existence of transversal homoclinic orbits to periodic solutions and of invariant sets with chaotic dynamics, provided that =2, 3, 4,.... For =1 we prove the existence of infinitely many first integrals pairwise in involution.     

Optical co-ordinates in general relativity 2 — the problem of distance

Summary Let denote the congruence of null geodesics associated with a given optical observer inV ₄. We prove that determines a unique collection of vector fieldsM₍₎ ( =1, 2, 3) and ₍₀₎ overV ₄, satisfying a weak version of Killing's conditions.This allows a natural interpretation of these fields as the infinitesimal generators of spatial rotations and temporal translation relative to the given observer. We prove also that the definition of the fieldsM₍₎ and ₍₀₎ is mathematically equivalent to the choice of a distinguished affine parameter f along the curves of, playing the role of a retarded distance from the observer.The relation between f and other possible definitions of distance is discussed.

---

Sommario Sia la congruenza di geodetiche nulle associata ad un osservatore ottico assegnato nello spazio-tempoV ₄. Dimostriamo che determina un'unica collezione di campi vettorialiM₍₎ ( =1, 2, 3) e ₍₀₎ inV ₄ che soddisfano una versione in forma debole delle equazioni di Killing. Ciò suggerisce una naturale interpretazione di questi campi come generatori infinitesimi di rotazioni spaziali e traslazioni temporali relative all'osservatore assegnato. Dimostriamo anche che la definizione dei campiM₍₎, ₍₀₎ è matematicamente equivalente alla scelta di un parametro affine privilegiato f lungo le curve di, che gioca il ruolo di distanza ritardata dall'osservatore. Successivamente si esaminano i legami tra f ed altre possibili definizioni di distanza in grande.

---

---

Work performed in the sphere of activity of: Gruppo Nazionale per la Fisica Matematica del CNR.     

Deformed particle image pattern matching in Particle Image Velocimetry

The deformation of particle image patterns due to velocity gradients causes errors of velocity measurements and false velocity detections in PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry). A novel technique to overcome those limitations inherent in the conventional PIV by correcting the particle image pattern according to the local velocity gradients in two dimensional flows, i.e. u/x, u/y, v/x and v/y, is proposed and successfully applied to a water flow downstream of a backward facing step.     

Filament stretching equation in Lagrangian coordinates

The general integral of the very simple equation ^21/n/() was found to describe the cross sectional area of filaments of isothermal power law fluids while in transient stretching where is time and is the initial location of fluid molecules at time = 0 given as the distance from a reference point fixed in space. Any such stretching transient given as a solution of the above equation is physically realizable subject to the restrictions > 0 and/ < 0.     

On the measurement of lateral velocity derivatives in turbulent flows

Direct numerical simulation data for the lateral velocity derivative u/y at the centreline of a fully developed turbulent channel flow provide reasonable support for Wyngaard's analysis of the error involved in measuring this quantity using parallel hot wires. Numerical data in the wall region of the channel flow also provide a useful indication of how to select the separation between the wires. Justification for this choice is obtained by comparing several measured statistics of u/y with the corresponding numerical data.     

On natural convection from a vertical plate with a prescribed surface heat flux in porous media

This paper presents a theoretical and numerical investigation of the natural convection boundary-layer along a vertical surface, which is embedded in a porous medium, when the surface heat flux varies as (1 +x ²)), where is a constant andx is the distance along the surface. It is shown that for > -1/2 the solution develops from a similarity solution which is valid for small values ofx to one which is valid for large values ofx. However, when -1/2 no similarity solutions exist for large values ofx and it is found that there are two cases to consider, namely < -1/2 and = -1/2. The wall temperature and the velocity at large distances along the plate are determined for a range of values of .Notation g Gravitational acceleration - k Thermal conductivity of the saturated porous medium - K Permeability of the porous medium - l Typical streamwise length - q _w Uniform heat flux on the wall - Ra Rayleigh number, =gK(q _w /k)l/(v) - T Temperature - Too Temperature far from the plate - u, v Components of seepage velocity in the x and y directions - x, y Cartesian coordinates - Thermal diffusivity of the fluid saturated porous medium - The coefficient of thermal expansion - An undetermined constant - Porosity of the porous medium - Similarity variable, =y(1+x ) ^/3/x ^1/3 - A preassigned constant - Kinematic viscosity - Nondimensional temperature, =(T – T )Ra^1/3 k/qw - Similarity variable, = =y(log_e x)^1/3/x ^2/3 - Similarity variable, =y/x ^2/3 - Stream function     

Saint-Venant's principle in linear two-dimensional elasticity for non-striplike domains

Let be a simply connected domain in the x ₁-x ₂ plane which lies within the strip 0<x ₂, is a simple closed piecewise smooth curve. Let l= [(x ₁, x ₂): (x ₁, x ₂) and x ₁>0], _l = [(x ₁ x ₂): (x ₁ ,x ₂) and x ₁>1>0].Suppose that a two-dimensional homogeneous isotropic elastic body occupies , that a self-equilibrated stress loading is applied to - l, and that l is stress-free. Knowles [2] and Flavin [6] showed that the elastic energy in _l decays exponentially with respect to l with an exponential decay constant of the form k/b, where k is a universal constant. It is shown here that a decay constant of the form c/ may be obtained where c is a universal constant and is a characteristic dimension of , which is more appropriate than b for general non-striplike domains. In addition, an appropriate decay theorem is obtained for coil-like domains.     

Approximate solutions for drag coefficient of bubbles moving in shear-thinning elastic fluids

The drag coefficient for bubbles with mobile or immobile interface rising in shear-thinning elastic fluids described by an Ellis or a Carreau model is discussed. Approximate solutions based on linearization of the equations of motion are presented for the highly elastic region of flow. These solutions are in reasonably good agreement with the theoretical predictions based on variational principles and with published experimental data. C _D Drag coefficient - E ^* Differential operator [E ^{* 2} = ²/² + (sin/ ²)/(1/sin /)] - El Ellis number - F _D Drag force - K Consistency index in the power-law model for non-Newtonian fluid - n Flow behaviour index in the Carreau and power-law models - P Dimensionless pressure [=(p – p ₀)/₀ (U /R)] - p Pressure - R Bubble radius - Re ₀ Reynolds number [= 2R U /₀] - Re Reynolds number defined for the power-law fluid [= (2R) ⁿ U ^2–n /K] - r Spherical coordinate - t Time - U Terminal velocity of a bubble - u Velocity - Wi Weissenberg number - Ellis model parameter - Rate of deformation - Apparent viscosity - ₀ Zero shear rate viscosity - Infinite shear rate viscosity - Spherical coordinate - Parameter in the Carreau model - ^* Dimensionless time [=/(U /R)] - Dimensionless length [=r/R] - Second invariant of rate of deformation tensors - ^* Dimensionless second invariant of rate of deformation tensors [=/(U /R)²] - Second invariant of stress tensors - ^* Dimensionless second invariant of second invariant of stress tensor [= / ₀ ² (U /R)²] - Fluid density - Shear stress - ^* Dimensionless shear stress [=/ ₀ (U /R)] - _1/2 Ellis model parameter - ₁ ^2/* Dimensionless Ellis model parameter [= _1/2/ ₀(U /R)] - Stream function - ^* Dimensionless stream function [=/U R ²]     

Beitrag zur Auswertung von Anlauf-Vorgängen in viskoelastischen Flüssigkeiten

Zusammenfassung In diesem Bericht wird die Kraftübertragung zwischen zwei unbegrenzt ausgedehnten und durch eineMaxwell-Flüssigkeit gekoppelten Platten bei beliebigem Zeitgesetz der Bewegung der oberen auf die elastisch aufgehängte untere Platte unter Einbeziehung der Trägheit von unterer Platte undMaxwell-Flüssigkeit berechnet.Diese Fragestellung führt mathematisch auf ein Randwertproblem, dessen eine Randbedingung die Form ³ u/x ² y + ₁ u + ₁ u/y – ₂ ² u/xy = 0 fürx = 0 annimmt, also gemischte Ableitungen nach 2 unabhängigen Veränderlichen enthält.Es wird gezeigt, daß sich die Lösung als unendliche Reihe darstellen läßt, deren 1. Glied aus abklingenden Exponentialfunktionen, alle weiteren hingegen aus gedämpften Schwingungen bestehen.Als spezielle Zeitgesetze für die obere Platte werden die impulsförmige Erregung, die zeitproportionale und die periodische Bewegung untersucht.Es wird abgeleitet, wie sich die Kenngrößen undG (Viskosität und Schubmodul) aus Eigenfrequenz und Dämpfung bzw. aus den beiden Exponenten dere-Funktionen in den beiden ersten Fällen berechnen lassen. Bei periodischer Beanspruchung werden undG aus der Resonanzfrequenz und der Halbwertbreite bzw. dem Phasenwinkel ermittelt.Abschließend wird gezeigt, daß und wie ein Rotationsviskosimeter auf den behandelten Fall ebener Platten zurückgeführt werden kann.

---

Summary In this report the force transmission between two infinitely extended plates coupled by aMaxwell-Fluid is calculated. In this calculation the inertia of the fluid and the influence of the elastically suspended lower plate is included, while the upper plate can perform any time-dependent movement.Mathematically this question leads to a boundery value problem; one boundery condition has the form ³ u/ ² y + ₁ u + ₁ u/y – ₂ ² u/xy = 0 (x = 0) ( ₁, ₂, = constant), that means it contains mixed differential-quotients of two independent variables.The solution is demonstrated as an infinite series, the form of the first term is of two negative exponential functions, all the other terms are damped oscillations.The excitation from a single pulse, the uniform timeproportional and the periodic movement as timedependent laws for the upper plate are analysed.The values of andG (viscosity and shear modulus) are derived from eigenfrequency and damping-constant respectively from the values of the two exponentials. In the periodic case andG are calculated from the resonance frequency and halfwidth or phase-angle respectively.Finally the conditions of the rotation-viscometer are reduced to the case of parallel-plate-viscometer.

---

---

Vorgetragen auf der Jahrestagung der Deutschen Rheologen vom 7.–9. Mai 1973 in Berlin.

---

Mit 6 Abbildungen und 1 Tabelle